关节混合空间控制下的冗余绳驱并联机器人绳力分布特性分析

绳驱并联机器人是由绳索代替刚性杆件的一类特殊机器人,其中绳索具有只能承受拉力而不能承受压力的特点,冗余绳驱并联机器人的绳力分配问题是一个难点.在关节混合空间控制中,将冗余的绳索组合采用绳力控制,而其余绳索进行绳长控制.因为不同的绳索组合可能导致不同的控制效果,本研究旨在解决关节混合空间控制条件下,力控绳索组合的选择问题.以二冗余绳驱并联机器人为例,通过向量空间基变换方法,实现了冗余绳驱系统绳力在拉力索张力空间的表达.基于拉力索张力空间,计算了绳力控制绳索组合的对称最大误差带,用于找到合适的绳索组合用于力控.使用多体动力学仿真手段,对关节混合空间的控制效果和对称最大误差带解析解计算方法的正确性进行了模拟验证.在同时考虑绳长和绳力控制误差的条件下,发现当选择不合适的绳索组合时,绳力误差会被显著放大,说明了本文针对绳力分布特性分析的意义.本文提出的对称最大误差带概念同时也为关节混合空间控制策略下的绳力控制器设计提供指导.     

Nonlinear FE-based investigation of flexural damping of slacking wire cables

The flexural damping of wire cable due to the flexural hysteresis influences the dynamic behavior of slacking wire cables significantly. However, the details of the local model, accounting for the flexural hysteresis between the wire strands, are quite challenging to include in large-scale engineering applications. This paper addresses these difficulties by modeling the flexural damping of slacking wire cables using homogenized Rayleigh damping. By using the nonlinear finite element method and high-speed imaging technique, three aspects of the work were examined. First, the mechanical properties of the slacking cable were identified experimentally. Second, a sample cable was fixed at one end and allowed to vibrate freely at the other end. The shapes of the vibrating cable were captured by a high-speed digital camera and processed by photogrammetry. The cable demonstrated a high flexural damping at zero tension and its damping was measured to be as high as 37.7% of the critical damping. Third, the cable was modeled and analyzed using our newly developed nonlinear curved beam element with the Rayleigh damping. The finite element predictions of the cable motion agree well with the experimental measurement. These predictions demonstrate that the new element is capable of describing the dynamic response of the cable and that the Rayleigh damping is sufficient to model the flexural damping of slacking wire cables.     

含分布浮体的复杂构型深海缆线的动响应及其时空演化

深水柔性缆线是深海资源开采系统的重要组成部分, 随着水深的增加, 深水缆线长径比达103, 结构柔性变得很大, 且沿展向非均匀分布的浮力模块, 使得缆线构型变得更加复杂、张力等结构参数沿展向变化, 这使得环境载荷作用、海面船体运动等激励作用下的缆线流固耦合响应变得更加复杂, 给结构安全带来严峻挑战. 本文针对Double-stepped这种新构型深水缆线, 基于其流固耦合特性和载荷模型表征, 建立了含分布浮体的深水缆线动力学控制方程, 并结合有限元数值模拟和水箱模型实验, 进行了复杂构型缆线的动响应研究. 考察规则波和极端波浪环境载荷作用、海面船体运动等激励因素对结构响应的影响, 给出位移和张力等响应的时空演化规律, 并基于WKB理论分析了变参数结构响应幅值和波长的演化规律和机理. 结果表明: 结构响应沿着缆线长度向下传播过程中非单调变化, 在低张力区域会出现局部峰值; 由于分布浮体的存在使得结构参数轴向变化且不连续, 响应时空演化变得更加复杂, 呈现驻波、行波混合效应, 而且张力不但会影响位移幅值, 还会引起响应传播过程中的波长改变.      

Active Control of Shallow,Slack Cable Using the Parametric Control of End Tension

This study presents a practical, fieldable active controller applicable to shallow, slack cables. The controller is based upon an underlying theory that does not assume that the inertial forces are negligible in the direction of the cable chord. The theoretical framework is developed, and an experimental verification is presented. The experiments utilized a TV camera to track a small number of LED targets on the controlled cable, a commercial X-Y tracker and a PC to compute the cable's present position and velocity, and a linear actuator to vary the cable's tension. A Kalman filter was employed to smooth the position estimates and provide least-squares estimates of the cable velocity. The stability limits for the phase and amplitude of the control signal were established. An analytical estimate of the induced damping expected from the control algorithm is derived. Experimental measurements of the cable frequency and induced damping compared well with theoretical predictions. It is shown that he proposed active control approach is a simple, reliable, as well as an effective, method for vibration attenuation in lightly damped, shallow, slack cables.     

Experimental investigation of wind-induced vibrations of main cables for suspension bridges in construction phases

The main cables of suspension bridges show a changing cross-sectional shape with the evolution of construction phases, and they may suffer from severe wind-induced vibrations at certain conditions. The primary objective of this research was to examine the aerodynamic performance of the main cable in construction phases and to develop appropriate countermeasures to eliminate the potential wind-induced vibrations. Two cross-sections with different shapes of a main cable were chosen, and a series of wind tunnel tests were performed in a reduced wind velocity range of 32–366 using elastically mounted sectional models. Galloping occurred for the two cross-sections under certain wind incidence angles when a critical velocity was reached. No obvious hysteresis phenomenon of galloping was observed in the tests. The steady amplitude of galloping increased linearly with wind velocity and the increasing rate almost kept constant for different structural damping ratios. The aerodynamic nonlinearity, rather than the structural damping nonlinearity, is the main source leading to the limited amplitude oscillation. An empirical expression of galloping amplitudes for the two cross-sections was derived based on the test data. Meanwhile, the critical wind velocity was studied in a Scruton (Sc) number range of 108–4196 (as varied by changing the initial structural damping ratio between 0.093% and 3.62%). Results showed that the Den Hartog criterion was applicable to forecast the possibility of galloping, but not able to estimate the critical wind velocity for the main cable. Linear fitting method can be used to predict the critical velocity based on the experimental data. Finally, three vibration mitigation measures were studied, and a combination of structural and aerodynamic measures was recommended for galloping mitigation of main cables.     

基于应变测量的大跨度桥梁预应力损失的计算与分析

多座桥梁施工的监控结果表明,随着预应力索长度的增大,预应力张拉后所产生的反拱与理论计算值的偏离逐渐加大,预应力损失呈非线性增长。因此,如何正确估计预应力损失产生的主要原因和预应力损失率,对设计和施工都很有意义,目前这方面的研究中定量化描述的较少。本文基于肇庆西江大桥的应变监测结果和预应力索的布置图分析,指出预应力损失的一个重要因素是预应力索的弯角,并给出了预应力损失率与预应力索弯角之间的拟合经验公式,这为工程上预应力损失的准确估算提供了一种新的参考方法。     

损伤因素对单层平面索网静力性能影响研究：有限元分析与试验验证

运用通用有限元软件ANSYS建立三维有限元模型,对横索与竖索连接节点失效、索预应力损失和锚固端失效这三种损伤因素的不同损伤工况下,单层平面索网结构的受力性能进行了非线性有限元分析,并与相应的试验结果进行了全面对比分析。结果表明：本文的有限元模型能够准确地分析计算上述三种损伤因素对单层平面索网结构受力性能的影响,包括结构...     

In-plane non-linear dynamics of the stay cables

Stay cables used in cable-stayed bridge and cable-stayed arch bridge are prone to vibration due to their inherent susceptibility to external deflection. The present work is devoted to the mitigation of a stay cable from the point of view of its nonlinear dynamics. The Galerkin integral, multiple scales perturbation method, and numerical techniques are applied to analyze the primary and subharmonic resonances of the stay cable. The nonlinear dynamic response of the stay cable subjected to parametrical and forced excitations is investigated numerically. The effects of some key parameters of the stay cable, such as initial tension force, damping and inclination angle, and the excitation frequency and amplitude are discussed. The carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) cable is also studied to understand the effect of the material properties of cable. The results show that these parameters have a considerable effect on the dynamic behavior of the cable. In particular, unreasonable tension force and inclination angle of stay cable may cause excessive vibration. It is suggested that CFRP cable replaces steel cable, which can mitigate the vibration of a stay cable.     

海洋电缆中关键力学问题的研究进展与展望

海洋能源是当今世界各国竞相开发的关键领域. 海洋电缆是连接海洋能源生产系统各设施的能源传输、生产控制的关键装备之一, 被誉为海洋能源开发的“生命线”. 如何设计海洋电缆能够抵抗极端海洋灾害, 同时满足安装、服役中弯曲柔顺性的要求, 实现“刚柔并济”的结构性能, 是海洋能源开发领域亟待解决的核心难题. 本文围绕海洋电缆多构件、多层螺旋缠绕的结构特点, 全面总结了海洋电缆设计、分析及测试领域关键力学问题的研究进展. 首先, 针对海洋电缆结构的理论分析, 阐述了拉伸、扭转和弯曲刚度的基本理论以及拉扭耦合和非线性弯曲行为研究进展. 其次, 介绍了数值仿真方法在海洋电缆工程中的应用, 特别介绍了海洋电缆数值分析专业软件方面的研究成果. 再次, 探讨了海洋电缆多场耦合分析、结构优化设计和疲劳寿命的计算方法. 最后详细介绍了海洋电缆结构的实验测试技术和测试装备. 本文通过对海洋电缆研究方法和研究热点的详细综述, 揭示了该领域的主要研究方法和关键技术难点, 并展望了海洋电缆未来发展的主要技术需求和研究方向. 上述工作对海洋电缆在我国海洋油气能源开发中的高可靠性工程应用提供了基础理论和技术参考.      

Statics of nonlinear elastic cable-stayed systems with slipping flexible cables

A design model is proposed to describe spatial cable-stayed systems with slipping cables. The basic variables of the displacement method are selected. A system of nonlinear equilibrium equations is derived from the condition of minimum potential energy, taking into account the large displacements of joints and the large deformations of cables. A method and formulas needed to iteratively solve the system of nonlinear equations are presented. Individual consideration is given to a cable net with prescribed tension. The computed results make it possible to fabricate and mark out cable rods and to assemble cable nets based on their geometry alone, without the need for force measurement __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 42, No. 5, pp. 79–87, May 2006.     

Prediction of unwinding behaviors and problems of cables from inner-winding spool dispensers

Wire-guided control technologies are widely used to increase the targeting accuracy of advanced military weapons through the use of unwinding dispensers to guarantee that unwinding occurs without any problems, such as tangling or cutting. In this study, the transient behaviors of cables unwinding from inner-winding cylindrical spool dispensers are investigated. The cable is withdrawn from the spool dispenser at a constant velocity through a fixed point located along the axis of the spool dispenser. And when the cable is flown out of the dispenser, because several dynamic forces such as inertial forces, Coriolis forces, centrifugal forces, tensile forces, and fluid-resistance forces act on the cables, the cables exhibit highly nonlinear and complex unwinding behaviors which are called as unwinding balloons. For predicting these complex unwinding motions, the governing equations of motion for cables unwinding from a cylindrical spool dispenser of the inner-winding type are derived using the extended Hamilton’s principles for an open system in which mass can be transported at each boundary. Modified finite difference methods are used to discretize the spatial variables of the derived nonlinear partial differential equations. The time responses of the unwinding cables are calculated using Newmark time integration methods. Finally, in order to present numerical examples, an inner-winding spool dispenser that can be unwound up to a length of 50 km is designed by using simple geometrical relationships. The behaviors during unwinding from the designed inner spool dispenser are presented and modifications of the spool dispenser for avoiding unwinding problems are proposed by using the suggested numerical methods.     

Elastic cables–rigid body coupled dynamics: asymptotic modeling and analysis

An elastic cables–rigid body coupled model is proposed for investigating dynamic interactions between cables’ nonlinear transversal vibrations and boundary tower’s torsional dynamics, arising in large transmission line–tower systems and suspended cable–bridge tower systems. By introducing a weak torsion assumption and a large moment of inertia for the tower, an asymptotic expansion of cables–tower coupled dynamics is conducted in a weakly nonlinear framework, and a cables–tower reduced coupled model is eventually established. After model’s validations using direct numerical simulations, two distinct kinds of coupled dynamics are fully investigated. The first is that an external torque is applied to the tower and the two cables would both be indirectly excited, asymmetrically, by the torsional/oscillating tower. The two cables’ responses are the same in this case. The second is that only one of the two cables, i.e., the leader cable, is directly excited, and the other cable, i.e., the follower one, is only indirectly excited through cables–tower dynamic interactions. In such kind of leader–follower dynamics, the leader cable is quite different from the follower one. Nonlinear coupled frequency response diagrams for both systems are constructed using numerical continuation algorithms, mainly focused on the coupled steady solutions’ stabilities and bifurcations. Furthermore, the dynamic effects of tower’s moment of inertia, wing span and damping are thoroughly investigated.

     

斜拉桥拉索在轴向窄带随机激励下的振动响应

导出了拉索在考虑垂度以及索张力沿索长变化时的参激随机微分方程,进一步给出了预测拉索在窄带随机激励下响应的近似理论解------用统计矩截断法求解矩方程,获得高斯闭合解和一阶非高斯闭合解. 以南京长江二桥约330米长的A20拉索为研究对象,对以上高斯闭合解和一阶非高斯闭合解进一步进行数值求解以获得拉索的响应,并采用Monte-Carlo数值方法对求解进行验证. 分析了拉索振动的一般特征,特别分析了激励中心频率和拉索频率比为1和2时的响应随激励带宽的变化特征,得到了一些新的结论.      

斜拉桥桥索张力测量

本文主要介绍了斜拉桥桥索张力的测量原理，指出了目前人们常用的直接频差法的不足之处，提出了一种确定斜拉桥桥索基频的新方法．后一种方法无论从理论还是从测量上都优于前一种．实测结果证明了这一点．     

On the hysteresis of wire cables in Stockbridge dampers

Stockbridge dampers are used e.g. for reducing wind-excited oscillations due to vortex shedding in conductors of overhead lines. In these dampers, mechanical energy is dissipated in wire cables (“damper cables”). The damping mechanism is due to statical hysteresis resulting from Coulomb (dry) friction between the individual wires of the cable undergoing bending deformation. Systems with statical hysteresis can be modelled by means of Jenkin elements arranged in parallel, consisting of linear springs and Coulomb friction elements. The damper cable is a continuous system and damping takes place throughout the whole length of the cable, so that distributed Jenkin elements are used. The local mechanical properties of the wire cable are identified experimentally in the time domain. In particular, the moment–curvature relation is determined experimentally at every location of the wire cable subjected to dynamic flexural deformations. Using such a model for the damper cables, the equations of motion can be formulated for a Stockbridge damper, and discretization of the damper cable leads to a system of non-linear ordinary differential equations. In order to test this dynamical model of a Stockbridge damper we compute impedance curves and compare them to experimental results.     

A unified approach to aerodynamic damping and drag/lift instabilities,and its application to dry inclined cable galloping

Inclined cables of cable-stayed bridges often experience large amplitude vibrations. One of the potential excitation mechanisms is dry inclined cable galloping, which has been observed in wind tunnel tests but which has not previously been fully explained theoretically. In this paper, a general expression is derived for the quasi-steady aerodynamic damping (positive or negative) of a cylinder of arbitrary cross-section yawed/inclined to the flow, for small amplitude vibrations in any plane. The expression covers the special cases of conventional quasi-steady aerodynamic damping, Den Hartog galloping and the drag crisis, as well as dry inclined cable galloping. A nondimensional aerodynamic damping parameter governing this behaviour is proposed, which is a function of only the Reynolds number, the angle between the wind velocity and the cable axis, and the orientation of the vibration plane. Measured static force coefficients from wind tunnel tests have been used with the theoretical expression to predict values of this parameter. Two main areas of instability (i.e. negative aerodynamic damping) have been identified, both in the critical Reynolds number region, one of which was previously observed in separate wind tunnel tests on a dynamic cable model. The minimum values of structural damping required to prevent dry inclined cable galloping are defined, and other factors in the behaviour in practice are discussed.     

On the aerostatic divergence of suspension bridges: A cable-length-based criterion for the stiffness degradation

Motions of a suspension bridge immersed in turbulent wind flows, including both mean and stochastic, can under certain conditions lead to the degradation of the structure׳s torsional stiffness and ensuing aerodynamic torsional divergence (ATD). It is the incompressibility of the main cables that determines their effectiveness as supporting members be limited in a tension state, and dropping out of either one cable from a tension state could result in the vanish of the torsional stiffness contributed by the whole cable system. Although the physical conception is quite explicit, evaluation of the critical threshold of ATD of a suspension bridge, when experiencing stochastic aerodynamic responses, can be complicated by the deformations of the towers, the lateral oscillations of the deck and cables, and other high-order modes participating in the vibration. In view of this, a criterion based on the tracking of the length of the main cables is presented in this study. It is shown that, with the numerical example, the advent of ATD, the degradation of the system׳s stiffness, as well as some striking post-ATD behaviors, can be well explained with the proposed model by tracking the cable lengths.     

斜拉桥索力优化的强次可行序列二次规划法

提出了一种斜拉桥索力优化的实用方法-强次可行序列二次规划法. 该方法通过建立斜拉 桥索力优化的非线性规划模型，以主梁和索塔的弯曲应变能为目标函数，斜拉索的索力为设 计变量，结构应力和索力为约束条件，计入大跨度斜拉桥各种几何非线性因素的影响，采用 强次可行序列二次规划算法进行优化求解，确定斜拉桥成桥合理状态的索力. 运用该方法对 某斜拉桥进行索力优化，结果表明该方法简单、有效.     

双缆悬索桥空缆状态主缆抗滑安全性研究

为指导双缆悬索桥上下缆垂跨比的取值，明确双缆悬索桥施工阶段主缆抗滑稳定性，提出一种主缆在施工阶段空缆状态下的抗滑安全系数计算方法。基于上缆变下缆的主缆布置方式，通过双缆悬索桥成桥状态反推空缆状态主缆垂度，根据空缆状态下主缆线形为悬链线计算中塔塔顶鞍座处缆力及包角，并据此计算空缆状态抗滑安全系数。建立多塔悬索桥有限元模型对提出的公式进行验证，分析成桥状态上下缆垂跨比和桥梁跨度的取值对空缆到成桥状态主缆垂度变化以及抗滑安全系数的影响。结果表明，采用本文公式计算的双缆悬索桥空缆状态下抗滑安全系数精度较高；上下缆垂跨比对空缆状态主缆抗滑安全性影响较大，抗滑安全系数随着上下缆垂跨比差值的增大迅速减小；空缆状态主缆抗滑安全系数受跨度影响不大，其随跨度增大略有提高。在实际的双缆悬索桥初步设计过程中应考虑施工阶段主缆抗滑稳定性，选择适宜的上下缆垂跨比，采取措施提高施工阶段主缆抗滑安全性。     

斜拉索振动控制中MR阻尼器选型的研究

以全索全时段振动响应的均方根(RMS)评价MR阻尼器对斜拉索的减振效果。计算结果表明MR阻尼器型号是影响斜拉索减振效果的最主要因素。斜拉索的减振效果在选用合适的MR阻尼器时达到最佳。进而研究了MR阻尼器型号与阻尼器安装位置、施加的电压、斜拉索基频(张力、索长、质量)、激励荷载(类型、频率、幅值)等各种因素的关系,为MR阻尼器合理选型提供了优化设计的方法。型号选用主要是与斜拉索基频和MR阻尼器安装位置有关。在引起索基频变化的因素中,索质量对型号的选取影响最大;而索长对型号影响不大。对于索质量较大、张力较大、MR阻尼器安装位置较低、外界激励较大、频谱特征多变、低频为主时需要较强的MR阻尼器。进一步研究表明,半主动控制与开环控制的最优MR阻尼器型号有较好的一致性,因此半主动控制所选用的MR阻尼器型号可参照被动控制时最优MR阻尼器型号。