Direct measurement of curvature and twist of plates using digital shearography

A method of determining the second-order derivatives of displacement using digital shearing speckle interferometry is presented in this paper. A phase-shifting technique is incorporated and demonstrated to yield good quality fringe patterns that depict either the second-order derivative separately or a combination of first- and second-order derivatives. The optical set-up of this method is similar to that of conventional phase-shifting shearography, thus enjoying a simple and practical configuration. Qualitative comparison shows acceptable agreement of the generated fringe patterns with theoretical results.     

Vibration analysis by means of digital shearography

Digital shearography, also called digital speckle pattern shearing interferometry, is described as a robust measuring method due to its simple optical setup and the relative insensitivity against ambient noise. It has been applied for nondestructive testing and strain measuring. This paper explores its possibilities for vibration analysis. The measuring device performing both continuous (time-average method) and stroboscopic illuminations is described. The selection of the illumination mode is made by adjusting a controller and performed simply by a computer. The real-time observation with refreshing reference frame technique and the quantitative evaluation with the phase shift technique are presented. The results show this measuring device is well suited for both qualitative and quantitative vibration analysis.     

Speckle averaging by phase shift for digital shearography fringe

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NDT capability of digital shearography for different materials

In this paper, the capabilities of shearography for detecting hole and crack type defects in polymeric and metallic materials using thermal loading were investigated. In order to improve the ability of the identifying defect, the fringe multiplication technique was applied to some suspectable shearography fringe patterns. Based on the test results empirical rules for inspection plates of different material with specific thicknesses were established. For aluminium plates with thicknesses of 3 mm, minimum diameter of a surface breaking hole which is detectable is approximately equal to 2.5–3.0 times the depth of the defect, and for polymer plates with a thickness of 10 mm, the minimum detectable diameter is 0.8–1.3 times of the depth. For polymeric materials results from the increasing temperature period are approximately the same as those from the decreasing temperature period. When the orientation of the image shearing is not perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the crack type defects, the sensitivity for defect detection is relatively higher than with perpendicular image shearing.     

Double shearography for engineering metrology: optical and digital approach

This paper presents a double shearographic configuration based on the optical method by using two Michelson interferometers in tandem. The problems associated with the extraction of second order derivatives by optical means and a comparison with the proposed novel approach by digital means are discussed in this paper.     

Curvature measurement using three-aperture digital shearography and fast Fourier transform

Curvature measurement using a three-aperture digital shearography (DS) system is reported in this paper. The outer apertures are covered with wedge plates for introducing shear. Four images by sequentially blocking the outer apertures are used for quantitative measurement. Fourier transform technique is used to determine two sheared slope phase maps from two images at a time representing initial and deformed states. Subtraction of these two-phase maps yields the curvature phase map. Experimental results are presented for a circular diaphragm clamped along the edges and loaded at the center.     

Determination of the elastic constants of a composite plate using wavelet transforms and neural networks

An inverse method based on a combination of the wavelet transform and artificial neural networks is presented. The method is used to recover the elastic constants of a fiber-reinforced composite plate from experimental measurements of ultrasonic Lamb waves generated and detected with lasers. In this method, the elastic constants are not recovered from the dispersion curves but rather directly from the measured waveforms. Transient waveforms obtained by numerical simulations for different elastic constants are used as input to train the neural network. The wavelet transform is used to extract the eigenvectors from the Lamb wave signals to simplify the structure of the neutral network. The eigenvectors are then introduced into a multilayer internally recurrent neural network with a back-propagation algorithm. Finally, experimental waveforms recoded on a titanium-graphite composite plate are used as input to recover the elastic constants of the material.     

On the determination of box dimensions by means of wavelet transforms

Sufficient conditions are established for the determination of box dimensions of graphs from the decrease of the corresponding wavelet transforms. As an application, wavelet Weierstrass functions are constructed.     

NDT of joined surfaces using digital time-integrated shearography with multiple-frequency sweep

This paper first describes the basic principles of digital time-integrated shearography in which speckle patterns of laser-illuminated object surfaces subjected to single excitation frequency are recorded over a finite time period. With image subtraction, the resulting phase-change manifests as a visible fringe pattern similar to that in conventional time-average shearography, except that dark areas denote nodal points. When this method is used for evaluating the soundness of joining, the test structure must be excited at or near resonant frequency; this requirement inhibits practical usage for field tests. To alleviate this concern, a new technique that uses a multiple-frequency sweep in digital shearography is proposed. Depending on whether or not phase-shifting by π radians is used during testing, improperly joined surfaces manifest as either a white patch (when phase-shifting is not used) or a dark patch (when phase-shifting is used) on the synthesized intensity map. This map also serves as a diagnostic map for rapid flaw detection. Thus, the user not only can conduct tests with little training provided, but also can very quickly interpret the test results from this map and report on defective areas in the joints. When need arises, the information recorded during testing also enables quantitative analysis of vibration displacements at any point on the test structure.     

Measurements of surface coordinates and slopes by shearography

This paper represents an optical method which is based on speckle-shearing interferometry for the measurement of surface coordinates and slopes. The technique enables generation of carrier fringes which measure surface coordinates, or displacement derivative fringes which measure surface slope. The theory of the method as well as some experimental results are presented.     

一种基于小波变换的红外小目标去噪算法

 研究了复杂背景下红外小目标图像的去噪问题,鉴于小波阈值法去噪的缺点,结合小波变换的去相关性和能量紧支性,提出一种新的去噪方法。考虑到实际中的复杂背景和大量干扰,弱小目标通常占有很少像素,首先对红外小目标图像进行二级小波变换,然后根据新的算法对变换所得小波细节系数进行邻域运算,最后通过小波逆变换得到处理后的图像。 实验中采用Db3小波基函数,分别对两帧低信噪比原始图像进行仿真。仿真结果表明,该算法能很好地保存小目标的形状特征,抑制背景,达到较好的去噪效果。     

Inversion formula and Parseval theorem for complex continuous wavelet transforms studied by entangled state representation

In a preceding letter (2007 Opt.Lett.32 554) we propose complex continuous wavelet transforms and found Laguerre-Gaussian mother wavelets family.In this work we present the inversion formula and Parseval theorem for complex continuous wavelet transform by virtue of the entangled state representation,which makes the complex continuous wavelet transform theory complete.A new orthogonal property of mother wavelet in parameter space is revealed.     

一种基于小波变换的红外小目标去噪算法

研究了复杂背景下红外小目标图像的去噪问题,鉴于小波阈值法去噪的缺点,结合小波变换的去相关性和能量紧支性,提出一种新的去噪方法。考虑到实际中的复杂背景和大量干扰,弱小目标通常占有很少像素,首先对红外小目标图像进行二级小波变换,然后根据新的算法对变换所得小波细节系数进行邻域运算,最后通过小波逆变换得到处理后的图像。 实验中采用Db3小波基函数,分别对两帧低信噪比原始图像进行仿真。仿真结果表明,该算法能很好地保存小目标的形状特征,抑制背景,达到较好的去噪效果。     

基于4f的大视角剪切散斑干涉系统设计

数字剪切散斑干涉技术在工业无损检测领域有广阔的应用前景,传统的迈克尔逊型数字剪切散斑干涉仪由于结构的限制,视场角很小,这限制了其在工程上的应用。介绍一种新型的大视角剪切散斑干涉系统,通过在成像镜头和CCD传感器之间嵌入4f光学系统来扩大其视场角,并实现镜头的外置。理论分析证明,视场角不再受到迈克尔逊结构的限制,仅仅取决于镜头的焦距和CCD传感器的靶面尺寸。设计并组建了一个大视场角迈克尔逊剪切散斑干涉系统,对比实验表明,在短的工作距离下实现了大视场的全场检测,在1 m的测距下,新系统测量面积可达800 mm600 mm,而传统的系统测量面积只有250 mm200 mm。     

Estimating Granger causality from fourier and wavelet transforms of time series data

Experiments in many fields of science and engineering yield data in the form of time series. The Fourier and wavelet transform-based nonparametric methods are used widely to study the spectral characteristics of these time series data. Here, we extend the framework of nonparametric spectral methods to include the estimation of Granger causality spectra for assessing directional influences. We illustrate the utility of the proposed methods using synthetic data from network models consisting of interacting dynamical systems.     

Measurement of residual stress by phase shift shearography

This paper presents a method for evaluating residual stresses. The approach is based on measuring the deformation due to the relief of stress produced by a drilled-hole or a ball indentation, and the deformation is rapidly measured by digital shearography. This method does not require mounting strain gages/transducers. Unlike holography, shearography does not require special vibration isolation. These features make the method practical for evaluation of residual stresses in a production/field environment.     

基于小波与三次样条插值的包迹谱的水下目标分类研究

研究了水下目标辐射噪声中包迹谱特征的提取。包迹波形由目标波形的极大值点连线构建而成。在对目标辐射噪声进行小波变换后,检索了波形极大值点,并采用三次样条插值算法,实现包迹波形的构建。根据构建波形提取包迹谱,最后把提取的特征送入模糊ART神经网络分类器进行识别。实验表明,这种方法对水下目标辐射噪声具有很好的分类效果,同时又能从其包迹谱中观察出原始波形不同程度的周期性。     

Shape and slope measurement by source displacement in shearography

Shearography is a full field non-contact optical technique usually used to measure the gradient of the displacement of a surface subjected to thermal or mechanical loading. This paper describes the use of shearography for surface slope and shape measurement. Interferometric speckle patterns obtained before and after displacement of the optical source are correlated to yield correlation fringes which are, in general, a mixture of slope fringes and carrier fringes. This paper contains a full treatment of the sensitivity of slope fringes to the parameters; the illumination and the imaging geometry and the magnitude and the direction of the source displacement. The slope fringes are corrected for distortion, which is due to the necessary off-axis illumination, and are scaled using parameters calculated using a mathematical model. Experimentally generated phase-stepped slope fringes are unwrapped and integrated to recover the object shape.