离子液体[bmim][BF4]对联苯甲酰光化学反应影响的瞬态吸收光谱

利用纳秒级激光光解瞬态吸收光谱研究了联苯甲酰(BZ)在离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([bmim][BF₄])与乙腈(MeCN)混合体系中的光化学反应行为. 考察了探针分子BZ存在下[bmim][BF₄]/MeCN比例对体系中化学反应动力学的影响. 实验发现: 在N₂饱和条件下, BZ溶液经激光辐照后产生的激发三线态³BZ^*遵循一级反应动力学规律衰减. 离子液体(IL)相对比例增加对³BZ^*瞬态吸收峰的位置和强度没有产生明显影响. 但离子液体体积分数V_IL的变化对[bmim][BF₄]/MeCN混合溶剂中光诱导电子转移的影响却非常显著, 总体上电子转移产生的自由基的表观生成速率常数k_gr随[bmim][BF₄]的V_IL增大而减小. 在[bmim]BF₄]比例足够大的情况下, ³BZ^*与三乙胺或四甲基对苯二胺之间的电子转移被抑制.     

分子模拟研究气体在室温离子液体中的溶解度

在作者先前建立的分子力场基础上, 采用Widom粒子插入法预测了CO₂、N₂、O₂、Ar及CH₄等5种气体在多种咪唑类离子液体中的溶解度, 包括2种侧链长度的阳离子和3种阴离子. 首先考察了256个离子对组成的体系中溶质分子插入次数对计算结果的影响, 在此基础上计算了不同温度下气体在1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑的四氟化硼盐([bmim][BF₄])和六氟化磷盐([bmim][PF₆])中的溶解度. 计算结果正确反映了CO₂气体溶解度的变化趋势, 在[bmim][BF₄]中溶解度的模拟结果与实验值符合很好, 且明显优于Pádua等的模拟结果；在[bmim][PF₆]中的溶解度较实验值偏高, 精度与文献模拟结果相当；并预测了较高温度下CO₂气体在[bmim][BF₄]和[bmim][PF₆]中的溶解度. 计算结果也正确地反映了5种气体在[bmim][PF₆]中溶解度实验值的相对大小. 另外考察了常温下几种气体在不同室温离子液体中的溶解度, 模拟结果表明气体在含有较长碳链和双-三氟甲基磺酰胺阴离子(Tf₂N^－)的离子液体中溶解度较大.     

室温离子液体[bmim][BF4]和水混合物的计算机模拟研究

针对室温离子液体[bmim][BF₄]和水的混合物, 用分子动力学模拟研究了溶液的微观组成与浓度的关系. 模拟结果表明：该混合物中各组分间的径向分布函数随[bmim][BF₄]摩尔分数的增加呈有规律的变化；在此基础上计算了溶液的局部组成以及组分间的缔合因子, 进一步考察了各组分间的相互作用情况；另外基于Kirkwood-Buff理论估算了混合物的偏摩尔体积、等温压缩因子以及活度系数对浓度的偏导数, 对于理解离子液体与水之间的交互作用具有一定的参考意义.     

离子液体-分子溶剂混合体系中电导率的测量与关联

在298.15K下测定了1-正丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([Bmim][BF₄])和1-正丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([Bmim][PF₆])与不同分子溶剂混合体系的电导率。结果表明, 随着分子溶剂浓度的增大，离子液体的摩尔电导率逐渐增大，离子液体在溶液中的摩尔电导率可以用纯离子液体的摩尔电导率、分子溶剂的介电常数和摩尔体积进行关联。     

烷基咪唑离子液体对脂肪酶催化酯水解反应活性的影响

考察了1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑类离子液体对柱状假丝酵母脂肪酶(CRL)催化橄榄油水解反应活性的影响,利用电导法确定了磷酸盐缓冲液中Br^-,Cl^-,[BF₄]^-系列咪唑离子液体的临界胶束浓度(CMC)和[PF₆]^-系列咪唑离子液体的溶解度.结果显示,离子液体的阴、阳离子对酶活性的影响规律与离子液体的Kosmotropicity性质无明显关联,但与离子液体在体系中的含量密切相关,在最适离子液体含量时,酶活性达到最高;阳离子[C_nMIM]⁺中的n越大,可促进酶活性的离子液体适宜含量越低;Br^-,[BF₄]^-系列离子液体的浓度超过CMC时则抑制酶活;阴离子对酶活性的最大促进作用顺序为Br^->Cl^->[BF₄]^->[PF₆]^-.离子液体对酶活性的影响随体系pH和温度的不同而改变,在最适离子液体浓度时的最适pH均为7.000.在pH 7.000,30 ^oC以及[C₈MIM]Br离子液体浓度为47.6 mmol/L的最佳条件下,最高相对酶活力和比活力分别达到1734%和54.4 U/mg protein.     

离子液体1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐在水溶液中的聚集行为

采用等温滴定量热法、静态荧光猝灭法和电导法系统研究了典型离子液体1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([Cnmim][BF₄])在水溶液中的聚集行为, 获得了胶束形成的临界胶束浓度(cmc), 摩尔焓变(ΔH_mic), 摩尔吉布斯自由能变(ΔG_mic), 摩尔熵变(ΔS_mic)以及不同浓度时[Cnmim][BF₄]胶束的平均聚集数等基本参数. 发现这类离子液体的聚集为熵驱动, 阳离子的烷基链越长, ΔG_mic越负, 聚集更容易发生. 此外, 结合[C_nmim]X (X=Cl^-, Br^-)的相关研究发现, 阳离子相同时, 体积越大和疏水性越强的阴离子与头基的结合能力越强, 能有效地降低头基之间的静电排斥, 降低cmc, 利于胶束的形成. 对于[C₁₂mim][BF₄], 添加剂β-环糊精(β-CD)的加入可使cmc增大, ΔH_mic和ΔS_mic减小, 而KBF₄则可使cmc和ΔH_mic减小, ΔS_mic增大.     

在离子液体中一步法合成吡唑[5,4-b]-γ-吡喃衍生物

芳醛、丙二腈与4,5-二氢-3-甲基-5-氧代-1-苯基吡唑在离子液体[bmim][BF₄]中反应, 合成了2-氨基-4-芳基-3-氰基-5-甲基-7-苯基吡唑[5,4-b]-γ-吡喃衍生物, 该法快速、高效, 是一种洁净的合成方法. 产物的结构通过红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱和元素分析进行表征.     

以电化学方法在离子液体[DEME][BF4]中合成铂纳米粒子

通过恒电位电沉积法在离子液体N,N-二乙基-N-甲基-N-（2-甲氧基乙基）铵四氟硼酸铵（[DEME][BF₄]）中,在玻碳电极上制备了铂纳米颗粒。首先探究了不同沉积电势和不同沉积时间对铂纳米粒子微观形貌的影响,由SEM和TEM图发现在-2.5 V下沉积480 s制备的铂纳米粒子的平均粒径约为2.38 nm。使用高分辨率透射电子显微镜（HRTEM）和电子衍射（SAED）对其晶体结构进行表征,证明了铂纳米粒子为面心立方（fcc）晶体结构。在硫酸中测试铂纳米粒子的催化性能,发现其暴露出明显的（110）和（100）晶面。进一步对铂的电沉积行为进行研究发现,Pt（Ⅳ）的两步还原是由扩散过程和电化学过程共同控制。     

以电化学方法在离子液体[DEME][BF4]中合成铂纳米粒子

通过恒电位电沉积法在离子液体N,N-二乙基-N-甲基-N-（2-甲氧基乙基）铵四氟硼酸铵（[DEME][BF₄]）中,在玻碳电极上制备了铂纳米颗粒。首先探究了不同沉积电势和不同沉积时间对铂纳米粒子微观形貌的影响,由SEM和TEM图发现在-2.5 V下沉积480 s制备的铂纳米粒子的平均粒径约为2.38 nm。使用高分辨率透射电子显微镜（HRTEM）和电子衍射（SAED）对其晶体结构进行表征,证明了铂纳米粒子为面心立方（fcc）晶体结构。在硫酸中测试铂纳米粒子的催化性能,发现其暴露出明显的（110）和（100）晶面。进一步对铂的电沉积行为进行研究发现,Pt （Ⅳ）的两步还原是由扩散过程和电化学过程共同控制。     

ITO导电玻璃表面直接电沉积Au的机理

用循环伏安和电位阶跃法研究Au在氧化铟锡(ITO)透明导电膜玻璃表面的电沉积过程的初期阶段. 发现在ITO表面Au的电沉积经历成核过程以及受[AuCl₄]^-扩散控制的晶核生长过程. 通过改变扫描速率分析循环伏安曲线的变化, 当扫描速率较快时, 发现Au在ITO表面的沉积过程经历[AuCl₄]^-→[AuCl₂]^-→Au两步进行; 当扫描速率较慢时, 受歧化反应作用影响而只表现为一步沉积[AuCl₄]^-→Au. 通过电位阶跃实验, 验证了Au的两步沉积过程, 并求得[AuCl₄]^-的扩散系数为1.3×10^-5 cm²·s^-1. 将成核曲线与理论曲线对照, 得出Au在ITO表面的沉积符合瞬时成核理论. 通过场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)对Au核形貌进行分析, 根据扫描电镜图可以得到阶跃时间和阶跃电位对电沉积Au的形貌的影响.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Selective syntheses of 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones via temperature-dependent Rh(II)-carbenoid-mediated 2H-azirine-ring expansion

The Rh(II)-catalyzed reaction of 2-carbonyl-substituted 2H-azirines with ethyl 2-cyano-2-diazoacetate or 2-diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate provides an easy access to 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones. These compounds can be selectively prepared from the same starting material using temperature as the only varied parameter. The 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, a common precursor for both heterocyclic products, isomerizes into 2H-1,3-oxazine under kinetic control, while 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-one is the sole product of the reaction at elevated temperatures. According to DFT-calculations a one-atom oxazine ring contraction involving ring-opening to a 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, followed by a 1,5- and 1,2-prototropic shift leads to the consecutive formation of imidoylketene and azomethine ylide, which then further undergo cyclization to the pyrrole derivative.     

Copper catalyzed/mediated synthetic methodology for ebselen and related isoselenazolones

Scope of the copper catalyzed/mediated selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction has been studied for the synthesis of isoselenazolones. It is noticed that the 2-chloro, 2-bromo-, and 2-iodo-aryl amides substrates can be exploited in the selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction by employing 25-100 mol % of CuI/1,10-phenanthroline (L) and potassium carbonate as a base in DMF. Furthermore, electron rich 2-chloro-arylamides also underwent selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction to give biologically important selenium-nitrogen heterocycles. Also, copper-catalyzed selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction has been meticulously applied for the synthesis of diaryl diselenides having methoxy, amine, and amide functionality from respective aryl iodides in the presence of stoichiometric amount of succinimide as an external Se-N coupling partner.     

Knoevenagel condensation catalyzed by novel Nmm-based ionic liquids in water

A series of novel N-methyl morpholine (Nmm) based ionic liquids with 1,2-propanediol group were synthesized and used as catalysts for Knoevenagel condensation at room temperature in water. Under the effect of the catalyst, various aldehydes or aliphatic ketones could react with a wide range of activated methylene compounds well, including malononitrile, alkyl cyanoacetate, cyanoacetamide, β-diketone, barbituric acid, 2-arylacetonitrile and thiazolidinedione. Furthermore, most of the products could be separated just by filtrating and washing with water. Additionally, the catalyst is recyclable and applicable for the large-scale synthesis.     

Construction of polyheterocyclic spirotetrahydrothiophene derivatives via sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction

A series of polyheterocyclic spirotetrahydrothiophene derivatives were obtained in moderate to excellent yields via a catalyst-free sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction of chalcones 1 and commercially available 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol 2 under mild conditions. We also present the first asymmetric sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction of chalcones 1 and commercially available 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol 2 with moderate to good enantioselectivities catalyzed by readily available chiral phase-transfer catalysts (PTCs).     

Suzuki-Miyaura reactions of the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor NS2028: a non-product specific route to C-8 substituted analogues

Both soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) inhibitors ODQ 1 and NS2028 2 are synthesized via improved protocols. In the former case treating 3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one oxime 8, which can be prepared in two steps from 1,2-benzenediamine, with 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) gives the dihydro-ODQ 10 that in the presence of KMnO₄ oxidises to give ODQ 1 in an overall yield of 46% starting from 1,2-benzenediamine. In the latter case, the synthesis affords NS2028 2 from 2-amino-4-bromophenol 3 in three steps with an overall yield of 85% and avoids the need for chromatography. Furthermore, Suzuki-Miyaura reaction conditions are described that enable the preparation of 8-aryl and 8-heteroaryl derivatives of NS2028 directly from NS2028 2. Finally, demethylation of the 8-(methoxyphenyl) substituted analogues afforded the 8-(hydroxyphenyl) derivatives 40-42. All new products are fully characterised.