Three-Stage Extraction of Gelatines from Tendons of Abattoir Cattle: 1—Reaction Conditions

Short and long tendons of abattoir cattle are collagen by-products of the meat industry. They offer no utilisation at present, being a raw material source of over 90?% protein characteristic. This contribution deals with the three-stage extraction of gelatine from short cattle tendons. The principle of treatment consists in processing degreased tendons in the first processing stage in an environment resulting in the swelling of the starting material. In the second stage, the material is treated with a proteolytic enzyme to produce such disruption of the collagen substrate that makes gelatine extraction when boiling possible in the third stage of the process. In order to study the influence of the significant parameters during the extraction process on gelatine yield, experiments were planned using a factor experiment of 2³ types. The variables under study were the duration of the second processing stage (5?C25?h), temperature in the first and second processing stages (10?C40?°C) and the addition of a proteolytic enzyme (1?C5?%) on the quantity of the extracted gelatine. The results were processed statistically, and statistical significance of the studied factors was thus found. Contour graphs were plotted to easily survey the influence of the observed factors on gelatine yield. The process achieves up to 71?% efficiency, runs under atmospheric pressure and mild reaction conditions, and is conducive to preparing quality gelatines.     

Extraction of phosphoric acid with long-chain tertiary amines—II: Extraction from potassium hydrogen phosphate and various acid solutions

The extraction of phosphoric acid from its aqueous solutions containing various proportions of potassium hydrogen phosphates with the long-chain tertiary amine Alamine 336 in toluene was studied at 25°C. Also measured was the exchange of phosphate anions with the anions of strong mineral acids (chloride, bromide and sulfate) between aqueous acid solutions and those of Alamine 336 in toluene at 25 and 40°C. The extraction of phosphoric acid was previously found to increase with the activity of undissociated acid a_H3PO4. It therefore decreased on replacement of H₃PO₄ with KH₂PO₄ due to reversal of the acid dissociation and to formation of the dimeric species H₅P₂O₈⁻ in the aqueous phase, and conforms to the previously proposed model with the inclusion of this aqueous species. The relative affinities of the anions for the tertiary substituted ammonium cation increase in the order: H₂PO₄⁻<HSO₄⁻<Cl⁻<Br⁻.     

Dynamic Microwave-assisted Extraction of Flavonoids from Radix Scutellariae

IntroductionRadix Scutellariaeis the root ofScutellaria bai-calensis Georgi(Labiatae), which is widely cultivatedand used as traditional Chinese medicine. It has beendemonstrated to be anti-inflammatory, anti-metamor-phic, antiviral, anti-hot, and live pr…     

Properties of ultrathin membranes prepared from ethylene—vinyl alcohol copolymers

Porous and microporous ethylene—vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVA) ultrathin membranes were prepared by spreading EVA solutions on water surfaces. Membrane properties were mainly affected by the spreading temperature. When the spreading temperature was below 30°C the membrane structure was determined by the rate of coagulation of the polymer solution the structure of the ultrathin membrane was porous and resulted in microfiltration membranes. When the spreading temperature was over 30°C, isopropanol, which was one of the components of the EVA solution, evaporated rapidly from the surface of the spread solution. Under these conditions, the structure of the membrane was mainly determined by the rate of evaporation of solvent. The ultrathin membrane then consisted of a relatively dense layer, and it proved to have good properties as a reverseosmosis and gas selective-permeation membrane.     

Liquid—liquid Extraction Synstem Based on Non—ionic Surfactant—salt—H2O and Mechanism of Drug Extraction

Extraction behavior of chlorpromazine hydrochloride (CPZ) and procaine hydrochloride (PCN) in the system described in the title was studied. Research shows that the extraction efficiency of CPZ can amount to 96% by twice extraction, while that of PCN is 77%. This system produces the distribution coefficients (KD) of 12.3 and 2.6 respectively for CPZ and PCN. Extraction mechanism is deduced according to ultraviolet and molecular fluorescence spectra variation of the drugs in the system studied.     

Extraction of Uranium and Thorium with TBP from Fluoride — Nitric Acid Solutions

The extraction of HNO₃, thorium and uranium were studied in the presence of hydrofluoric acid. The extraction constants of both the acids are shown to be close to one another which results in their mutual displacement from the organic phase. Contrary to uranium, the extraction of thorium is much reduced as the concentration of hydrofluoric acid increases which may be explained by a stronger complexation of Th by fluoride ion in the aqueous phase.     

Extraction and Purification of Depigmenting Agents from Chinese Plants

Introduction Melaninisaheterogeneousbiopolymerproduced bytheskincells,melanocytes,whichdetermine,mostly,thecoloroftheskin.Excessiveproductionof melaninanditsaccumulationintheskincancausepig mentingdisordersincludingmelasma,solarlentigoand postinflammatory…     

Supercritical Fluid Extraction Acanthopanax of Total Flavonoids from Leaves of Senticosus Harms

The herbal plant Acanthopanax Senticosus Harms is natural herb of Changbaishan in Jilin Province of China, which belongs to the Araliaceae family. As the ingredients of folk medicine, it has long been used to treat a variety of human diseases, such as cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, tumor, isochemic heart diseases, hypertension, rheumatic arthritis, etc. E2,33. Flavonoids, a class of constituent compounds, which have a broad distribution in the nature and are found in Acanthopanax Senticosus Harms, have gained particular attention. A number of studies have shown that flavonoid compounds have wide biological activities, such as anti-aging, anticancer, anti-HIV,     

Thermodynamic Properties of Transfer for Tetraphenylarsonium Tetraphylborate from Water to n—Alkanols

Solubilities of tetraphenylarsonium tetraphenylborate(Ph4AsB-Ph4) in water,methanol,ethanol, 1-propanol,1-butanol,1-pentanol,1-hexanol and 1-octanol at T=293.2,298.2,303.2 and 308.2 K have been determined by spectrophotometry,The standard transfer Gibbs energy (△trG^0w→s) and entropy (△trS^0w→s) of Ph4AsBPh4 from water to the n-alkanols at temerature from 293.2 K to 308.2 K have been obtained.Fur-thermore,the contribution of microscopic interaction to the standard Gibbs energy of transfer for Ph4AsBPh4 was calculated and discussed,The results show that the effect of hydrophobic inderaction of Ph4AsBPh4 on its transfer process is the most im-portant factor .According to the thermodynamical principle,the transfer process of Ph4AsBPh4 from water to the n-alkanols is the entropy dominanted.     

Polymers for the Extraction of Chromium—Role of Polymers in the Removal and Recovery of Chromium from Wastewater

The present review discusses different possible routes of removal and recovery of chromium from industry and laboratory wastewater with special emphasis on the role of polymers in this context. Polymers can play a vital role in the easy, rapid and cost effective separation of chromium from aqueous solutions. Such studies of separation are important from the standpoint of identifying selective hosts and extractors for chromium. The use of suitable polymers in the removal and recovery of chromium from solutions is discussed.     

Preparation and Properties of Non-ionic Polyurethane Crosslinkers from 2-Ethoxyethanol/ϵ-caprolactam-Blocked Diisocyanate

A series of novel water-based non-ionic blocked polyurethane crosslinker (n-BPUC) dispersions have been synthesized by the reaction of toluene 2,4-diisocyanate (TDI), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), polyethylene glycol (PEG), 1,1,1-trimethylolpropane (TMP), 2-Ethoxyethanol (2-Et) and ?-caprolactam (CL). The physical properties of prepared n-BPUC dispersions such as viscosity, pH, and storage stability are measured and compared. The chemical structure of the prepared n-BPUC dispersions is confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Deblocking temperatures of the n-BPUC dispersions are analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. The thermal analysis reveals that deblocking temperature obtained by DSC and TGA techniques is compared and found to be in the order DSC < TGA. Based on DSC and TGA data, it is shown that deblocking of n-BPUC dispersions based on 2-Et start at lower temperatures compared to that of the ones based on CL. The TDI-based n-BPUCs show higher reactivity than the ones based on IPDI. Hydroxyl-terminated polyurethane (HPU) is introduced to estimate the crosslinking effect of the prepared n-BPUCs. The better tensile properties and water resistance of n-BPUC modified HPU films compared to pure HPU film demonstrate the good crosslinking effect of the prepared n-BPUCs.     

Determination of Volatile Markers from Magnum Hops in Beer by In-Tube Extraction—Gas Chromatography—Mass Spectrometry

ABSTRACT

A chromatographic method was developed for the identification of volatile markers from Magnum hops in two types of beer. The study was initially performed with Magnum hop pellets and hop essential oil and subsequently with traditional and flavored beer during the primary fermentation. The volatile compounds were isolated employing the in-tube extraction (ITEX) technique followed by identification and quantification through gas-chromatography—mass spectrometry (GC-MS) operating in scan mode. The main authentication markers identified in traditional beer were from aromatic compounds, aldehydes and alcohol esters. The most predominant authentication marker compounds in beer flavored with Magnum hop essential oil were obtained from terpenoids, followed by acid esters, alcohol esters and alcohol classes. A unique feature of this study was represented by the discriminant markers for the authentication of Magnum hop variety, identified in hop pellets, hop essential oil and flavored beer. The application of this methodology can be used for optimization of brewing technology and process parameters in view of prolonging fruity hop flavor stability of Romanian beers.     

Reactive Extraction of Citric Acid Using Tri-n-octylamine in Nontoxic Natural Diluents: Part 1—Equilibrium Studies from Aqueous Solutions

Use of cheap, nontoxic, and selective solvents could economically provide a solution to the recovery of carboxylic acids produced by the bioroute. In this regard in the present paper, reactive extraction of citric acid was studied. Problems encompassing the recovery of the acid ([H₃A] _aq ^o ?=?0.1?C0.8) was solved by using tertiary amine (tri-n-octylamine, TOA) in natural diluents (rice bran oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, and sesame oil). TOA was very effective in removal of acid providing distribution coefficient (D) as high as 18.51 (E%?=?95?%), 12.82 (E%?=?93?%), 15.09 (E%?=?94?%), and 16.28 (E%?=?94?%) when used with rice bran oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, and sesame oil, respectively. Overall extraction constants and association numbers for TOA + rice bran oil, TOA + sunflower oil, TOA + soybean oil, and TOA + sesame oil were evaluated to be 35.48 (mol/l)^?1.46, 29.79 (mol/l)^?1.30, 33.79 (mol/l)^?1.51, and 37.64 (mol/l)^?1.65 and 1.46, 1.30, 1.51, and 1.65, respectively. Specific equilibrium complexation constants (K _E(n/m)) were also predicted using mathematical modeling.     

Lead Extraction from Natural Waters—A Simple and Rapid Technique

Abstract

A technique is described for the concentration of lead from fresh and saline waters before analysis by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The lead is adsorbed on managanese dioxide supported on glass fibre filters. Quantitative adsorption of up to 75 mg Pb/g MnO₂ was achieved, with a maximum adsorption of 190 mg Pb g^?1. The technique, which allows rapid processing of large samples, is suited to field use.     

Liquid-liquid Extraction System Based on Non-ionic Surfactant-salt-H_2O and Mechanism of Drug Extraction

The utilization of solid-liquid extraction system based on polymer-(NH4)2SO4 -H2O on separation of metal ions and bio-active substances has been summarized1. Cloud point extraction (CPE) benefits the environment and has been used in separation of metal chelates, biomacromolecules and in pretreatment of environmental samples2-4. In a 10 mL color comparison tube 20% PEG-1000 and 2.5 g (NH4)2SO4 were chosen as phase separation condition at pH 5.5. The average extraction efficiencies we…     

Extraction of Reliable Molecular Information from Diffusion NMR Spectroscopy: Hydrodynamic Volume or Molecular Mass?

Measuring accurate translational self-diffusion coefficients (D_t) by NMR techniques with modern spectrometers has become rather routine. In contrast, the derivation of reliable molecular information therefrom still remains a nontrivial task. In this paper, two established approaches to estimating molecular size in terms of hydrodynamic volume (V_H) or molecular weight (M) are compared. Ad hoc designed experiments allowed the critical aspects of their application to be explored by translating relatively complex theoretical principles into practical take-home messages. For instance, comparing the D_t values of three isosteric Cp₂MCl₂ complexes (Cp=cyclopentadienyl, M=Ti, Zr, Hf), having significantly different molecular mass, provided an empirical demonstration that V_H is the critical molecular property affecting D_t. This central concept served to clarify the assumptions behind the derivation of D_t=ƒ(M) power laws from the Stokes–Einstein equation. Some pitfalls in establishing log (D_t) versus log (M) linear correlations for a set of species have been highlighted by further investigations of selected examples. The effectiveness of the Stokes–Einstein equation itself in describing the aggregation or polymerization of differently shaped species has been explored by comparing, for example, a ball-shaped silsesquioxane cage with its cigar-like dimeric form, or styrene with polystyrene macromolecules.     

Extraction of humic acid from biological matrix – dry cow dung powder

Abstract

The increased local and global concern, for alarming environmental pollution, offers incentives to explore new green and clean materials and methods for safeguarding the environment. The generation of benign alternate routes for any step in chemical processes, is the need for today and tomorrow. In the present work, humic acid (HA) has been extracted from a green source, “dry cow dung powder”, using simple, cost effective, and eco-friendly methods. HA has been extracted, isolated, and characterized by employing different spectroscopic methods. The process investigated herein imparts a boost to “Green Chemistry”, a promising solution to many global environmental problems.     

Reverse Micellar Extraction of β-Galactosidase from Barley (Hordeum vulgare)

The reverse micellar system of sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate (AOT)/isooctane was used for the extraction and primary purification of beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) from the aqueous extract of barley (Hordeum vulgare) for the first time. The process parameters such as the concentration of the surfactant, the volume of the sample injected, and its protein concentration, pH, and ionic strength of the initial aqueous phase for forward extraction, buffer pH, and salt concentration for back extraction are varied to optimize the extraction efficiency. Studies carried out with both phase transfer and injection mode of reverse micellar extraction confirmed the injection mode to be more suitable for beta-galactosidase extraction. The extent of reverse micellar solubilization of proteins increased with an increase in protein concentration of the feed sample. However, back extraction efficiency remained almost constant (13-14.4%), which indicates the selectivity of AOT reverse micelles for a particular protein under given experimental conditions. beta-Galactosidase was extracted with an activity recovery of 98.74% and a degree of purification of 7.2-fold.     

Synthesis and Properties of Polyurethane Resins from Liquefied Benzylated Wood

In this paper, polyurethane resins were synthesized from liquefied benzylated wood and TDI (toluene diisocyanate)-TMP (trihydromethylene propane) prepolymer. And the relation between microphase structure and properties of PU samples were also studied. The results indicated that coatings obtained had good mechanical and thermal properties. The amount of the curing agent has great effect on the degree of phase segregation. In addition, with increased the curing agent amount, the thermal stabilities were also improved.     

Aggregating Properties of Compounds Cz—C—n in DMSO—H2O Binary Solvent

The aggregating properties of Cz-C-n(n=3,6,10) have been unvestigated by means of fluorescence method in DMSO-H2O binary solvent. The measured CAC and C Φ values indicate that the aggregating tendency of the amphiphilic compounds Cz-C-n containing crown ether increases with the length of alkyl chains, similar to that of carbazole compounds with long alkyl chains.