2D FDTD Algorithm for the Analysis of Lossy and Dispersive Millimeter-Wave Coplanar Waveguide

The dispersion and loss characteristics of millimeter-wave coplanar waveguides (CPWs) are analyzed by using an efficient two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (2D FDTD) algorithm. Combined with graded mesh technique, alternating direction implicit technique and curve-fitting technique, this proposed algorithm verifies its accuracy and efficiency through an example of infinite-ground CPW. Moreover, the influence of ground-plane width on CPW's loss characteristics is analyzed. Bulk micromachined CPWs with low loss are also analyzed by the proposed algorithm.     

Computation of Microwave Attenuation on Coplanar Waveguide (CPW) with Complicated Cross-Section

Using a method of conformal finite-difference time domain (CFDTD), we present the analysis results of attenuation that may occur on the CPW with complicated cross-section up to 200GHz. The CPW is fabricated on lithium niobate which is an anisotropic material. The simulative result is more accurate than that of quasi-static method and shows good agreement with experiment data. It also shows that the radiation loss is not negligible in total power loss when frequency is up to millimeter wave band.     

Radio-Frequency Characteristics of Partial Dielectric Removal HR-SOI and TR-SOI Substrates

High-resistivity silicon-on-insulator(HR-SOI) and trap-rich high-resistivity silicon-on-insulator(TR-SOI) substrates have been widely adopted for high-performance rf integrated circuits. Radio-frequency loss and nonlinearity characteristics are measured from coplanar waveguide(CPW) transmission lines fabricated on HR-SOI and TR-SOI substrates. The patterned insulator structure is introduced to reduce loss and non-linearity characteristics. A metal-oxide-semiconductor(MOS) CPW circuit model is established to expound the mechanism of reducing the parasitic surface conductance(PSC) effect by combining the semiconductor characteristic analysis(pseudo-MOS and C-V test). The rf performance of the CPW transmission lines under dc bias supply is also compared. The TR-SOI substrate with the patterned oxide structure sample has the minimum rf loss(0.2 dB/mm up to 10 GHz), the best non-linearity performance, and reductions of 4 dB and 10 dB are compared with the state-of-the-art TR-SOI sample's, HD2 and HD3, respectively. It shows the potential application for integrating the two schemes to further suppress the PSC effect.     

Microwave and millimeter-wave losses in conventional optoelectronic devices

In this paper, microwave characteristics of conventional optoelectronic devices, with emphasis on devices with microstrip (MS) and coplanar waveguide (CPW) electrode structures, are obtained. This analysis is essential for any improvement in the structure of the conventional optoelectronic devices so as to obtain a high performance. Microwave loss is one of the important bandwidth limitation factors in microwave and millimeter-wave (mmW) optical devices. Different sources of loss including ohmic, dielectric and radiating loss in MS and CPW of conventional optical devices are analyzed and compared. The results show that the total microwave loss increases with frequency in conventional MS and CPW waveguides. Also, in traveling-wave optoelectronic devices, the bandwidth is limited in the optical part by effects such as the carrier transit time effect and in the microwave part by factors such as length of the devices in active and non-active sections. In addition, validation of the results in the paper is performed with published theoretical and/or measurement results.     

High-Speed Coplanar Waveguide Based Submount for 40 Gbit/s Electroabsorption Modulator

A high-speed submount has been designed and fabricated for 40 Gb/s electroabsorption (EA) modulators. The submount contains a coplanar waveguide (CPW) for microwave signal feeding and a Ta₂N thin-film resistor for impedance matching. The CPW transmission line is designed to ensure low microwave loss and reflection, and Ti/Cu/Ni/Au metal is adopted for electrode fabrication to guarantee good contact with the Ta₂N thin-film. The typical reflection coefficient of fabricated submount is estimated to be lower than−21 dB up to 40 GHz. As a demonstration, a high-speed EA modulator was chip-level packaged using the high-speed submount, and the measured small-signal modulation bandwidth was over 40 GHz.     

Broadband and high‐efficiency conversion from guided waves to spoof surface plasmon polaritons

The conversion from spatial propagating waves to surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) has been well studied, and shown to be very efficient by using gradient‐index metasurfaces. However, feeding energies into and extracting signals from functional plasmonic devices or circuits through transmission lines require the efficient conversion between SPPs and guided waves, which has not been reported, to the best of our knowledge. In this paper, a smooth bridge between the conventional coplanar waveguide (CPW) with 50 Ω impedance and plasmonic waveguide (e.g., an ultrathin corrugated metallic strip) has been proposed in the microwave frequency, which converts the guided waves to spoof SPPs with high efficiency in broadband. A matching transition has been proposed and designed, which is constructed by gradient corrugations and flaring ground, to match both the momentum and impedance of CPW and the plasmonic waveguide. Simulated and measured results on the transmission coefficients and near‐filed distributions show excellent transmission efficiency from CPW to a plasmonic waveguide to CPW in a wide frequency band. The high‐efficiency and broadband conversion between SPPs and guided waves opens up a new avenue for advanced conventional plasmonic integrated functional devices and circuits.     

Attenuation Characteristics and Sensitivity Analysis for Coplanar Waveguide

The behaviour of attenuation losses in Coplanar waveguides (CPW) is studied for quasi-planar transmission lines with constant characteristic impedance (Z₀) and resistivity, having different geometry's. This behavior helps in making a suitable choice of the type of structure and its dimensional parameters depending upon the application. Minimization of loss for a chosen substrate thickness, conductivity and impedance is analyzed. Dispersion characteristics of CPW have been plotted for various metallization thicknesses. A sensitivity analysis for effective dielectric constant with respect to various dimensional parameters of CPW is presented.     

Fabrication of Al air-bridge on coplanar waveguide

Superconducting coplanar waveguide(CPW) can be widely used as two-dimensional(2 D) resonator, transmission line or feedline, providing an important component for superconducting quantum circuit which is a promising candidate for quantum information processing. Due to the discontinuities and asymmetries in the ground planes, CPW usually exhibits the spurious resonance, which is a common source of decoherence in circuit quantum electrodynamics experiments. To mitigate the spurious resonance, we fabricated superconducting aluminum air-bridges on Nb CPW. The fabricated airbridges are approximately 3 m high and up to 120 m long. Compared with other methods, the fabrication procedures of our air-bridges are simpler, and the air-bridge can withstand strong ultrasound.     

基于鲁棒损失函数的标签有噪信号调制方式识别

针对现实信号调制方式标注易发生错误, 即训练数据集中信号调制方式标签存在噪声情形, 我们选取l₁模损失函数及其推广形式作为对标签噪声具有鲁棒性的损失函数, 结合深度卷积神经网络优良的自动特征提取能力, 提出一种针对信号调制方式存在误判噪声的深度学习算法。该算法在训练数据集合标签噪声率达50%情形下, 对信号调制方式的识别准确率依然保持较高水平。相反, 对于采用通常的交叉熵作为损失函数的深度卷积神经网络, 其已无法对信号调制方式进行分类识别。在公开的数据集上的数值实验表明, 所提算法对于标签有噪信号调制方式识别具有较强的鲁棒性。     

超导共面波导带通滤波器的设计

本介绍了采用共面波导间隙作为阻抗变换器而设计的Chebyshev型带通滤波器。通过电磁模拟计算分析了共面波导间隙的归一化阻抗转换参量，在此基础上设计了高温超导薄膜共面波导带通滤波器，并对设计的滤波器原型进行了模拟和优化。     

A New Type of Miniature Ultra-Wideband Band-Pass Filter with Coplanar Waveguide Fed

A novel miniature ultra-wideband (UWB) bandpass filter with coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed is proposed. The size of the filter is reduced largely because of combining the wideband couple gap and parallel-coupled CPW line (not cascading multiple resonator), and the length of realized filter is only 0.42 λ _g0 (λ _g0 is the guiding wavelength at central frequency). The measured insertion loss is less than 2.0 dB, and the group delay variation is less than 0.2 ns within the UWB passband. Basic agreement between the simulated and measured results has been achieved.     

预测搜索算法在图像相关中的应用

数字散斑相关方法在亚像素测量过程中运算量大,在对实时性要求较高的系统中该方法的应用受到了限制。提出了一种原理简单、搜索速度快、精度高的预测搜索算法,介绍了预测搜索算法的原理,并给出预测位移的公式。通过实验验证了对算法的精度、效率和鲁棒性,说明对数字散斑相关方法进行优化后,既不损失亚像素位移的计算精度又提高了图像处理的效率。     

Coplanar Waveguide Characterization with Thick Metal Coating

Coplanar waveguides (CPW) used in microwave integrated circuits are significantly dispersive. An analytical approximation to the frequency dependence of both _eff and _c of CPW with finite metallisation thickness and conductivity is discussed. The effect of increasing loss tangent on dielectric constant is also presented.     

Broadband GHz frequency characterizations of Permalloy nanorods’ array

The radio frequency characteristics of Permalloy nanorods’ array have been examined by coplanar waveguide (CPW) cell. The Permalloy nanorods’ array was grown in anodic aluminum oxide porous templates with a diameter of 20 nm. As the Permalloy nanorods’ array was placed on CPW, the characteristic impedances of the CPW were changed from 50 to at 1 GHz. The magnitude of inductance was decreased from 3 GHz and the capacitance was increased up to twice in comparison with that of CPW. The signal attenuations were abruptly increased over 1 GHz. The propagation wavelengths due to the insertion of Permalloy nanorods’ array were decreased about 30% at 1 GHz in comparison with that of CPW without magnetic materials.     

Impedance and complex propagation constant measurements at W-band on planar circuits

The voltage standing wave on a coplanar waveguide (CPW) is measured at W-band (75–110 GHz) using an array of bismuth microbolometers placed over the CPW. From this information, the impedance at the end of the line can be determined in addition to the complex propagation constant of the CPW. This measurement technique should also be applicable for other planar transmission lines and be extendable above 110 GHz. This work represents the highest frequency, direct measurement of a VSW on a CPW made to date.     

Three-port electrical and optical model for LiTaO3 electro-optic probe with CPW test structure

A three-port electrical and optical model of LiTaO₃ probes with a high-bandwidth coplanar waveguide (CPW) test structure is developed in this paper. The three-port model is constructed by combining the full wave field simulation and the neural network techniques. The three-port model has the same accuracy as the full wave modeling, but its characteristics are directly obtained from the neural network weighting parameters rather than the complicated full wave simulation. With this model, both invasiveness and waveform distortion in the external E-O sampling can be de-embedded.     

Design and VNA-measurement of coplanar waveguide (CPW) on benzocyclobutene (BCB) at THz frequencies

The low permittivity and the low loss tangent of the benzocyclobutene polymer (BCB) offers to coplanar waveguides (CPW) a low dispersive propagation properties at THz frequency. These transmission lines have been designed, modeled with a three dimensional (3D) solver of Maxwell equations based on finite element method (FEM) from 20 to 1000 GHz at various characteristic impedances (Z_c). Their dispersion and losses (radiation, conduction and dielectric) have been investigated separately versus the waveguide size, the nature of the substrate (dielectric or semiconductor) to optimize the THz signal propagation. Monomode CPW on BCB numerically designed for various Z_c were realized and measured with vector network analyzer (VNA). S-parameters of CPW are de-embedded by optimization of the accesses’ model. A good agreement is found between experimental and numerical results with low attenuation constants of 2.7 dB/mm and 3.5 dB/mm at 400 GHz and 500 GHz, respectively.     

A Broadband CPW-to-Microstrip Modes Coupling Technique

A broadband vertical transition from coplanar waveguide (CPW)-to-microstrip modes is presented. The transition has a double resonance and can be tuned for very wide-band operation. The CPW-to-microstrip modes coupling technique is useful for the vertical integration of multi-layer millimeter-wave circuits, packaging and antenna feeding networks. A vertical transition has been fabricated on 100 m silicon substrate for operation at W-band frequencies and shows less than 0.3 dB of insertion loss and better than 12 dB of return loss from 75 to 110 GHz. A 94 GHz CPW-fed microstrip antenna showing a 10-dB bandwidth of about 30 % has been built using the same transition technique.     

Superconducting tunable filter with constant bandwidth using coplanar waveguide resonators

In this paper we propose a two-pole varactor-tuned superconducting filter using coplanar waveguide(CPW) spiralin-spiral-out(SISO) resonators. Novel internal and external coupling structures are introduced to meet the requirements for a tunable filter with a constant absolute bandwidth. The fabricated device has a frequency tuning range of 14.4%at frequencies ranging from 274.1 MHz to 317.7 MHz, a 3-d B bandwidth of 5.14 ± 0.06 MHz, and an insertion loss of0.08 d B–0.70 d B. The simulated and measured results are in excellent agreement with each other.