Origin of strain-induced resonances in flexible terahertz metamaterials

Two types of flexible terahertz metamaterials were fabricated on polyethylene naphthalate(PEN) substrates. The unit cell of one type consists of two identical split-ring resonators(SRRs) that are arranged face-to-face(i.e., Flex Meta F); the unit cell of the other type has nothing different but is arranged back-to-back(i.e., Flex Meta B). Flex Meta F and Flex Meta B illustrate the similar transmission dips under zero strain because the excitation of fundamental inductive–capacitive(LC)resonance is mainly dependent on the geometric structure of individual SRR. However, if a gradually variant strain is applied to bend Flex Meta F and Flex Meta B, the new resonant peaks appear: in the case of Flex Meta F, the peaks are located at the lower frequencies; in the case of Flex Meta B, the peaks appear at the frequencies adjacent to the LC resonance. The origin and evolution of strain-induced resonances are studied. The origin is ascribed to the detuning effect and the different responses to strain from Flex Meta F and Flex Meta B are associated with the coupling effect. These findings may improve the understanding on flexible terahertz metamaterials and benefit their applications in flexible or curved devices.     

基于超材料的偏振不敏感太赫兹宽带吸波体设计

本文设计了一种基于超材料的偏振不敏感太赫兹宽带吸波体.吸波体包含两层金属和一层中间介质,表面金属层每一个周期单元由五种尺寸接近的金属块按照相邻不同的规律排列成5×5的方形阵列.各种尺寸金属块分别产生单峰谐振吸收,五个谐振吸收峰相互靠近从而产生宽带吸收.通过研究吸波体表面电流和电场z分量分布情况可知,入射太赫兹能量的吸收主要是由y方向上电场引起的电偶极子振荡和z方向上磁场引起的磁极化产生,而且金属层的欧姆损耗起主要作用.仿真结果表明,吸波体吸收率在80%以上的带宽约为1.2 THz,最高吸收率可达98.7%,半峰全宽(FWHM)为1.6 THz,该宽带吸波体的厚度约为中心波长的二十分之一,对偏振方向不敏感,且能实现大角度吸收,在太赫兹频段的电磁隐身、测辐射热探测器以及宽带通信等领域有潜在的应用价值.     

射电天文用太赫兹三通带频率选择表面设计

本文设计一种基于单屏改进型开口谐振环(SRR)的太赫兹频率选择表面(FSS). 改进型 SRR 谐振单元由具有开口缝的金属贴片组成, 开口缝的物理尺寸会影响其阶跃特征阻抗特性. 本文通过对改进型 SRR 单元结构建立LC等效电路模型, 提取等效电路模型参数, 并结合传输线理论, 得到 FSS 的基频计算公式和谐波关系式. 相比于传统均匀 SRR, 本文所提出的改进型 SRR 多频带传输的控制更为灵活. 基于此特点, 设计了一款中心频率依次为 0.46 THz, 0.86 THz和 1.03 THz, 可应用于射电天文的三通带太赫兹 FSS. 采用电磁仿真软件对影响该 FSS 传输特性的关键参数、周期间隔、小型化程度以及入射角敏感性等重要指标进行分析研究. 结果表明, 改进型 SRR 三通带 FSS 在三个通带内的反射系数分别为 -37.6 dB, -13 dB和 -19.6 dB, 在0°–60° 范围内均具有稳定的频率响应特性, 且具有小型化程度高、损耗低等特点. 这种三通带 FSS 在太赫兹频段射电天文方面有潜在的应用价值.     

异向介质谐振响应的Floquet模分析

将开口谐振环单元的场分布利用Floquet模展开,从电磁波传播角度揭示了凋落模引起异向介质谐振响应的事实.数值计算了任意平面电磁波照射下异向介质的传输特性.研究表明,对于来自主平面上的垂直或平行极化的入射波,具有相同极化方式的Floquet透射模将发生谐振,并且磁谐振和电谐振将随着入射角的不同而改变.而对于来自其他入射平面的电磁波,两种极化的Floquet透射模将共同发生谐振. 关键词： 开口谐振环 异向介质 Floquet模 谐振     

亚波长分形结构太赫兹透射增强的机理研究

利用太赫兹时域光谱(terahertz time domain spectroscopy,简称THz-TDS),研究了亚波长金属分形结构在THz波段的透射增强特性.分别从实验和理论两个方面,研究了铜箔上各级分形结构THz透射增强现象的产生机理.结果表明,在低频区的透射增强主要是由低级分形线中电子运动的共振引起的,而高频区的透射增强则主要由高级分形线中电子运动的共振引起的.从而将这种透射增强效应归结为分形结构中电子的共振辐射,即分形结构的局域共振效应. 关键词： 分形 太赫兹 透射 共振峰     

利用康普顿散射实现太赫兹皮秒脉冲的分析

研究了利用微波与电子束团的康普顿散射实现太赫兹的方法、光子产额和辐射功率。推导出了单个电子产生的太赫兹的光子产额和辐射功率表达式,也推导出了电子束团产生的太赫兹的光子总产额和辐射总功率表达式。结果发现：利用微波与电子束团发生康普顿垂直散射,可以产生太赫兹皮秒脉冲;单个电子产生的太赫兹光子产额与微波功率、微波波长成正比,与微波束截面积成反比;单个电子产生的太赫兹辐射功率与微波功率、电子Lorentz因子的平方成正比,与微波束截面积成反比;电子束团产生的太赫兹光子总产额与微波功率的平方、微波波长的平方成正比,与微波束截面积的平方成反比;电子束团产生的太赫兹辐射总功率与微波功率的平方、微波波长以及电子Lorentz因子的平方成正比,与微波束截面积的平方成反比。     

Modeling of terahertz radiation emission from a free‐electron laser

In this article, we report the generation of terahertz (THz) radiation using the interaction of a laser‐modulated relativistic electron beam (REB) with a surface plasma wave. Two laser beams propagating through the modulator interact with the REB, leading to velocity modulation of the beam. This results in pre‐bunching of the REB. The pre‐bunched beam travels through the drift space, where the velocity modulation translates into density modulation. The density‐modulated beam, on interacting with the surface plasma pump wave, acquires an oscillatory velocity that couples with the modulated beam density to give rise to a nonlinear current density which acts as an antenna to give THz radiation. By optimizing the parameters of the beam and the wiggler, we obtain power of the order of 10⁻⁴ using the current scheme.     

Methodology for the solutions of some reduced Fokker‐Planck equations in high dimensions

In this paper, a new methodology is formulated for solving the reduced Fokker‐Planck (FP) equations in high dimensions based on the idea that the state space of large‐scale nonlinear stochastic dynamic system is split into two subspaces. The FP equation relevant to the nonlinear stochastic dynamic system is then integrated over one of the subspaces. The FP equation for the joint probability density function of the state variables in another subspace is formulated with some techniques. Therefore, the FP equation in high‐dimensional state space is reduced to some FP equations in low‐dimensional state spaces, which are solvable with exponential polynomial closure method. Numerical results are presented and compared with the results from Monte Carlo simulation and those from equivalent linearization to show the effectiveness of the presented solution procedure. It attempts to provide an analytical tool for the probabilistic solutions of the nonlinear stochastic dynamics systems arising from statistical mechanics and other areas of science and engineering.     

Morphological study of early‐stage lung cancer using synchrotron radiation

In the present study the feasibility of applying synchrotron radiation to the morphological study of early‐stage lung cancer has been investigated. Lewis lung cancer was implanted and grown in a nude mouse for different periods, and imaged using phase‐contrast synchrotron X‐rays. Morphological differences were clearly shown between the normal lung and cancerous tissues at this early stage. Irregular and tortuous angiogenesis were found in the periphery region of the developing lung cancer. Results from this study indicate that synchrotron X‐rays can be used for imaging cancer development and progression with minimal invasion.     

Quantitative studies of pyrocarbon‐coated materials using synchrotron radiation

Phase‐contrast imaging provides enhanced image contrast and is important for non‐destructive evaluation of structural materials. In this paper, experimental results on in‐line phase‐contrast imaging using a synchrotron source (ELETTRA, Italy) for objects required in material science applications are discussed. Experiments have been carried out on two types of samples, pyrocarbon‐coated zirconia and pyrocarbon‐coated alumina microspheres. These have applications in both reactor and industrial fields. The phase‐contrast imaging technique is found to be very useful in visualizing and determining the coating thickness of pyrocarbon on zirconia and alumina microspheres. The experiments were carried out at X‐ray energies of 16, 18 and 20 keV and different object‐to‐detector distances. The results describe the contrast values and signal‐to‐noise ratio for both samples. A comprehensive study was carried out to determine the thickness of the pyrocarbon coating on zirconia and alumina microspheres of diameter 500 µm. The advantages of phase‐contrast images are discussed in terms of contrast and resolution, and a comparison is made with absorption images. The results show considerable improvement in contrast with phase‐contrast imaging as compared with absorption radiography.     

In situ monitoring of solid‐state transition of p‐aminobenzoic acid polymorphs using Raman spectroscopy

The purpose of this study is to investigate the mechanism of solid‐state polymorphic transition of p‐aminobenzoic acid (PABA) using in situ Raman spectroscopy measurement. The polymorphic transition experiments were conducted on a micro quartz vessel mounted on a microscope, hot and cold stage, under isothermal conditions. The temperature was precisely controlled by a standalone temperature controller equipped with liquid nitrogen cooling system. The Raman spectroscopy probe was positioned on the surface of the solid sample in the micro vessel. The polymorphic transition progression was in situ monitored and recorded by Raman spectroscopy. Based on the polymorphic transition rate resulted from the quantitative analysis of Raman spectra, the mechanism of solid‐state polymorphic transition of PABA was examined by various empirical kinetic models. An Arrhenius analysis was also performed to calculate activation energies from 134.7 kJ mol⁻¹ to 137.7 kJ mol⁻¹ for the transition. The results demonstrated that in situ Raman spectroscopy is a valuable and accurate technique to probe polymorphic transition process. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Element‐selective X‐ray detected magnetic resonance: a novel application of synchrotron radiation

X‐ray detected magnetic resonance (XDMR) is a new element‐selective spectroscopy in which X‐ray magnetic circular dichroism is used to probe the resonant precession of spin and orbital magnetization components when a strong microwave pump field is applied perpendicularly to the static bias field. Experimental configurations suitable for detecting the very weak XDMR signal are compared. XDMR signatures were measured in yttrium iron garnet and related thin films on exciting not only the iron K‐edge but also the yttrium at diamagnetic sites. These measurements are shown to yield unique information regarding the wide‐angle precession of induced magnetization components involving either orbital p‐projected densities of states at the iron sites, or spin polarized d‐projected densities of states at the yttrium sites. Extending XDMR measurements into the millimeter wave range would make it possible to study paramagnetic systems routinely and investigate optical modes as well as acoustic modes in ferrimagnetic/antiferromagnetic systems.     

Erbium‐doped integrated waveguide amplifiers and lasers

Erbium‐doped fiber devices have been extraordinarily successful due to their broad optical gain around 1.5–1.6 µm. Er‐doped fiber amplifiers enable efficient, stable amplification of high‐speed, wavelength‐division‐multiplexed signals, thus continue to dominate as part of the backbone of longhaul telecommunications networks. At the same time, Er‐doped fiber lasers see many applications in telecommunications as well as in biomedical and sensing environments. Over the last 20 years significant efforts have been made to bring these advantages to the chip level. Device integration decreases the overall size and cost and potentially allows for the combination of many functions on a single tiny chip. Besides technological issues connected to the shorter device lengths and correspondingly higher Er concentrations required for high gain, the choice of appropriate host material as well as many design issues come into play in such devices. In this contribution the important developments in the field of Er‐doped integrated waveguide amplifiers and lasers are reviewed and current and future potential applications are explored. The vision of integrating such Er‐doped gain devices with other, passive materials platforms, such as silicon photonics, is discussed.     

Low‐wavelength emission of Nd‐doped lasers

This paper gives an overview of the results obtained with diode‐pumped Neodymium‐doped crystals operating below 900 nm. Operation at such low wavelengths requires considering the strong thermal population of the lower level of the laser transition. Based on a theoretical study and simulations, the paper presents the challenges related to the design of these three‐level lasers. Experimental results are given with Nd:YAG and Nd:vanadate crystals. It is explained how to deal with the line competition with emission at 946 nm or 912 nm. Finally, intracavity second‐harmonic generation is presented. The output powers reach a few hundred mW at wavelengths below 450 nm. Hence, the paper demonstrates the potential of Nd‐doped diode‐pumped solid‐state lasers for applications in the blue range, in replacement of gas lasers such as helium‐cadmium lasers.     

Laser cooling of solids [Laser Photon. Rev. 3, No. 1–2, 67–84 (2009)]

Fig. 7b and Figs. 14a and b in the paper published in Laser Photon. Rev. 3 , 67–84 have not been referenced completely. Please find the correct figure captions here.     

Calculations of ferromagnetic surface dynamics using the Green's functions theory and matching procedure

A Heisenberg model is employed to study the spin fluctuation dynamics on a (001) ferromagnetic surface using a new theoretical formalism. The solution of the full magnetic problem arising from the absence of magnetic translation symmetry in one dimension due to the presence of a magnetic surface is presented. The calculations are described using simultaneously a closed form of the spin-wave Green's function and the matching procedure in the random-phase approximation. Analytic expressions for the Green's functions are also derived in a low-temperature spin-wave approximation. The theoretical approach determines the bulk and evanescent spin fluctuation fields in the two dimensional plane normal to the surface. The results are used to calculate the localised modes of magnons associated with the surface. Numerical examples of the modes are given and they are found to exhibit various effects due to the interplay between the bulk and surface modes. It is shown that there may be surface spin-waves that decay in amplitude with distance into the bulk domain. Also the bulk spin fluctuations field as well as the magnons localised at the surface depend on the nature of the bulk-surface coupling exchange. The unstable surface magnetic configurations are illustrated and discussed. The results derived from the dynamic correlation functions between a pair of spin operators at any two sites are employed to evaluate the spin deviation in the ferromagnet due to localised surface modes obtained by the matching procedure as a function of temperature. Received 21 April 2002 / Received in final form 25 October 2002 Published online 14 March 2003