白油乳状液稳定性实验研究与机理分析

乳状液的微观特征影响着油包水乳状液的稳定性,从而影响油基钻井液的稳定性能。室内选用3^#白油、26%CaCl₂水溶液、JH主辅乳化剂,采用超声分散乳化方法,配制得到油包水型白油乳状液。采用显微图像技术,研究了JH主辅乳化剂加量、油水比、有机土对白油乳状液微观特性的影响;以油水界面张力、动态界面张力以及界面扩张粘弹性等为参数分析了乳状液稳定性的机理。结果表明：JH主辅乳化剂配比为4∶1,加量为4%,油水比为80∶20时,白油乳状液中的分散相呈球形液珠,直径为3.31～12.93μm;油水界面张力为0.559 mN·m^-1;JH主辅乳化剂形成的油水界面膜强度大,白油乳状液稳定性好;有机土与JH主辅乳化剂的协同作用使白油乳状液和油基钻井液的稳定性能显著提高。     

乳化剂对聚硅氧烷乳液稳定性的影响

研究了乳化剂烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚(OP)、烷基聚氧乙烯醚和烷基季铵盐对聚硅氧烷乳液聚合的影响。采用复合乳化剂可以提高乳液稳定性。结果表明：①在以D4、N-β-氨乙基-γ-氨丙基甲基二甲氧基硅烷为原料的乳液聚合中。当非离子型乳化剂烷基聚氧乙烯醚和离子型乳化剂烷基季铵盐复合使用时,二者性能互补,产生协同效应,可使聚合物乳液具有很大的稳定性。②在实验选定的乳化剂中,非离子型烷基聚氧乙烯醚乳化剂用量为80mL(含量为0．05g／mL)、离子型烷基季铵盐乳化剂为60mL(浓度为0．05g／mL)时。其乳液的电解质稳定性、pH稳定性、冻融高温稳定性和离心稳定性等较好。     

颗粒膜的结构及对乳状液稳定性的影响机制

以颗粒膜为基础的乳液因广泛应用于油田、造纸、食品、化妆品、医药等领域而备受关注。本文归纳了在油水界面形成颗粒膜的颗粒密度、粒径及润湿性等特征,并阐述了颗粒在界面吸附扩散的行为。重点从颗粒垂直于界面的分配及方向,颗粒在界面内的排列及进一步形成的空间结构综述颗粒膜结构。总结了颗粒在界面的状态及颗粒膜结构的影响因素,并从能量及力学角度进行分析。颗粒膜对乳状液稳定性影响机制主要体现在颗粒膜的结构及界面黏弹性：颗粒膜的结构阻隔液滴之间的碰撞聚并,这是乳状液稳定的基础;同时,颗粒膜通过改变界面黏弹性使得液滴在运动、碰撞、絮凝时不会轻易崩溃,从而强化了乳状液的稳定性。固体颗粒为乳化剂形成颗粒膜稳定乳状液的机制探究为稳定乳状液制备以及乳状液的破乳提供理论依据,具有现实意义。最后,本文就颗粒膜稳定乳状液的机制研究展望了其未来发展方向及可能的解决途径。     

多重乳状液稳定性的研究

多重乳状液稳定性的研究刘沛妍，褚莹，吴子生，严忠，康万利（东北师范大学化学系，长春，１３００２４）（大庆石油学院，安达）关键词多重乳状液，示踪法，稳定性Ｗ／Ｏ型或Ｏ／Ｗ乳状液的稳定性是研究得比较成熟的课题［１］，但对Ｗ／Ｏ／Ｗ型多重（层）乳状液稳定性...     

原油乳状液稳定性和破乳研究进展

本文从控制乳状液稳定性的一些因素－界面膜、界面张力、双电层、空间位阻、固体粒子、液晶、油相溶解度、连续相粘度等方面综述了有关乳状液稳定性的一些研究进展。对国内外有关原油乳状液的破乳研究也做了综述。同时，介绍了应用于乳状液稳定性研究的新的实验技术和仪器。     

Zeta电位和界面膜强度对水包油乳状液稳定性影响

通过对表面活性剂、聚合物溶液和煤油体系油水界面剪切黏度和油珠的Zeta电位的测定,考察了界面膜强度和Zeta电位对水包油乳状液稳定性的影响。在煤油、表面活性剂、聚合物聚丙烯酰胺(3530S)或其氧化降解聚合物体系中,含有3530S时,界面膜强度值最大,最大值大于0.10 mN/m,Zeta电位为-18.4 mV,绝对值最大,乳状液最稳定。结果表明,油水界面膜强度和油珠表面的Zeta电位对水包油乳状液稳定性影响较大。界面膜强度和Zeta电位绝对值较大时,乳状液最稳定;当界面膜强度相差不大时,Zeta电位绝对值大的乳状液较稳定,此时双电层对乳状液稳定性起主要作用;当Zeta电位相差不大时,界面膜强度大的乳状液较稳定,此时界面膜强度对乳状液稳定性起主要作用。研究还表明,机械或氧化降解后的聚合物体系,界面剪切黏度和Zeta电位绝对值变小,乳状液稳定性变差。     

动态单滴法研究乳状液液膜的稳定性

乳状液液膜作为化学分离的一种手段,自七十年代发现以来已有了许多进展,但是如何将其工业化还有许多课题有待于进一步研究.目前,除了乳状液液膜的水静态渗透性质以外,对乳状液液膜的稳定性和溶胀性质的研究主要采用搅拌法.虽然得到较好的规律性,但是搅拌法具有乳状液滴粒径分布广的弱点,对于不同的搅拌方式及条件,乳状液液膜的有效面积不同,对液膜作用的机械强度不同,因此结果会有很大差别.我们自行设计的动态单滴法实验装置,可定量地研究乳状液液膜的溶胀、稳定性及水渗透性质.     

用混合乳化剂制备不同粒径的乳状液

乳状液按其颗粒大小可分为普通乳状液（约IN10pm，微小乳状液（01～0·4Pm），微乳状液（001卜0．lPm）．其中微小乳状液比普通乳状液颗粒小，分散均匀，稳定性好，比微乳状液所需乳化剂的用量要低得多，在实际应用中很有前景．但有关微小乳状液的研究工作做得很少［’－‘］．在乳化过程中，若不需外界做功，靠乳化剂的自身作用，使两种不相混溶的液体自动混合，生成乳状液称为自发乳化，无需专门的乳化设备即可方便地制备出乳状液．目前自发乳化所得的乳状液颗粒都较大，稳定性较差卜一＼若将微JJ、乳状液的制备与其自发形成的条件结合…     

醇醚糖苷与纳米膨润土颗粒稳定乳状液的协同作用

以表面活性剂醇醚糖苷(AEG)和纳米膨润土颗粒(NPT-2)为乳化剂,制备了油酸甲酯乳状液,考察了AEG与NPT-2的配比对乳液体系稳定性和乳液粒径的影响,并通过表面张力和zeta电位测量对二者复配稳定乳液的机理进行了讨论。结果表明,单一使用表面活性剂AEG或者纳米膨润土颗粒NPT-2均不能得到稳定的油酸甲酯乳状液,将二者复配则乳液的稳定性有显著提高。固定AEG量逐渐增加NPT-2乳液粒径先增大后又减小,固定NPT-2量逐渐增加AEG,乳液体系粒径逐渐变小;AEG与NPT-2复配前后体系的表面张力曲线"滞后"现象及zeta电位的升高表明,AEG分子在纳米颗粒NPT-2上发生了吸附,协同稳定乳状液。     

固体粒子稳定的乳状液研究进展

综述了固体粒子对乳状液稳定性影响的有关研究进展。微细不溶的固体粒子构成重要的一类乳化剂,被水相和油相部分润湿的固体粒子能够有效地稳定乳状液。固体粒子稳定乳状液的效果取决于以下因素:粒子大小、粒子间相互作用和粒子的润湿性质。固体粒子存在的油-水界面表现出粘弹行为,这种粘弹界面膜可大大地提高空间位阻,减缓乳状液液珠间液膜变薄的速率,从而提高乳状液地稳定性。原油中的粘土、胶质、沥青质和石蜡等胶体粒子被证明对乳状液的稳定性起很大的作用。     

马来酸类可聚合乳化剂及其在乳液聚合中应用

使用可聚合乳化剂可以很好地解决传统乳化剂的缺点,提高乳液的应用性能.马来酸类乳化剂其可聚合基团反应活性适中,可以很好地键合在乳胶粒表面上,且更为突出的是这类乳化剂不易发生均聚,而是倾向于与单体发生共聚.研究表明,马来酸类可聚合乳化剂应用到乳液聚合中,可以改善乳胶液的性能,提高乳胶膜的耐水性等.文章介绍了这一类新型的乳化剂,并根据其亲水基团进行了分类,分别介绍其合成路线,总结了马来酸类乳化剂的特点,概述了在常见乳液聚合体系中的应用与研究.     

Influence of pH on the stability of oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by a splittable surfactant

A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the effect of pH on the stability of oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by a commercial splittable surfactant Triton SP-190 by comparison with the results obtained by a common surfactant Triton X-100. The emulsion stability was explored by measuring the volume of oil phase separated and the size of the dispersed droplets. It was found that the addition of inorganic acids did not significantly affect the stability of emulsions stabilized by Triton X-100, but had a profound influence on the stability of emulsions stabilized by Triton SP-190. Moreover, the droplet size of a Triton X-100-stabilized emulsion and its dynamic interfacial activity were insensitive to acids. However, at lower pH the droplet size of the emulsions stabilized by Triton SP-190 was considerably increased. From the dynamic interfacial tension measurements the dynamic interfacial activity of Triton SP-190 at the oil/water interface was found to be strongly inhibited by the addition of acids, resulting in a slower decreasing rate of dynamic interfacial tension. The results demonstrate that the dramatic destabilization of Triton SP-190-stabilized emulsions could be realized by the use of acids, which evidently changed the interfacial properties of the surfactant and resulted in a higher coalescence rate of oil droplets.     

阿维菌素水乳剂的稳定性

首先将辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚(OP10)、苯乙烯基酚聚氧乙烯醚(602)和蓖麻油聚氧乙烯(40)醚(EL-40)分别与蓖麻油聚氧乙烯(20)醚(EL-20)复配制备阿维菌素水乳剂,从亲水亲油平衡(HLB)值、临界胶束浓度(cmc)、表面张力等方面分析了二元表面活性剂复配对乳液稳定性的影响;其次,在EL-40与EL-20复配基础上,将苯乙烯基酚聚氧乙烯聚氧丙烯醚(1601),嵌段共聚物(L64)和辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚磷酸酯(A)分别添加到乳液中,从粒径、表面张力和zeta电势等方面考察三元表面活性剂复配对乳液稳定性的影响.结果表明:EL-40与EL-20复配具有较低的表面张力,可制备较稳定的乳液.添加1601和L64对乳液稳定性有一定提高;而添加A大大提高了乳液的稳定性,这是由于A显著降低了液滴粒径和表面张力,增加了zeta电势.     

Synthesis of AA-MMA Block Copolymer by RAFT Polymerization and Used as Emulsifier cum Macroinitiator and Its Influence on the Film Properties

Blocked copolymer of acrylic acid-methyl methacrylate with controlled molecular architecture were prepared by reversible addition chain fragmentation polymerization and were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) for structural evaluation. The neutralized copolymers were evaluated for the critical micelle concentration (CMC), hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB) and were utilized as polymeric emulsifier cum macro RAFT initiator for the synthesis of acrylic binder. The structure properties of the emulsifier were evaluated correlating with the film properties.     

The Role of Internal Droplet Size on Emulsion Stability and the Extraction Performance of Kraft Lignin Removal from Pulping Wastewater in Emulsion Liquid Membrane Process

It has been discovered that the size of internal droplets in primary emulsion determines emulsion dispersion and stability in emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) process for removal of lignin from pulping wastewater. Generally, primary emulsion contains kerosene, Aliquat 336, sodium bicarbonate, as well as Span 80 as diluent, carrier, internal phase, and surfactant, respectively. Hence, this study had looked into the parameters, including concentration of surfactant, carrier, and stripping agent; emulsification speed and time; as well as agitation speed and time. As a result, the diameter of the smallest droplets (1.4 µm) was formed with maximum lignin extraction (95%), minimum swelling (5%) at 3% (w/v) surfactant concentration, 12,000 rpm of emulsification within 5 minutes, 0.01 M of Aliquat 336, 0.1 M of NaHCO_3, and 250 rpm of extraction within 10 minutes.     

反应性乳化剂对有机硅-丙烯酸酯乳液共聚合的影响

有机硅改性丙烯酸酯;乳液聚合;反应性乳化剂对有机硅-丙烯酸酯乳液共聚合的影响     

由表面活性物质溶液的动界面张力外推求平衡界面张力的研究

表面活性物质溶液的界面张力往往随时间而变,难以测得平衡界面张力J。Kloubek^[1]曾应用经验式:1/(δ_H2O-δ_t)=b/(At^1/2)+1/A,以[1/(δ_H2O-δ_t)]对1/t^1/2作图外推求得溶液的平衡表面张力,但所得结果仅与文献值大致相符。本文从理论上分析该经验式的由来,以及产生偏离的原因,并寻求了解决的办法。     

Effect of Interfacially Active Fractions of Some Egyptian Crude Oils on Their Emulsion Stability

Four samples from different crude oils were used for this study: light and heavy crude oils from Iran and two crude oils from Egypt, namely, Ras Gharb and Suez mix. The asphaltenes were separated from these crude oils and then the maltene (non‐asphaltenic fraction) was fractionated into waxes, aromatics, and resins. All fractions were characterized using FTIR and UV spectroscopic analyses in addition to gel permeation chromatograph (GPC). These fractions were tested for their emulsion stability. For chemometric analysis different parameters (variables) have been used to study the effect of different fractions (objects) on the emulsion stability. Such variables included the integrated areas under the stretching absorption peaks of CH in the range of 3000–2800 cm^?1, C?O in the range of 1750–1650 cm^?1, and the aromatic C?C in the range of 1650–1550 cm^?1, as well as UV absorption value at 235 nm and average molecular weight (MW). Principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple linear regression (MLR) were conducted for examining the relationship between multiple variables and the stability of water‐in‐crude oil emulsions. The results of PCA explain the interrelationships between the observations and variables in multivariate data. The correlation coefficients between different parameters derived from PCA reveals that the UV absorption value and MW are strongly correlated with emulsion stability. It also reveals that the resins, asphaltenes, and maltene have better emulsion stability than waxes and lower molecular weight aromatics. The linear relationship between the parameters and the stability of water‐in‐crude oil emulsions using MLR was modeled according to the better statistical results. The obtained mathematical model can be used to predict the stability of water‐in‐crude oil emulsions from the chemical groups and functionalities in each crude oil fraction.     

体系pH值、乳化温度和电解质离子对异丙甲草胺水乳剂稳定性的影响

通过测定药物液滴的平均粒径和Zeta电位研究了体系pH值、 乳化温度和电解质离子对乳化剂三苯乙烯基苯酚聚氧乙烯醚磷酸酯三乙醇胺盐(SCP)稳定的异丙甲草胺水乳剂稳定性的影响. 结果发现, 体系的pH值影响SCP分子在水中的电离能力, 当pH=9时, SCP完全电离, 能为液滴提供较大的静电稳定作用, 水乳剂稳定性最好; 乳化温度低时, SCP分子向液滴界面扩散慢, 且舒展不完全, 液滴所带负电荷较少, 水乳剂稳定性差; 温度升高后, 水相黏度减小, 布朗运动加剧, 液滴碰撞合并几率增大, 且SCP分子热运动增强, 易从界面逃逸, 液滴间静电斥力减弱, 同时SCP亲水性下降, 水乳剂稳定性变差; 电解质离子会压缩界面双电层, 降低Zeta电位, 液滴带电量减少而聚结, 离子浓度越大, 电荷数越大, 水乳剂稳定性越差. 在相同的离子浓度下, 水合半径小的Ca²⁺压缩双电层能力强于Mg²⁺, 添加Ca²⁺后水乳剂稳定性更差.     

聚氨酯型反应性乳化剂存在下MMA/BA的乳液聚合

聚氨酯型反应性乳化剂存在下MMA/BA的乳液聚合;无皂乳液