新型气化装置中生物质传热特性研究

基于生物质部分氧化气化动力学参数难于采用热重分析仪进行研究,本文设计了一个移动床实验方案,样品槽携带生物质样品进入具有线性温度分布的炉膛中加热,并配合一定流量的空气与逐步升温的生物质反应,以达到连续稳定的部分氧化气化。求解动力学参数,需要为生物质提供稳定的升温速率,因此,本文着重研究生物质样品在线性温度分布的炉膛中的升温特性,研究了样品厚度、样品槽运动速度对样品升温特性的影响。在生物质进样速率一定的情况下,改变样品槽运动速度,得到生物质有稳定的升温特性,并且升温速率可控,能达到生物质部分氧化气化动力学实验研究的要求。     

管式沉降炉中煤粉颗粒的运动

一、引言 利用管式沉降炉(如图1所示)研究煤粉颗粒化学反应动力学特性时,一般都认为煤粉颗粒从给粉管喷出口,是沿着其轴线向下运动,由此整理实验结果。但是,实验中发现,颗粒在紧靠轴线进入层流气体反应区后,很快弥散开来。本文中,用多脉冲激光全息术研究了这一现象,探讨了颗粒弥散的原因,并研究了这一弥散现象对于煤粉化学反应动力学参数测量的影响。     

富氧燃烧条件下煤焦的燃尽特性

本文利用平面火焰携带流反应器研究了DT烟煤在富氧燃烧条件下的燃烧实验。采用灰示踪法分析煤焦的燃尽和元素释放特性,并采用等密度模型计算了基于氧化反应C+0.5O_2→CO的表观反应动力学参数。研究结果表明;煤粉在富氧燃烧条件下的燃尽慢于空气燃烧;富氧燃烧条件下,煤焦与CO_2的气化反应会导致煤焦表面对O的化学吸附,进而导致氧元素释放速率减慢;高氧浓度条件下,高浓度CO_2对煤焦燃尽的抑制作用大于CO_2气化反应对煤焦燃尽的促进作用,降低环境氧浓度可以逐步提高CO_2气化反应对煤焦燃尽的贡献。     

蒸汽活化钙基吸收剂用于干法烟气脱硫的实验研究

本文简化模拟实验了燃煤锅炉省煤器后的干法烟气脱硫方案．在沉降炉上实验研究了蒸汽活化对钙基吸收剂脱硫（４００～８００℃）效果的影响．结果表明,蒸汽活化能显著改善钙基吸收剂的微孔结构,提高其转化率．在４００到６００℃下反应产物以亚硫酸钙为主,７００到８００℃反应产物以硫酸钙为主。     

混煤燃烧减少细微颗粒物生成的实验研究

本文将一种褐煤和一种烟煤进行不同混合比例(9∶1、7∶3、1∶1、3∶7和1∶9)和不同燃烧气氛(O2/N2和O2/CO2气氛)的沉降炉燃烧实验,采用低压撞击器(LPI)对燃烧生成的颗粒物进行收集,并对所收集的颗粒物开展生成浓度、元素组成等分析,研究了混煤燃烧减少细微颗粒物生成的作用机理及混煤比例、燃烧气氛对其的影响....     

无烟煤粉燃烧动力学参数的实验研究

一、引言 煤粉燃烧反应动力学参数,是对以煤粉为燃料的燃烧设备进行热工计算和数学描述,以及研究煤粉燃烧特性的不可缺少的基础数据。管式沉降炉条件与热分析天平相比,前者更接近于工业设备中煤粉燃烧的实际情况,引起了国内外研究者的重视。他们利用这种设备对不同煤种进行了广泛的研究。但利用DTFS测定动力学参数的理论尚不完     

四角切圆燃煤锅炉燃烧嗓音和炉墙振动频谱特性的试验研究

本文介绍了对国产300吨／时锅炉燃烧噪音和炉内气压波动的测试情况，在测试中用磁带记录仪记录燃烧噪音和炉内压力波动信号，然后进行了频谱分析。结果表明，燃烧噪音的大小和炉墙振动的大小都随着负荷增加而增加，这表明了燃烧动力学是引起炉墙结构振动的主要原因之一。     

加福无烟煤粉燃烧动力学参数测定

用管式沉降炉做了加福煤粉(180—240目)的燃烧实验.加福煤是高灰分的高变质无烟煤,用有灰壳的缩核模型计算了它的燃烧反应动力学参数.结果证叫加福煤粉的燃烧实际接近于无灰壳的收缩模型,说明既使对于高灰分的煤粉,有灰壳的燃烧模型也是不适用的.本文还对在不同取样点间有不同表面反应速度系数的原因进行了分析,并对煤粉燃烧实验方法提出建议.     

基于简单碰撞理论煤粉燃烧动力学模型的研究 -PARTⅠ:理论建模与热重实验

本文根据反应动力学的简单碰撞理论(SCT),建立了气固两相反应通用模型,进一步研究了煤焦燃烧和燃尽的统一动力学模型;粉煤悬浮燃烧时挥发分的析出模型也可包含在该模型中;该模型充分考虑了粉煤在热天平中与在炉内燃烧条件下氧气浓度和氧气可达比表面积变化规律的差异,并给出了计算活化能函数和氧气可达比表面积的新方法,可提高利用热天平获取的动力学参数对炉内煤粉燃烧速率预报的准确性。通过热重分析和已经报道的试验数据对模型的合理性进行了检验。     

烘焙稻壳与煤混烧中PM_(10)生成特性研究

本文通过对一种亚烟煤、烘焙稻壳及其不同比例的混合物在沉降炉上的燃烧实验,研究了其颗粒物的生成特性。研究发现,烘焙稻壳与煤混烧的交互作用对PM_1与PM_(1-10)的排放具有控制作用,且烘焙稻壳掺混比例越大,控制效果越明显。混烧促进了对碱金属的固化,因而减少了碱金属气化凝结生成的PM_1;多孔的烘焙稻壳灰对煤灰细颗粒具有包裹捕集作用,在大掺混比例下,两者会发生明显的交互反应,导致PM_(1-10)向PM_(10+)迁移,从而减少了混烧过程中PM_(1-10)的生成。     

宏观煤岩分类及燃烧反应动力学参数

本文将神木、西山煤用重液分离法分为亮煤、暗煤和无机矿物质三种宏观煤岩类别并进行了燃烬实验。实验结果表明，显微组分存在形式的不同导致厂其在各宏观煤者类别中纯度的较大差异；宏观煤岩类别间燃烧反应动力学参数的明显差异要求对原有的将煤粉视为物理、化学性质均匀的颗粒的燃烧模型进行改进。     

堵塞和煤粉浓缩器对旋流两相流动影响的研究

旋流煤粉燃烧器加进口堵塞和煤粉浓缩器可以影响湍流,燃烧温度以及煤粉浓度的分布,从而影响NO的生成与排放。本文用三维相位多普勒颗粒测速仪(PDPA)测量和双流体模型数值模拟研究了堵塞和煤粉浓缩器对旋流煤粉燃烧器内两相流动的影响。实验结果和数值模拟结果基本符合。实验和模拟结果都表明,无论是进口堵塞还是煤粉浓缩器都会增加旋流燃烧器的进口湍流度,同时增加进口轴线附近的颗粒浓度,后者将有利于降低NO排放。     

Characterizing char particle fragmentation during pulverized coal combustion

A particle population balance model was developed to predict the oxidation characteristics of an ensemble of char particles exposed to an environment in which their overall burning rates are controlled by the combined effects of oxygen diffusion through particle pores and chemical reactions (the zone II burning regime). The model allows for changes in particle size due to burning at the external surface, changes in particle apparent density due to internal burning at pore walls, and changes in the sizes and apparent densities of particles due to percolation type fragmentation. In percolation type fragmentation, fragments of all sizes less than that of the fragmenting particle are produced. The model follows the conversion of particles burning in a gaseous environment of specified temperature and oxygen content. The extent of conversion and particle size, apparent density, and temperature distributions are predicted in time.Experiments were performed in an entrained flow reactor to obtain the size and apparent density data needed to adjust model parameters. Pulverized Wyodak coal particles were injected into the reactor and char samples were extracted at selected residence times. The particle size distributions and apparent densities were measured for each sample extracted. The intrinsic chemical reactivity of the char to oxygen was also measured in experiments performed in a thermogravimetric analyzer. Data were used to adjust rate coefficients in a six-step reaction mechanism used to describe the oxidation process.Calculations made allowing for fragmentation with variations in the apparent densities of fragments yield the type of size, apparent density, and temperature distributions observed experimentally. These distributions broaden with increased char conversion in a manner that can only be predicted when fragmentation is accounted for with variations in fragment apparent density as well as size. The model also yields the type of ash size distributions observed experimentally.     

涡旋燃烧炉流动、传热和燃烧特性的研究

本文应用强旋湍流气一固两相流动和煤粉燃烧的数学模型，对新型涡旋燃烧炉内的流动、传热和燃烧过程进行了系统的模拟和分析，得到了与实验相符合的结果。结果表明，涡旋燃烧炉内的湍流空气动力场分布具有强旋、回流和正在发展流的特点。水冷壁总吸热量随燃烧热负荷的增大成比例地增加。煤粉颗粒在炉内的平均停留时间随初始粒径的增大而加长。炉内可实现煤粉的低温、强旋、高效率和高强度燃烧。     

Flamelet modeling of coal particle ignition

This paper numerically investigates the ignition of a single coal particle during the devolatilization phase in a laminar entrained-flow reactor, for which experimental data are available from Molina and Shaddix [3]. Different numerical approaches are combined to evaluate the non-premixed flamelet approach for coal particle ignition. First, the particle trajectory and the particle heating are simulated with a Lagrangian–Eulerian approach using a detailed pyrolysis model. In a second step, these results are used as transient boundary conditions for a simulation fully resolving the flow, the mixing field and the chemical reactions around the particle. Finally, in combination with the boundary conditions the time-dependent scalar dissipation rate profiles from the resolved particle calculation are used in a flamelet calculation for the particle up- and downstream directions. Very good agreement is obtained in terms of ignition delay as well as temperature and chemical species distributions in the mixture fraction space when the resolved particle calculation and the unsteady flamelet calculation are compared in the downstream direction. Good agreement is obtained when the numerical results for the ignition time and the time-averaged OH distribution are compared with the available experimental data. The results show the capability of the laminar flamelet approach to correctly predict coal particle ignition during devolatilization using accurate scalar dissipation rate profiles.     

激光点火煤粒着火的模型分析

本文对颗粒煤在激光加热条件下的着火和燃烧进行了数值模拟。采用的是一个简单的煤粒着火与燃烧的一维模型。该模型采用了热解和双平行反应模型,考虑了煤粒表面的多相反应和气相的基元反应以及气相中的传热与传质。从获得的煤粒表面和气相空间的温度随时间的变化规律,可以判断不同煤种的着火方式。     

基于分子运动对流换热和热辐射下煤粉颗粒群粒子的加热分析

本文建立了在烟气对流加热和辐射状态下的煤粉颗粒群加热模型,通过数值模拟,模拟研究了不同锅炉炉膛尺寸下不同煤粉粒子粒径的煤粉群粒子加热时间以及粒子温升的关系,对对流换热和辐射换热在着火热源中所占比重进行了分析,模型很好的模拟了粒子的升温,能够较好的反映出煤粉粒子加热升温机理,为煤粉射流微元加热及着火提供了计算方法。     

A Light Scattering Study of Coal Combustion in a Drop Tube Furnace

A light scattering method has been devised to discriminates between coal and fly ash and measure particle size. Sizing was performed by the measurement of forward scattered intensity, and discrimination was displayed by the ratio of the intensities of crossed to parallel polarisations at a scattering angle of 160°. The technique has been applied to a study of coal combustion in a variable length drop tube furnace. It has been demonstrated that the development of the size distribution can be followed as a function of residence time. Further, it is indicated that there is a simple correlation between the polarisation ratio and the carbon content of the ash. This leads to the possibility of monitoring combustion efficiency in industrial furnaces.     

Experimental and modeling assessment of sulfur release from coal under low and high heating rates

Coal combustion releases elevated amounts of pollutants to the atmosphere including SO_X. During the pyrolysis step, sulfur present in the coal is released to the gas phase as many different chemical species such as H₂S, COS, SO₂, CS₂, thiols and larger tars, also called SO_X precursors, as they form SO_X during combustion. Understanding the sulfur release process is crucial to the development of reliable kinetic models, which support the design of improved reactors for cleaner coal conversion processes. Sulfur release from two bituminous coals, Colombian hard coal (K1) and American high sulfur coal (U2), were studied in the present work. Low heating rate (LHR) experiments were performed in a thermogravimetric analyzer coupled with mass spectrometry (TG-MS), allowing to track the mass loss and the evolution of many volatile species (CO, CO₂, CH₄, SO₂, H₂S, COS, HCl and H₂O). High heating rate (HHR) experiments were performed in an entrained flow reactor (drop-tube reactor – DTR), coupled with MS and nondispersive infrared sensor (NDIR). HHR experiments were complemented with CFD simulation of the multidimentional reacting flow field. A kinetic model of coal pyrolysis is employed to reproduce the experiments allowing a comprehensive assessment of the process. The suitability of this model is confirmed for LHR. The combination of HHR experiments with CFD simulations and kinetic modeling revealed the complexity of sulfur chemistry in coal combustion and allowed to better understand of the individual phenomena resulting in the formation of the different SO_X precursors. LHR and HHR operating conditions lead to different distribution of sulfur species released, highly-dependent on the gas-phase temperature and residence time. Higher retention of total sulfur in char is observed at LHR (63%) when compared to HHR (37–44%), at 1273 K. These data support the development of reliable models with improved predictability.     

燃煤黄铁矿迁移转化模拟的研究

基于已有的动力学数据对单颗粒黄铁矿迁移转化进行了全过程模拟,分析讨论了各种因素对黄铁矿氧化过程和S释放率的影响,结果表明:随着颗粒尺寸的减小和炉膛温度的升高,黄铁矿颗粒的分解氧化过程加快,颗粒在炉内停留很短时间内温度即升高到共融点以上,使颗粒呈混熔态,进而导致灰沉积、结渣.颗粒氧化过程中S的释放主要受扩散控制,其释放速率与颗粒粒径成反比,与氧气浓度和炉膛温度成正比.