KBPh4由水到系列水-醇混合溶剂的迁移自由能

由于四苯硼盐在分析化学、生物学、电化学等各领域中的广泛用途及其大阴离子在研究与计算单个离子迁移热力学函数中所具有的特殊作用,人们对四苯硼盐的溶液热力学性质进行了广泛研究,特别是对四苯硼钠和可作为参考电解质的四苯硼盐进行了深入细致的研究 [1, 2],得到了一些重要的的结论,为溶液理论的研究提供了有力的实验基础 .但是文献中对难溶碱金属四苯硼盐由单一到不同混合溶剂中的迁移热力学性质的系统研究较少 .在前文 [3]对 KBPh4由水到水-异丙醇和由甲醇到甲醇-异丙醇混合溶剂的迁移自由能进行研究的基础上,我们系统地对 KB…     

四苯硼钾从水到水－乙醇混合溶剂中的标准迁移自由能

在２９８．１５Ｋ，对四苯硼钾在不同比例的水－乙醇混合溶剂中的活度积及从水到混合溶剂中的标准迁移自由能进行了研究，并对四苯硼钾在水－乙醇混合溶剂中的介质效应进行了分析讨论。     

四苯硼钾从水到水—乙醇混合溶剂中的标准迁移自由能

在２９８．在５Ｋ，对四苯硼钾在不同比例的水－乙醇混合溶剂顺的活度积及从水到混合溶剂中的标准迁移自由 能进行了研究，并对四苯硼钾在水－乙醇混合溶液中的介质效应进行了分析讨论 。     

KBPh4从水到直链一元醇中的标准迁移自由能

四苯硼钠（NaBPh4）与四苯硼钾（KBPh4）均属典型的大阴离子强电解质，并且具有相似的分子结构和相同的晶型［1］，但二者在溶液中的热力学行为却明显不同，为了系统和定量地研究二者在相同溶剂中热力学性质的差别，本文继前文［2］对KBPh4从水到7种直链一元醇中的标准迁移自由能进行研究．1实验部分1．1仪器与试剂UV－365型分光光度计（日本岛津制作所）；CS501型超级恒温槽（重庆实验设备厂）．NaBPh4和所用醇溶剂及提纯方法同前文［2］；KCl（S·P）；KBPh4是通过NaBPh4水溶液与过量5％的KCI水溶液反应而得，产物先经水洗涤…     

四苯硼铵从H2O到H2O-TBA的ΔG()t和介质效应

电解质在水和含水混合溶剂间的迁移热力学性质,对于研究解析电解质与溶剂间的相互作用及其变化规律有着重要的作用.因此,长期以来一直受到人们的重视.碱金属及类碱金属四苯硼盐(MBPh4)是典型的大阴离子强电解质,由于其阴离子(BPh－4)具有较强的疏水作用,因此在水与有机混合溶剂中表现出与纯无机盐明显不同的热力学行为.水与叔丁醇(TBA)是一种特殊的混合溶剂,其性质已有很多报导[1－3].许多作者指出,在富水区存在着H2O与TBA分子形成的笼合物,这使该混合溶剂在富水区表现出许多反常特性,如蒸汽压、偏摩尔体积、密度等都出现了极大或极…     

电解质在混合溶剂中的活度系数及溶剂化数的研究——KClO4-CH3OH-非电解质体系

本文测定了KClO₄在甲醇-苯,甲醇-甲苯,甲醇-四氯化碳及甲醇-环己烷四个混合溶剂中的溶解度。使用A.D'Aprano[4]和C.W.Davies[2],报告的KClO₄及KNO₃在甲醇中的缔合常数,计算得“自由离子”浓度。盐的介质效应活度系数f_MX以S_o/S_m或S_o±、D_m±的表示值趋近相等,与非电解质的摩尔分数X₍Ne的关系符合经验公式:1gf_MX=kX_Ne,这里S_o和S_m分别是盐在甲醇和混合溶剂中的溶解度;脚注(±)标识“自由离子”;k为常数。电解质的溶剂化数公式:n₊+n_-=-21gf_MX/1gφ_ρ,对KClO₄在这些混合溶剂中的情况并不适用,这里n₊+n_-是正、负离子溶剂化数之和;φ_p是甲醇在混合溶剂中的体积分数。这个结果表明ClO₄^-的溶剂化层不是完全由甲醇分子所形成,非电解质也影响着ClO₄^-在这些溶剂中的溶剂化层。KNO₃的实验数据,溶解度公式和溶剂化数公式是引自李芝芬、黄子卿、刘瑞麟以前的论文。     

RbCl由H2O至混合溶剂(H2O-DMF)标准迁移熵的测定

电解质迁移热力学性质的测定,对于离子溶剂化的研究具有重要意义.迁移自由能主要反映离子与溶剂分子间的相互作用,迁移熵则主要反映不同溶剂分子间的相互作用,迁移熵随温度及溶剂组成的改变可为溶剂的原有结构推测及溶液秩序改变提供信息.我们曾运用离子选择性电极测定了部分碱金属卤化物在水及含水混合溶剂中的热力学性质[1-3].本文用离子选择性电极方法,通过测定不同温度下电池的标准电动势,根据溶液热力学原理,求得ＲｂＣｌ由Ｈ2Ｏ至混合溶剂(Ｈ2ＯＤＭＦ)的标准迁移自由能ΔＧｔ及其温度系数,计算ＲｂＣｌ的标准迁移熵ΔＳｔ.结果尚未见…     

KCl在甲醇-非电解质的混合溶剂中溶解度和溶剂化

本文测定了5、15、25和35 ℃时KCl在甲醇-苯、甲醇-甲苯、甲醇-环己烷和甲醇-四氯化碳中的溶解度S, 并得到经验公式: logS=a+bT, 其中T为绝对温度。同时计算了KCl由甲醇到甲醇混合溶剂的标准迁移自由能ΔG_(tr)~°-, 并得到它和组成x_(Ne)的经验关系式; ΔG_(tr)~°-=CX_(Ne)。同时指出在本实验范围内,温度的变化不影响单纯溶剂化模型和第二介质常数公式的适用性。     

异丙醇-水体系中分子间相互作用对萘迁移热力学性质的影响

研究了萘从水到H2O-异丙醇(IPA)混合溶剂中的迁移变化,表明萘的迁移随异丙醇摩尔分数x(IPA)的增加呈复杂的下降趋势．标准迁移熵和标准迁移焓的研究表明,随异丙醇摩尔分数x(IPA)的增加,二者呈现双峰变化．迁移熵和迁移焓的双峰变化,表明系列H2O-IPA混合溶剂的微观结构经历了从相对的有序到元序到再有序、再元序、再有序的变化过程,H2O-IPA混合溶剂中除了在富水区存在着笼合物的特殊结构外,在x(IPA)约为0．08处还存在着一相对有序的结构．研究表明,H2O-异丙醇(IPA)混合溶剂组成、结构变化均对萘的迁移产生着明显的影响．     

水-乙醇混合溶剂中弱酸电离的溶剂效应

本文用LKB2277Bioactivity monitor微量流动热量计测定卤代乙酸. 脂肪酸在水-乙醇混合溶剂中的标准电离焓,计算了热力学函数.结合文献数据,计算各酸根离子从水迁移到混合溶剂的迁移自由能,并讨论溶剂效应对弱酸电离的影响1.     

Solvation of the N-(1-Phenylethyl)-N'-[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]-urea chiral stationary phase in mixed alcohol/water solvents

A theoretical and experimental study of alcohol/water and alcohol/alcohol solvent mixtures near a surface of N-(1-phenylethyl)-N'-[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]-urea (PEPU), a Pirkle-type chiral stationary phase, is presented. Molecular dynamics simulations are performed at room temperature for water/methanol, water/1-propanol, water/2-propanol, and methanol/1-propanol solvent mixtures confined between two PEPU surfaces. The interface was also prepared experimentally by attaching the PEPU molecules to atomic force microscopy tips and oxidized Si(111) substrates. Chemical force spectrometric measurements between such PEPU-terminated tips and samples were taken in the solvent mixtures, and the results are compared to the molecular dynamics study. We find that the extent of hydrogen bonding at the surface is the dominant contributor to the measured forces.     

Molecular-Microscopic Properties and Preferential Solvation in Protic Ionic Liquid Mixtures

Structural and molecular-microscopic properties of the solvatochromic probes 4-nitroaniline, 4-nitroanisole, and Reichardt’s dye were investigated in binary mixtures of ethylammonium propionate with methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol and 2-propanol. Solvatochromic parameters (α, hydrogen-bond donor acidity; β, hydrogen-bond acceptor basicity; π*, dipolarity/polarizability; $ E_{\text{T}}^{\text{N}} $ , normalized polarity parameter) in different binary mixtures of ionic liquid with molecular solvents were determined with UV–Vis spectroscopy. The $ E_{\text{T}}^{\text{N}} $ parameters show nearly ideal trends in all solvent mixtures, but the other parameters show different behavior in the mixtures. The π* parameters show a negative deviation from ideality in the ionic liquid/methanol system. In contrast, the α parameters have severe positive deviations from ideal behavior in ionic liquid/1-propanol and ionic liquid/2-propanol solvent mixtures. A synergistic solvation effect is observed for the π* parameters in IL/methanol mixtures. Specific solute–solvent interactions or solvent–solvent interactions, which cause non-ideal trends in some parameters, are justified and interpreted by the preferential solvation model.     

Effects of the molecular properties of mixed solvents on the elution of alkyl benzoates in RPLC.

The retention behavior and mechanism of methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, buthyl and isobuthyl benzoates have been studied at different eluent compositions of aqueous mixtures with water-soluble organic solvents (methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, acetonitrile (AN), 1,4-dioxane and tetrahydrofuran (THF)) in RPLC. The retention of the solutes is discussed based on the solvent composition, solvent polarity (ETN value), preferential solvation, hydrogen bonding and solvent clusters of the eluents. The smaller ETN values and the larger preferential solvation of the mixed solvent eluted the solutes faster. The IR spectra of HDO suggested that the solvents, except for methanol and ethanol, break the hydrogen bonding between water molecules, resulting in fast elution of the solutes. Based upon the results, we chose an optimum solvent composition for the separation of benzoates and applied it to the determination of the benzoates in clove.     

Ionization constants for very weak organic acids in aqueous solution and apparent ionization constants for water in aqueous organic mixtures

A potentiometric method using a glass electrode has been applied to determination of apparent ionization constants for water in binary mixtures of water with tetrahydrofuran, methanol, 1,3-propanediol, glycerol, sucrose, and glucose at 25°C. Further calculations with these apparent ionization constants, which are now based explicitly on the previously implicit assumption that ionization of the organic component is negligible compared to ionization of water, permit evaluation of ionization constants for several very weak acids in purely aqueous solvent. Resulting pK values derived from this work and from our earlier work are as follows: glucose (12.38), sucrose (12.75 and 12.80), glycerol (14.05 and 14.07), ethylene glycol (14.44 and 14.52), methanol (15.2), 1,3-propanediol (14.8 and 15.0), 1-propanol (15.1), 2-propanol (15.7), and 2-methyl-2-propanol (15.0).     

Comparison of solvent mixtures for pressurized solvent extraction of soil fatty acid biomarkers

The extraction and transesterification of soil lipids into fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) is a useful technique for studying soil microbial communities. The objective of this study was to find the best solvent mixture to extract soil lipids with a pressurized solvent extractor system. Four solvent mixtures were selected for testing: chloroform:methanol:phosphate buffer (1:2:0.8, v/v/v), chloroform:methanol (1:2, v/v), hexane:2-propanol (3:2, v/v) and acetone. Soils were from agricultural fields and had a wide range of clay, organic matter and microbial biomass contents. Total lipid fatty acid methyl esters (TL-FAMEs) were the extractable soil lipids identified and quantified with gas chromatography and flame ionization detection. Concentrations of TL-FAMEs ranged from 57.3 to 542.2 n mole g⁻¹ soil (dry weight basis). The highest concentrations of TL-FAMEs were extracted with chloroform:methanol:buffer or chloroform:methanol mixtures than with the hexane:2-propanol or acetone solvents. The concentrations of TL-FAMEs in chemical groups, including saturated, branched, mono- and poly-unsaturated and hydroxy fatty acids were assessed, and biological groups (soil bacteria, mycorrhizal fungi, saprophytic fungi and higher plants) was distinguished. The extraction efficiency for the chemical and biological groups followed the general trend of: chloroform:methanol:buffer ≥ chloroform:methanol > hexane:2-propanol = acetone. Discriminant analysis revealed differences in TL-FAME profiles based on the solvent mixture and the soil type. Although solvent mixtures containing chloroform and methanol were the most efficient for extracting lipids from the agricultural soils in this study, soil properties and the lipid groups to be studied should be considered when selecting a solvent mixture. According to our knowledge, this is the first report of soil lipid extraction with hexane:2-propanol or acetone in a pressurized solvent extraction system.     

The Py Solvent Polarity Scale: Binary Solvent Mixtures Used in Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography

Abstract

Py values are reported for binary mixtures of tetrahydrofuran - water, acetonitrile - water, methanol - water, tetrahydrofuran - methanol, tetrahydrofuran - acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide - water and dimethylformamide - water, covering the entire range of composition. Interesting features in the variation of Py with solvent composition include: 1) a substantial decrease in Py when small quantities of THF are added to water, 2) a maximum Py value for the methanol - THF system, 3) both maximum and minimum Py values for the water - DMF system, and 4) linearity (or near-linearity) between Py and solvent composition for binary acetonitrile - THF and methanol - water mixtures.     

Substituent effects on the ionization reaction of beta-mesylate phenethyl radicals

A series of beta-methanesulfonate phenethyl radicals bearing a range of electron donating and withdrawing aromatic substituents were generated and studied in a variety of solvent mixtures using nanosecond laser flash photolysis. Rate constants for the formation of the corresponding styrene radical cation via heterolytic loss of the beta-mesylate leaving group were measured using time-resolved absorption spectroscopy. The ionization reaction was investigated in a variety of solvents and solvent mixtures including 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, acetonitrile, methanol and water. The influence of substituent electronic effect and solvent polarity on the kinetics of the beta-heterolysis reaction are discussed and assessed using the sigma+ Hammett parameter and Y(OMs) values, respectively. The small magnitude of m calculated for the formation of the 4-methoxystyrene radical cation by ionization of the mesylate group (m = 0.33) in aqueous methanol mixtures is compared to values obtained for the formation of the same radical cation via loss of chloride and bromide where m = 0.56 and m = 0.45, respectively.     

On simulations of complex interfaces: molecular dynamics simulations of stationary phases

Methodological considerations for molecular dynamics simulations of complex interfaces are presented in this article. A slab geometry is examined in the context of stationary phases where selectivity occurs predominantly in pores within silica beads. Specifically, we examine the Whelk-O1 interface with n-hexane/2-propanol, the TMA-(Pro)(2)-N(CH(3))-tether interface with n-hexane/2-propanol, and the C(18)H(37)Si interface with water/methanol. The following methodological issues are considered in detail: The assessment of solvent density within the confined region and excluded volume of the interface; the structural equilibration of surface-bound moieties; solvent equilibration for binary mixtures; surface size effects, and periodic boundary conditions; the treatment of electrostatic interactions; and the impact of pore size.