埃博霉素的合成

埃博霉素(Epothilones)是一类新的具有抗癌活性的化合物, 其作用机理与紫杉醇相似。对天然埃博霉素及其衍生物的主要全合成进行了综述.     

紫杉烷二萜类化合物的定量构效关系研究

紫杉醇是从紫杉或红豆杉树中提取的一种天然抗癌原料药,具有独特的抗癌机理。由于紫杉醇的种种限制,开发具有更高抗癌活性的类紫杉醇药物具有广阔的前景。紫杉烷二萜是以紫杉醇为母体,通过对其结构的不断修饰得到的一些二代紫杉醇类化合物。本文选用30个结构多样的紫杉烷二帖类化合物作为数据集,随机选取其中24个作为训练集,其它分子作为检验集,采用多元线性回归法(MLR)及主成分回归分析法(PCA)对每个化合物的195个分子参数进行回归分析,分别建立了定量构效关系的最优预测模型;并用检验集检验了所建模型的预测能力。结果表明,多元线性回归法所建模型与主成分回归法所建模型相对比,发现逐步筛选法为最优建模方法。该方法所建模型统计结果良好(R=0.782,SEE=0.202),应用于检验集时结果也比较令人满意(R=0.764,SEP=0.114),模型表现出较强的可靠性和预测性。模型的建立和主要影响因素的确定有助于指导新型紫杉醇类似物药物的筛选和研发。     

高效液相色谱法测定红豆杉中紫杉醇及多烯紫杉醇的含量

<正>红豆杉(Taxus)是国家一级保护野生珍稀抗癌植物,其主要含有芳香烃类、二环紫杉烷类、木脂素类及黄酮类等化学成分~([1-2]),其中紫杉醇由于具有较好的抗癌活性而成为研究热点。红豆杉的树皮、枝叶、根部,甚至种子均可提取紫杉醇~([3]),多烯紫杉醇是在对紫杉醇结构改造过程中合成出来的紫杉醇衍生物~([4]),主要用于乳腺癌、卵巢癌、非小细胞肺癌、前列腺癌等多种实体肿瘤的治疗,疗效显著,是继紫杉醇后又一种新型抗微管药物。在体外抗癌活性试验     

四种抗癌物质对微管蛋白体外聚合及热变性的影响

用浊度法和差示扫描量热法研究了四种小分子抗癌物质[紫杉醇、卡铂、猪芽藻提取物(ZYZ)和番荔枝素提取物(F43)]对微管蛋白体外聚合及热变性的影响。实验结果表明：当四种化合物的浓度均为15 μmol•L－1时，紫杉醇和猪芽藻提取物(ZYZ)能促进微管蛋白的聚合并使其热变性温度升高，而卡铂和番荔枝素提取物(F43)却对微管蛋白的聚合及热变性温度无明显影响。综合上述实验结果，对四种抗癌物质与微管蛋白相互作用的机理进行了讨论。     

水溶性紫杉醇前药研究进展

紫杉醇是具有良好抗癌活性的天然药物。但由于极差的水溶性,大大地限制它在临床上的应用。为此开发水溶性的紫杉醇前药越来越受到人们的重视。本文总结了近十几年来水溶性紫杉醇前药的研究状况,表明2'-羟基成酯是前药设计最有前景的方法,其中水溶性高分子支载的紫杉醇前药是最有前景的种类。     

聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮的可控制备及在紫杉醇药物递送体系中的应用

紫杉醇是一种有效的具有抗癌特性的天然化合物,但其自身的疏水性导致了临床应用的限制,为了解决这一问题,人们通常使用两亲性聚合物作为其药物递送的载体,以达到有效的药物包封和高效的药物递送。作为水溶性高分子的聚乙烯吡咯烷酮,因其具有优异的亲水性与生物相容性,常被用于与疏水链段结合形成两亲性共聚物,应用于紫杉醇药物递送系统。本文综述了近年来聚乙烯吡咯烷酮及其嵌段共聚物的可控制备方法,总结了其在紫杉醇药物缓释体系中的应用研究成果,并对综合性能更加优异的紫杉醇药物缓释载体的构建进行了展望。     

二氢噻吩并吡啶-查尔酮衍生物的合成及其体外抗肿瘤活性研究

以2-噻吩乙胺与自制的查尔酮酸进行酰化反应得到酰胺类中间体5a～5j,经Bischer-Napieralski环合反应合成了10个未见报道的二氢噻吩并吡啶-查尔酮衍生物6a～6j,再经去氢反应获得2个噻吩并吡啶-查尔酮衍生物7a和7b.通过噻唑蓝(MTT)法对11种细胞进行体外抗癌活性及安全性测试.结果表明,化合物6a (p-F)、6d (o-Br)和6h (m-OCH3)对HeLa、SGC-7901细胞的抗癌活性优于紫杉醇.当短时间处理(4 h)时, 6j (3,4,5-OCH3)在不影响正常细胞MCF-10A的情况下对癌细胞MCF-7显示强效抗癌效果,值得进一步研究和开发.     

紫杉醇研究进展

紫杉醇是目前最新的具有很好疗效的抗癌药物, 本文对自紫杉醇发现以来的最新研究进展进行了比较详尽的综述。包括以下几个部分: 1.紫杉醇的发现和历史; 2. 紫杉醇的来源; 3. 紫杉醇的全合成研究; 4. 紫杉醇的生物合成; 5. 通过真菌生产紫杉醇; 6.通过植物细胞培养生产紫杉醇; 7. 紫杉醇化学研究的展望。     

米托蒽醌与生物大分子DNA结合平衡的研究

米托蒽醌(MX)是一个广谱高效的葸醌类抗癌新药(下式),核酸是该类药物的主要细胞作用靶位,它通过与DNA结合,影响DNA的转译和复制,从而起到抗癌作用。研究这类药物与核酸的作用对于阐明抗癌机理具有重要意义,为此,广泛地开展了这方面的研究。     

倍半萜EnglerinA及其类似物的合成

2008年从东非大戟科属植物Phyllanthus engleri 中分离的吉玛烷型倍半萜(-)-englerin A对6种肾脏癌细胞展示了非常好的抑制活性(GI₅₀:1-87nm),甚至比紫杉醇的抗癌活性高1-2个数量级。这类倍半萜因其结构特点和显著的抗癌活性引起了有机化学界的广泛关注, 短短几年之内,就有多条全合成路线先后被报道。本文主要综述了(-)-englerin A及其类似物的合成进展,按照各个研究小组运用的关键策略加以分类,来阐述他们各自的合成特点。     

紫杉醇及其修饰物的光谱研究

紫杉醇 (paclitaxel,商品名 Taxol)是二萜类化合物 [1] ,对多种肿瘤细胞模型有特殊疗效 .由于它在水中极难溶 (<0 .0 0 4 mg/m L ) ,影响了临床应用 ,有大量关于合成紫杉醇衍生物的研究 ,试图找到增大紫杉醇水溶性的途径 .我们曾用血清白蛋白修饰紫杉醇 ,使其水溶性有一定程度提高 [2 ] .本文对紫杉醇及其修饰产物进行紫外和荧光光谱研究 ,希望找到一种测定紫杉醇修饰的方法 ,并对修饰物的结构进行了讨论 .1　材料和方法1 .1　试剂和仪器　牛血清白蛋白 (Bovine serum albumin,BSA)为电泳纯 ,购自中国医学科学院血液研究所 .紫杉醇购自天…     

Intramolecular proton transfer in the cyclization of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to the taxadiene precursor of taxol catalyzed by recombinant taxadiene synthase

BACKGROUND: The committed step in the biosynthesis of the anticancer drug taxol in yew (Taxus) species is the cyclization of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to taxa-4(5),11(12)-diene. The enzyme taxadiene synthase catalyzes this complex olefin cation cyclization cascade involving the formation of three rings and three stereogenic centers. RESULTS: Recombinant taxadiene synthase was incubated with specifically deuterated substrates, and the mechanism of cyclization was probed using MS and NMR analyses of the products to define the crucial hydrogen migration and terminating deprotonation steps. The electrophilic cyclization involves the ionization of the diphosphate with closure of the A-ring, followed by a unique intramolecular transfer of the C11 proton to the re-face of C7 to promote closure of the B/C-ring juncture, and cascade termination by proton elimination from the beta-face of C5. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide insight into the molecular architecture of the first dedicated step of taxol biosynthesis that creates the taxane carbon skeleton, and they have broad implications for the general mechanistic capability of the large family of terpenoid cyclization enzymes.     

Determination of taxol in Taxus species grown in Hungary by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection effect of vegetative period

The influence of a vegetative period on the taxol content in the needles of Taxus brevifolia grown in Hungary was determined using porous graphitized carbon column and a HPLC-diode array detection system. The relative standard deviation of the retention time of taxol peak was 1.24%, the peak symmetry 1.06–1.07 indicating the reliability of the HPLC systems. It was found that the accuracy of the peak purity test can be enhanced by carrying out the test at various wavelengths. It was established that the taxol content is considerably higher in the winter months and taqxol is purer in the same period. Taxol content also depends on the production site and taxol exctracted from the foliage contains more taxoteres than taxol extracted from bark.     

A simple and rapid method for the determination of taxol produced by fungal endophytes from medicinal plants using high performance thin layer chromatography

 Taxol is an important anticancer drug used widely in the clinical field. In this study, some endophytic fungi were isolated from selected medicinal plants, and were screened for their potential in the production of taxol, using a rapid separation technique of high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). Of the 20 screened fungi, only 13 fungal species produced taxol in the artificial culture medium. The results of HPTLC showed that the 13 fungal species had identical ultraviolet (UV) characteristics, positive reactivity with a spray reagent, yielding a blue spot, which turned to dark gray after 24 hours, and had Rf values identical to that of the authentic taxol. The amount of taxol was also quantified by comparing the peak area and the peak height of the fungal samples with those of authentic taxol.     

Biological Fingerprinting Analysis of Interaction Between Taxoids in Taxus and Microtubule Protein by Microdialysis Coupled with High-performance Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry for Screening Antimicrotubule Agents

Some natural products, such as traditional Chinese medicines（TCMs）, contain compounds with anticancer activity and have attracted a great interest in recent years as alternative anticancer therapies. A quick and convenient assay for screening antimicrotubule compounds in which in vitro microdialysis/high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） is used to monitor the binding of the compounds extracted from TCM Taxus cuspidata Siebold ＆ Zucc（Taxus） to microtubules is reported. It was observed that the extract of Taxus contains at least five compounds which have affinity interaction with microtubules by biological fingerprinting analysis, and they were identified as the taxoids of taxol, baccatin III, 10-deacetylbaccatin Ⅲ（10-DAB）, cephalomannine and 7-epi-10-deacetyltaxol （7-epi-10-DAT） based on the comparison of their high-performance liquid chromatographic/mass spectrometric and UV spectra with those of the standard samples, both assembly-promoting and disassembly-inhibiting characteristics of those compounds were evaluated. It was observed that baccatin Ⅲ and 10-DAB bound to microtubules and the binding degrees were influenced by GTP. Competitive binding behavior of taxol with other four taxoids to microtubules was also investigated.     

Preparation of aminated taxol side chain precursors. A Simple Approach to 2,3-Diamond Acids Using the β-Lactam Synthon Method.

Coupling-ready aminated side chain analog precursors of the anticancer drug taxol were prepared through the β-lactam synthon method. The procedure described represents an easy connection between β-lactams and 2,3-diamino acids, is highly stereospecific, and causes no racemization due to vicinal group participation.     

Fluorescent taxoids

Background: Taxol^* is a natural product produced by the Pacific Yew, Taxus brevifolia, that has emerged as a prominent chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of solid tumors. Taxol's biochemical mode of action has been well studied: it binds to microtubules, stabilizing them and preventing their depolymerization to tubulin subunits. At lower dosage levels, taxol also interferes with the normal dynamics of the tubulin—microtubule equilibrium. This biochemical effect causes taxol's ultimate physiological effect, cell cycle arrest; taxol is thought to block anaphase A of mitosis. Taxol also causes a number of intriguing secondary effects on interphase cells that are poorly understood. We believed that a bio-active fluorescent taxol derivative could be a useful tool in the study of these cellular mechanisms, especially in interphase cells.Results: We have synthesized and characterized a series of stable, fluorescently labeled derivatives of taxol that bind to microtubules and have cytotoxicities similar to that of taxol. Fluorescence microscopy experiments in interphase human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cells indicate that one of these, a sulforhodamine taxoid, is particularly well suited for optical microscopy. The use of this taxoid in HFF cells revealed a previously undetected localization of taxoids to the nucleolus during interphase.Conclusion: The production of a new fluorescent derivative of taxol provides a useful tool, enabling cellular biologists to study taxol's mechanism of action. It is hoped that this material will prove particularly useful for the study of taxol's effects upon interphase cells.     

Cytochrome p450 taxadiene 5alpha-hydroxylase, a mechanistically unusual monooxygenase catalyzing the first oxygenation step of taxol biosynthesis

The first oxygenation step in the biosynthesis of the anticancer drug taxol in Taxus species is the cytochrome p450-mediated hydroxylation (with double bond migration) of the diterpene olefin precursor taxa-4(5),11(12)-diene to taxa-4(20),11(12)-dien-5alpha-ol. A homology-based cloning strategy, employing an induced Taxus cell library, yielded a cDNA encoding taxadiene 5alpha-hydroxylase, which was functionally expressed in yeast and insect cells. The recombinant enzyme was characterized and shown to efficiently utilize both taxa-4(5),11(12)-diene and taxa-4(20),11(12)-diene (as an adventitious substrate) to synthesize taxa-4(20),11(12)-dien-5alpha-ol. This hydroxylase resembles, in sequence and properties, other cytochrome p450 oxygenases of taxol biosynthesis. The utilization of both taxadiene isomers in the formation of taxa-4(20),11(12)-dien-5alpha-ol is novel, suggesting a reaction mechanism involving promiscuous radical abstraction with selective oxygen insertion rather than epoxidation of the C4,C5-alkene of the natural substrate and allylic rearrangement of the resulting taxa-11(12)-en-4,5epoxide.     

Exploring Ovarian Cancer Cell Resistance to Rhenium Anticancer Complexes

Rhenium tricarbonyl complexes have been recently investigated as novel anticancer agents. However, little is understood about their mechanisms of action, as well as the means by which cancer cells respond to chronic exposure to these compounds. To gain a deeper mechanistic insight into these rhenium anticancer agents, we developed and characterized an ovarian cancer cell line that is resistant to a previously studied compound [Re(CO)₃(dmphen)(ptolICN)]⁺, where dmphen=2,9‐dimethyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline and ptolICN=para‐tolyl isonitrile, called TRIP. This TRIP‐resistant ovarian cancer cell line, A2780TR, was found to be 9 times less sensitive to TRIP compared to the wild‐type A2780 ovarian cancer cell line. Furthermore, the cytotoxicities of established drugs and other rhenium anticancer agents in the TRIP‐resistant cell line were determined. Notably, the drug taxol was found to exhibit a 184‐fold decrease in activity in the A2780TR cell line, suggesting that mechanisms of resistance towards TRIP and this drug are similar. Accordingly, expression levels of the ATP‐binding cassette transporter P‐glycoprotein, an efflux transporter known to detoxify taxol, were found to be elevated in the A2780TR cell line. Additionally, a gene expression analysis using the National Cancer Institute 60 cell line panel identified the MT1E gene to be overexpressed in cells that are less sensitive to TRIP. Because this gene encodes for metallothioneins, this result suggests that detoxification by this class of proteins is another mechanism for resistance to TRIP. The importance of this gene in the A2780TR cell line was assessed, confirming that its expression is elevated in this cell line as well. As the first study to investigate and identify the cancer cell resistance pathways in response to a rhenium complex, this report highlights important similarities and differences in the resistance responses of ovarian cancer cells to TRIP and conventional drugs.     

Ring-closing metathesis in the synthesis of BC ring-systems of taxol

BC ring-systems of taxol with different or no protecting group for the C1,C2-diol moiety have been efficiently synthesized. The eight-membered B ring is formed by a ring-closing metathesis reaction (RCM) between the C10 and C11 carbon atoms. The influence of the 1,2-diol protecting group on the RCM reaction has been studied in detail.