The use of a modified Westcott-formalism in thek o-standardization of NAA: The state of affairs

Recently, the introduction was proposed of the Westcott-formalism in the k_o-standardization method, in order to enable the handling of analytically important non-1/v (n, ) reactions. In the present paper some elucidations are given to the Westcott-basedk _o-method: the black box of Westcott's g+rs formalism is opened; procedures and formulas are given for the experimental determination of the flux parameters and a survey is presented of the status of the nuclear data.     

Determination of polychlorobiphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmospheric aerosol of the Venice Lagoon

An analytical method for simultaneous determination of particle-associated and gaseous-phase concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in atmospheric aerosol samples obtained by high-volume samplers using polyurethane foam adsorbent (PUF) and quartz fibber filters (QFF) has been investigated. Quality control of the analytical procedure was carried out by blank control and by evaluating limits of detection, recoveries, accuracy, and repeatability. The proposed method was subsequently used to determine PAH and PCB in the gaseous and particulate phases of the aerosols that enter the Venice Lagoon atmosphere. The highest concentrations of PCB and PAH were predominantly in the gaseous phase. In both particulate and gaseous phases the penta-CB congeners dominated total PCB concentrations whereas phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene dominated the PAH concentrations. Total (gaseous plus particulate) PCB and PAH concentrations were higher at the site directly influenced by the industrial plants but the concentrations in marine aerosol samples were lower by a factor four only and must be taken into consideration when studying the chemical contamination of the Venice Lagoon.     

Chemical algebra. II: Discriminating pairing products

The algebra of stereogenic pairing equlibria is presented in a very general context. Starting from the notions of fuzzy subgroup and conjugacy link, chemical pairing constants between molecular speciesu andv having a skeletal symmetry groupG are formulated as pairing products on aG-Hilbert space. Discriminating pairing productsK are defined by the conditions: K 1 and K = 1 the representative vectors of the paired species areG-equivalent. WhenG has only two elements, the pairing product is always discriminating. For several skeletal symmetries, if the vectors are enantiomorphic (v = u, ² =e, G), thenK is greater than 1 and reaches 1 only ifu is achiral: chirality indexes and general permutational indexes are then defined fromK(u u). The general model is illustrated by some examples.     

Zur Literaturdokumentation in der Analytischen Chemie

Zusammenfassung Der in den Referatezeitschriften Chemical Abstracts, Analytical Abstracts und Fresenius Zeitschrift für Analytische Chemie erkennbare alphabetischsystematische Aufbau der Indexregister wird dargestellt und beurteilt. Die Beispiele stammen aus den Indexabschnitten Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie (Methode), Phenole (Stoff) und Boden (Material). Unter Berücksichtigung der Ergebnisse werden Vorschläge zur benutzerfreundlichen Gestaltung eines analytisch-chemischen Indexsystems nach einer 3-W-Regel (Fragen nach WAS, WIE und WORIN, WOZU?) gemacht und diese Anforderungen an einer Stichprobe von 47 Referaten von Veröffentlichungen aus 21 verschiedenen Zeitschriften in den Indices der Referatzeitschriften überprüft. Die Recall-Raten nach den vorgegebenen Schlüsselwörtern für jede Teilfrage der 3-W-Regel liegen zwischen 3 und 51% und für die Frage nach der Methode mit 3–14% am niedrigsten.

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Literature documentation in analytical chemistryIII. Structure and valuation of index systems

Summary The recognizable alphabetic-sytematic structure of the indices in the abstract journals Chemical Abstracts, Analytical Abstracts and Fresenius Zeitschrift für Analytische Chemie is described and criticized. The examples are taken from the index sections atomic absorption spectrometry (method), phenols (substance) and soil (material). In consideration of the results and taking into account the needs of the user suggestions for the construction of an analytical-chemical index system according to a 3-Wprinciple (questions for what, in what way and wherein, whereto) are given, and these requirements are proved by a random sample of 47 abstracts from publications of 21 diverse journals taken from the indices of the abstract journals. The recall ratios resulting from the pretended key words for every sectional question of the 3-W-priciple are between 3 and 51%; for the question as to the method they are most inferior with 3–14%.

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Teil II siehe Fresenius Z Anal Chem 304:28 (1980)     

Zur Frage des Einsatzes ionenspezifischer Elektroden in der Automation

Zusammenfassung Es wurden Untersuchungen mit anionenspezifischen Membranelektroden nach Pungor durchgeführt. Dazu werden Reproduzierbarkeit, Eichfunktion, Einstellzeiten bei auf- und absteigender Konzentration und Querempfindlichkeit im Hinblick auf den Einsatz in automatischen Systemen behandelt. Es wird vorgeschlagen, für die Angabe der Selektivität einen p-Sel analog zum pH zu verwenden, die Behandlung eines Analysensensorsystems wird vorgenommen.

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On the use of ion-specific electrodes in automation

Investigations on anion-specific membrane electrodes are described. Problems of reproducibility, calibration, time-response in respect of in- and decreasing concentrations and sensitivity to interfering ions are demonstrated and discussed with regard to automation. It is proposed to define a p-sel for the selectivity constant analogue to pH and a calculation method for an Analysis-Sensor-System is shown.

     

Synthese höherkondensierter Ringsysteme durch intermolekulare Dehydrierung verschiedener Moleküle unter Verknüpfung und Ringschluß.

Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, daß demClarschen Terrylen eine andere Struktur zukommen dürfte und sein Dibromterrylen ein KW, vermutlich das Quaterrylen ist.Mit 3 Abbildungen.     

Von den unabhängigen Reaktionen

Zusammenfassung Es wird der Begriff derunabhängigen Reaktionen dargelegt, die chemische und mathematische Methode der Ermittlung dieser Reaktionen dargetan und auf ihre Bedeutung verwiesen.     

Thermal analysis of amorphous phase in a pharmaceutical drug

Thermally Stimulated Current (TSC) spectroscopy and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) have been applied to the characterization of the microstructure of a pharmaceutical drug.The dielectric relaxation spectrum shows two modes located in the temperature range of the glass transition. They have been attributed to the molecular mobility in the true amorphous phase and in the rigid amorphous region.     

Understanding the properties of isospectral points and pairs in graphs: The concept of orthogonal relation

The mathematical property orthogonal relationship is used in proving the fact that isospectrality, isocodality and isocoefficiency of vertices within a graph are all equivalent. The same is true for isospectrality, strict isocodality and strict isocoefficiency of pairs (including edges) within a graph, whereas the weak versions of the latter properties are necessary but not sufficient for isospectrality of pairs. Similarly, necessary and sufficient conditions for isospectrality of vertices and pairs in different graphs are derived. In all these proofs, the concept of orthogonal relation plays a major role in that it allows the use of tools of elementary linear algebra.     

Zur Literaturdokumentation in der Analytischen Chemie

Zusammenfassung Anhand von 298 Referaten aus Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem. werden systematisch geordnete Listen von Indexbegriffen für die Bereiche Methoden und Anwendungen erstellt und auf diese Referate angewendet. Diese vorläufige Systematik umfaßt 63 und 32 Hauptindexwörter. Den dokumentierten Referaten wurden 815 Schlüsselwörter (Hauptindexwörter) zugeordnet (116 Referate mit 2, 134 Referate mit 3 Hauptindexwörtern, Minimum: 1, Maximum: 5). Für zwei Indexabschnitte, Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie und Geologisches Material, wird die vorgeschlagene Indexierung vorgestellt und mit der bisherigen in Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem. verglichen. Die überschaubare Zahl von 95 Hauptindexwörtern, die erkennbare, einfache Systematik und die Wahlmöglichkeiten von zusätzlichen Nebenindexwörtern sollen zu einer benutzerfreundlichen Dokumentation beitragen, welche hiermit zur Diskussion gestellt wird.

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Literature documentation in analytical chemistryIV. Development of a systematic, easily usable index and documentation system

Summary By means of 298 abstracts from Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem. systematically arranged lists of index terms for the fields methods and applications were compiled and used for these abstracts. This preliminary system contains 63 and 32 first index terms. 815 Key words were allocated to the abstracts (= first index terms): 116 abstracts with 2, 134 abstracts with 3 first index terms, minimum: 1, maximum: 5. For two index sections, l.e. atomic absorption spectrometry and geological materials, the proposed indexing system is presented and compared with the system hitherto used in Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem.. The favourable number of 95 first index words, the obviously simple system and the possibility of selecting additional second index terms should contribute to an easily usable documentation, which is herewith presented for discussion.

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Teil III: Fresenius Z Anal Chem (1982) 312:448–454     

X-ray structural analysis of tetrahydrofurofuran lignans

The crystal structures of two diastereomeric tetrahydrofurofuran lignans, diasesartemin (1) and episesartemin-B (2), were determined. The former one is of the classical axial-axial substitution type (the two aryl moieties of the 1,4-diaryl-tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan in ax-ax position), the latter one belongs to the axial-equatorial type. Analysis of the X-ray results revealed that in both cases the substituents are attached in pseudo-equatorial positions due to a flip of the (slightly twisted) envelope conformation of the oxolane five-rings. In1 the oxygen atoms of the two five rings point against each other (overall boat conformation of the tetrahydrofurofuran system orendo-endo topology), in2 one ring is folded towards and the other one is folded away from the second ring (overall boat-chair conformation of the tetrahydrofurofuran system orendo-exo topology): as a consequence,all aryl substituents adopt a pseudo-equatorial position. The terms ax-ax, ax-eq, and eq-eq used throughout in the literature are therefore misleading as far as the true conformations are concerned. Analysis of the aromatic short wavelength CD couplet of1 by means of the coupled oscillator model shows that the X-ray derived geometry is compatible with the CD data in solution.

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Röntgenstrukturanalyse von Tetrahydrofurofuran-Lignanen

Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Kristallstruktur von zwei diastereomeren Tetrahydrofurofuran-Lignanen, Diasesartemin (1) und Episesartemin-B (2), bestimmt. Ersteres gehört dem klassischen axial-axial-substituierten Typ an (dabei sind die zwei Arylsubstituenten des 1,4-Diaryl-tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furans in ax-ax-Position), das zweite gehört zum axial-equatorial-Typ. Die Röntgenstrukturanalyse zeigte, daß die Aryl-Substituenten immer in pseudo-equatorialen Positionen stehen, da die Oxolan-Fünfringe eine entsprechende (leicht getwistete) Briefumschlag-Konformation einnehmen. In1 zeigen die Sauerstoffatome der beiden Ringe zueinander (insgesamt eine Boot-Konformation des Tetrahydrofurofuransystems bzw.endo-endo-Topologie), in2 ist ein Ring in Richtung zum, der andere Ring jedoch weg vom jeweils zweiten gegenüberliegenden gefaltet (insgesamt eine Boot-Sessel-Anordnung in der Tetrahydrofurofuran-Einheit bzw.endo-exo-Topologie): Eine Folge davon ist, daß alle Arylsubstituenten eine pseudo-equatoriale Position einnehmen. Die in der Literatur durchgehend verwendete Bezeichnung ax-ax, ax-eq oder eq-eq ist daher bezüglich der tatsächlichen Konformation mißverständlich. Die Analyse der kurzwelligen aromatischen CD-Banden von1 mittels des Modells der gekoppelten Oszillatoren zeigte, daß die Konformation aus der Röntgenstrukturanalyse mit den CD-Daten in Lösung in Übereinstimmung ist.

     

Analogs of pyrimidine nucleosides

N₁-(-Tetrahydrofuranyl)- and N₁-(-tetrahydropyranyl)uracils and the corresponding 6-azauracils have been obtained by the condensation of bistrimethylsilyl derivatives of uracils and 6-azauracils with-chlorotetrahydrofuran and-chlorotetrahydropyran. The superiority of the silyl method over the mercury method used previously has been demonstrated.For part III, see [9].     

The physical crosslinking of polyurethane elastomers studied by X-ray investigation of model urethanes

Polyurethane elastomers extended with aliphatic glycols or diamines, show a characteristic fluctuation in their thermal and hydrothermal properties which is dependent on the number of CH₂ groups in the chain extender (even or odd).The causes of this behavior are examined in the following report using X-ray crystallographic analyses of single crystals of model urethanes. These model compounds were prepared by reaction between diphenylmethane -4-mono-isocyanate and glycoles of the HO-(CH₂)_n-OH structure withn=2 to 6.Whilst strain-free hydrogen bonds can form between neighboring molecules in urethanes with even chain extenders, significant strains occur in urethanes containing odd chain extenders which result in reduced stability of the physical crosslinking system.In memoriam to Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. mult. Otto Bayer.     

EDX depths analysis of MIS-structures

Based on experimental energy transfer distributionsdE/dx including the X-ray depth distribution function (x,E ₀,Z) an effective-layer method has been developed in order to homogenize a multilayer target. Effective layer thicknesses are related to real layer thicknesses by means of equal transmission-energy rates. This method has been proved by EDX measurements of Au-SiO₂-Si structures showing good agreement with the real structures.Dedicated to Professor Dr. rer. nat. Dr. h.c. Hubertus Nickel on the occasion of his 65th birthday     

The principle of increasing mixing character and some of its consequences

The Principle of Increasing Mixing Character, previously postulated by one of us (and derived for the case of an ensemble of isolated systems obeying a master equation) as a stronger version of the second law of thermodynamics, is re-derived using von Neumann's density matrix formulation of statistical mechanics. To make the principle more convenient for applications, it is reformulated in terms of Mixing Homomorphic Functions, a set of state functions all of which must increase in an allowed irreversible process in an-isolated system. The entropy is one such function, but no one function, and no finite set of functions, suffices to determine the increase of mixing character. The principle is extended to the case of a system which is not isolated, but in contact with a heat bath, for which it takes a form which we name the Principle of Decreasing Mixing Distance from the equilibrium distribution. As examples, applications are made to two simple cases: diffusion in an ideal solution, and chemical reactions in ideal gas mixtures.     

Non-exchangeable organically bound tritium (OBT): its real nature

Denaturation experiments show that the larger part of organically bound tritium (OBT) consists of buried tritium and is not bound to carbon, as has been traditionally assumed. The logistical growth analysis of hydrogen isotopes in dry plant matter reveals a larger rate of increase of OBT than organically bound hydrogen (OBH). This is reflected by tritium accumulation for 1.4 and 2 in the primary hydration shell and in the base-pairing hydrogens of DNA respectively. If tritons and protons are considered as quantum mechanical entities, the accumulative tritium transfer from water to the hydrogen bonds of biopolymers is generally valid. Growth experiments confirm the assumed rapid isotope exchange in vivo, which is not observed in vitro by denaturation.     

Decomposition of tricyclohexylidene peroxide

Conclusions In the thermolysis of tricyclohexylidene peroxide in the liquid phase a dilactone is formed, besides the earlier identified macrocyclic compounds (cyclopentadecane and hexadecanolide), which is the cyclic ester of 1,10-decanedicarboxylic acid and 1,5-pentanediol.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 1, pp. 141–144, January, 1982.     

Synthese und Strukturanalyse von Na3SbSe3·3Sb2O3·0,5Sb(OH)3

Investigations in the system Sb-Se-NaOH-H₂O, hydrothermal conditions, yielded crystals of the compound Na₃SbSe₃·3Sb₂O₃·0,5Sb(OH)₃. The structure of this compound (a=14.40 Å,c=5.568 Å; space group P 6₃-C ₆ ⁶ ;Z=2) was determined from 985 independent X-ray intensities — collected on an automaticWeissenberg type diffractometer — by thePatterson method and refined by the least squares method toR=8.3% (with -weighting 5.9%). The structure consists of SbO₃ pyramids which are connected via common oxygen corners to tubes parallel [001]. These tubes and SbSe₃ pyramids are combined by Na atoms to a framework. The Sb(OH)₃ groups are statistically located within the channels of the tubes.

     

Rotamerism and roulettamerism of vertex-sharing biicosahedral supraclusters: Synthesis and structure of [(Ph3P)10Au13Ag12Cl8](SbF6)

The relative rotation of two centered icosahedra of a vertex-sharing biicosahedral supracluster about the pentagonal symmetry axis gives rise to cluster rotamerism while the relative rotation of the satellite ring of six bridging halide ligands around the equator with respect to the metal framework gives rise to cluster roulettamerism; the latter is exemplified by the structures of [(Ph₃P)₁₀Au₁₃Ag₁₂ X ₈]⁺ X=Cl (this work) or Br.     

Kinetic study for the formation of microcrystalline “disks” of204T1I in gelatin medium

This paper presents a radiochemical study of the appearance of²⁰⁴T1I microcrystals and their development as disks resembling Liesegang rings, in gelatin, under different experimental conditions. Thus, kinetic diagrams have been traced, from which gel diffusion rate constants for radioactive ions were calculated, as well as reaction rate constants between reactant species:²⁰⁴T1⁺ and I^–, in colloidal medium, followed by the development of concentrated microcrystals under form of one or more disks. There is an interconnection between gelatin concentration of the colloidal medium, on one hand, and²⁰⁴T1I microcrystal disks number and dimensions, on the other hand, disks which appeared in gel as a result of the global process of nucleation.