Determination of boundary layers in the plane problem for three-layer strips. Part 2

In the first part of this paper, we considered the exact statement of the plane elasticity problem in displacements for strips made of various materials (problem A, an isotropic material; problem B, an orthotropic material with 2G ₁₂ < √E ₁ E ₂; problem C, an orthotropic material with 2G ₁₂ > √E ₁ E ₂). Further, we stated and solved the boundary layer problem (the problem on a solution decaying away from the boundary) for a sandwich strip of regular structure consisting of isotropic layers (problem AA). In the present paper, we use the solution of the plane problem to consider the problem for sandwich strips of regular structure with isotropic face layers and orthotropic filler (problem AB).     

Influence of localised double suction on a turbulent boundary layer

The effects of localised suction applied through a pair of porous wall strips on a turbulent boundary layer have been quantified through the measurements of mean velocity and Reynolds stresses. The results indicate that the use of second strip extends the pseudo-relaminarisation zone but also reduces the overshoot in the longitudinal and normal r.m.s. velocities. While the minimum r.m.s. occurs at x/δ_o=3.0 (one strip) and x/δ_o=12 (two strips), the reduction observed for the latter case is larger. Relative to no suction, the turbulence level is modified by suction and the effect is enhanced with double suction. This increased effectiveness reflects the fact that the second strip acts on a boundary layer whose near-wall active motion has been seriously weakened by the first strip.     

弹性薄板分析的条形传递函数方法

提出一种用于矩形弹性薄板变形分析的条形传递函数方法．一个矩形区域首先沿某一个方向被剖分成若干个条形子域,分割这些子域的直线称为结线,在结线上定义位移函数,它是结线坐标的一维函数,结线的两个端点称为结点．为适应复杂边界条件,在边界结线上定义若干结点,该结线的位移函数用结点位移参数插值表示．每个条形子域的变形用结线位移函数和适当的插值函数（形函数）表示．结线位移函数和结点位移参数满足的平衡微分方程及代数方程由变分原理给出     

Fracture-mechanical assessment of electrically permeable interface cracks in piezoelectric bimaterials by consideration of various contact zone models

Summary An interface crack with an artificial contact zone at the right-hand side crack tip between two piezoelectric semi-infinite half-planes is considered under remote mixed-mode loading. Assuming the stresses, strains and displacements are independent of the coordinate x ₂, the expression for the displacement jumps and stresses along the interface are found via a sectionally holomorphic vector function. For piezoceramics of the symmetry class 6 mm and for electrically permeable crack faces, the problem is reduced to a combined Dirichlet-Riemann boundary value problem which can be solved analytically. Further, analytical expressions for the stresses, electrical displacements, derivatives of elastic displacement jumps, stress and electrical intensity factors are found at the interface. Real contact zone lengths and the well-known oscillating solution are derived from the obtained solution as well. Analytical relationships between the fracture-mechanical parameters of various models are found, and recommendations are suggested concerning the application of numerical methods to the problem of an interface crack in the discontinuity area of a piezoelectric bimaterial. Received 16 March 1999; accepted for publication 31 May 1999     

Line-integral representations for extended displacements,stresses, and interaction energy of arbitrary dislocation loops in transversely isotropic magneto-electro-elastic bimaterials

In addition to the hexagonal crystals of class 6 mm, many piezoelectric materials （e.g., BaTiO3）, piezomagnetic materials （e.g., CoFe2O4）, and multiferroic com-posite materials （e.g., BaTiO3-CoFe2O4 composites） also exhibit symmetry of transverse isotropy after poling, with the isotropic plane perpendicular to the poling direction. In this paper, simple and elegant line-integral expressions are derived for extended displace-ments, extended stresses, self-energy, and interaction energy of arbitrarily shaped, three-dimensional （3D） dislocation loops with a constant extended Burgers vector in trans-versely isotropic magneto-electro-elastic （MEE） bimaterials （i.e., joined half-spaces）. The derived solutions can also be simply reduced to those expressions for piezoelectric, piezo-magnetic, or purely elastic materials. Several numerical examples are given to show both the multi-field coupling effect and the interface/surface effect in transversely isotropic MEE materials.     

Identification of Cavities Inside Two-Dimensional Heterogeneous Isotropic Elastic Bodies

In this paper, we discuss the uniqueness in determining cavities (i.e., nonrectilinear cracks) in a heterogeneous isotropic elastic medium in two dimensions. Our main result asserts that there is at most one cavity in the elastic medium which yields the same surface displacements and stresses on an arbitarily small portion of the boundary. The boundaries of cavities are assumed to be piecewise smooth and admit edges where no net force is exerted. The key of the proof is the unique continuation for the isotropic Lamé system and geometric considerations. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Theoretical analysis,numerical calculation and experimental measurement of transient elastic waves in strips subjected to dynamic loadings

In this study, the transient response of an elastic strip subjected to dynamic in-plane loadings on the surface is investigated in detail. One of the objectives of this study is to develop an effective analytical method for determining transient solutions in a strip. By applying Laplace transform, the analytical solution in the transformed domain is derived and expressed in matrix form. The solution is then decomposed into infinite wave groups in which the multiple reflected waves with the same reflection are involved. Each multi-reflected wave can be identified by a coding method and be verified by the theory of generalized ray. The inverse transform is performed by using the well-known Cagniard method. The transient solutions in time domain for stresses and displacements are expressed in a closed form and are discussed in detail by an example. The experimental results show that the early time transient responses of displacements on the surface agree very well with the numerical calculations based on the theoretical solutions.     

Fourier series based FE analysis of a disc under prescribed displacements–elastic stress study

This paper examines the numerical displacements and stresses developed around a disc under horizontal prescribed displacements and at the interface separating it from the surrounding elastic soil. Since the geometry of the problem exhibits axial symmetry and the loading is non-axisymmetric, the semi-analytical FE approach is used as it proves to be efficient and economical. First, both analytical and numerical expressions for soil reaction are established and compared. Results of comparison show a very good agreement. Then, for different values of the soil Poisson’s ratio, normal radial stresses, orthoradial stresses and shear stresses distributions along radial distance reaching 20r _d (r _d is the disc radius) are presented for a disc that has either perfectly smooth or perfectly rough interfaces with the elastic medium. The paper finishes by showing the effect of the soil Poisson’s ratio as well as the relative soil/interface stiffness on the stresses developed at the interface locations.     

Modified equations of finite-size layered plates made of orthotropic material. Comparison of the results of numerical calculations with analytical solutions

This paper describes the modified bending equations of layered orthotropic plates in the first approximation. The approximation of the solution of the equation of the three-dimensional theory of elasticity by the Legendre polynomial segments is used to obtain differential equations of the elastic layer. For the approximation of equilibrium equations and boundary conditions of three-dimensional theory of elasticity, several approximations of each desired function (stresses and displacements) are used. The stresses at the internal points of the plate are determined from the defining equations for the orthotropic material, averaged with respect to the plate thickness. The construction of the bending equations of layered plates for each layer is carried out with the help of the elastic layer equations and the conjugation conditions on the boundaries between layers, which are conditions for the continuity of normal stresses and displacements. The numerical solution of the problem of bending of the rectangular layered plate obtained with the help of modified equations is compared with an analytical solution. It is determined that the maximum error in determining the stresses does not exceed 3 %.     

On solutions of the problem in stresses with the use of Maxwell stress functions

The spatial problems of elasticity are mainly solved in displacements [1, 2], i.e., the Lamé equations are taken as the initial equations. This is related to the lack of general solutions for the system of basic equations of elasticity expressed in stresses. In this connection, a new variational statement of the problem in stresses was developed in [3, 4]; this statement consists in solving six generalized equations of compatibility for six independent components of the stress tensor, while the three equilibrium equations are transferred to the set of boundary conditions. This method is more convenient for the numerical solution of problems in stresses and has been tested when solving various boundary value problems. In the present paper, analyzing the completeness of the Saint-Venant identities and using the Maxwell stress functions, we obtain a new resolving system of three differential equations of strain compatibility for the three desired stress functions φ, ξ, and ψ. This system is an alternative to the three Lamé equilibrium equations for three desired displacement components u, v, w and is simpler in structure. Moreover, both of these systems of resolving equations can be solved by the new recursive-operator method [5, 6]. In contrast to well-known methods for constructing general solutions of linear differential equations and their systems, the solutions obtained by the recursive-operator method are constructed as operator-power series acting on arbitrary analytic functions of real variables (not necessarily harmonic), and the series coefficients are determined from recursive relations (matrix in the case of systems of equations). The arbitrary functions contained in the general solution can be determined directly either from the boundary conditions (the obtained system of inhomogeneous equations with a right-hand side can also be solved by the recursive-operator method [6]) or by choosing them from various classes of analytic functions (elementary, special); a complete set of particular solutions can be obtained in the same function classes, and the coefficients of linear combinations of particular solutions can be determined by the Trefftz method, the least-squares method, and the collocation method.     

On interface crack models with contact zones situated in an anisotropic bimaterial

Summary A boundary value problem for two semi-infinite anisotropic spaces with mixed boundary conditions at the interface is considered. Assuming that the displacements are independent of the coordinate x ₃, stresses and derivatives of displacement jumps are expressed via a sectionally holomorphic vector function. By means of these relations the problem for an interface crack with an artificial contact zone in an orthotropic bimaterial is reduced to a combined Dirichlet-Riemann problem which is solved analytically. As a particular case of this solution, the contact zone model (in Comninou's sense) is derived. A simple transcendental equation and an asymptotic formula for the determination of the real contact zone length are obtained. The classical interface crack model with oscillating singularities at the crack tips is derived from the obtained solution as well. Analytical relations between fracture mechanical parameters of different models are found, and recommendations concerning their implementation are given. The dependencies of the contact zone lengths on material properties and external load coefficients are illustrated in graphical form. The practical applicability of the obtained results is demonstrated by means of a FEM analysis of a finite-sized orthotropic bimaterial with an interface crack. Received 19 October 1998; accepted for publication 13 November 1998     

An electric point charge moving along the poling direction of a transversely isotropic piezoelectric solid

The problem of an electric point charge moving constantly along the poling direction of a transversely isotropic piezoelectric solid is considered in a moving coordinate system, which moves together with the electric point charge. A general solution in the moving coordinate system is given, and all the field components, such as displacements, electric potential, stresses and electric displacements, can be concisely expressed in terms of four quasi-harmonic functions. We also present two examples to demonstrate the effect of the moving velocity on the values of _i. Once the general solution is given, the axisymmetric problem of a moving electric point charge can be easily solved. The explicit expressions of all the field components caused by the moving electric charge are presented, and the effect of the moving velocity on these field components is numerically investigated.     

Normal surface displacement around a circular hole by reflection holographic interferometry

In a previous paper¹, a fringe-compensation technique was developed to improve the possibilities of stress analysis by real-time holographic interferometry. The technique is specially well suited for the measurement of small displacements in the direction of viewing. As an application of this method, the surface displacements caused by strains in the thickness direction are measured around a circular hole in a plate loaded in tension in its plane. Independent prior knowledge of the in-plane displacement is required, however, in data processing. An analytical solution to the problem is used for that purpose. The experimental results are compared to those obtained theoretically from the classical two-dimensional analysis, and from a three-dimensional analysis. The two-dimensional theory assumes a state of ‘generalized plane stress’. The three-dimensional theory, made by Alblas², takes into account the existence of stresses in the thickness direction, and the variation of the in-plane stresses through the thickness. Both theories give the same results away from the hole. They differ significantly, however, when the hole boundary is approached, where the proximity of the hole induces three-dimensional effects. The experimentally measured displacement is found to be in good agreement with both theories away from the hole. Close to the hole, a large departure from the two-dimensional results is observed. The experimental results here are close to those of three-dimensional results. The experiment is thus in good agreement with the three-dimensional theory over the whole field. But the two-dimensional theory is valid only at large distances from the hole.     

A numerical approach for a crack problem by Gauss–Chebyshev quadrature

In this paper, a problem of a crack in an orthotropic strip is studied under plane strain conditions. It is assumed that normal displacements and shear stresses do not act on neither of the boundaries of the strip. Cauchy-type singular integral equation for the crack problem is derived by using the theory of plane elasticity and the Fourier transformation technique. A quadrature collocation approach is adopted for the numerical solutions of the singular integral equation. The effect of relative thickness and mechanical properties of strip on Mode I stress intensity factors (SIFs) are examined under different loading conditions. Some sample results are given for SIFs; also, material orthotropy and geometrical effects are discussed in detail.     

A comparison of boundary and global collocation solutions forK I and CMOD calibration functions

Global and boundarycollocation solutions forK _I , CMOD, and the full-field stress patterns of a single-edge notched tension specimen were compared to determine the accuracy of each technique and the utility of each for determining solutions for the short and the deep crack case. It was demonstrated that inclusion of internal stress conditions in the collocation, i.e., performing a global rather than a boundary collocation solution, expands the range of crack lengths over which accurate results can be obtained. In particular, the global collocation approach provided accurate results for crack lengths between 10 percent and 80 percent of the specimen width for a typical specimen geometry. Comparable accuracy for boundary collocation was only found for crack lengths between 20 percent and 60 percent of the specimen width.     

Thermal stresses in infinite circular cylinder subjected to rotation

The present investigation is concerned with the effect of rotation on an infinite circular cylinder subjected to certain boundary conditions.An analytical procedure for evaluation of thermal stresses,displacements,and temperature in rotating cylinder subjected to thermal load along the radius is presented.The dynamic thermal stresses in an infinite elastic cylinder of radius a due to a constant temperature applied to a variable portion of the curved surface while the rest of surface is maintained at zero temperature are discussed.Such situation can arise due to melting of insulating material deposited on the surface cylinder.A solution and numerical results are obtained for the stress components,displacement components,and temperature.The results obtained from the present semi-analytical method are in good agreement with those obtained by using the previously developed methods.     

Stress fields and Eshelby forces on half-plane inhomogeneities with eigenstrains and strip inclusions meeting a free surface

The stress field due to a half-plane inhomogeneity with plane eigenstrain is obtained by a limiting procedure from the one of a circular Eshelby inhomogeneity/inclusion. This field, which requires tractions to be applied at infinity to be sustained, has minimum strain energy versus any other superposed homogeneous one, and is the Eshelby solution inside plus the Hill jump conditions. By superposition, the stresses due to an infinite strip (Eshelby property domain) inhomogeneity with eigenstrain are obtained, and, by superposition periodic strips or laminates can be obtained. By cancelling the stresses on a free-surface, strips of inclusions meeting a free surface are solved. They exhibit tensile stresses under the free surface, and logarithmic singularities in the tensile stress at the vertex, which may initiate cracking. The Eshelby self-forces on the boundary of circular and half-plane inhomogeneities are computed.     

GENERAL SOLUTION OF THE OVERALL BENDING OF FLEXIBLE CIRCULAR RING SHELLS WITH MODERATELY SLENDER RATIO AND APPLICATIONS TO THE BELLOWS (Ⅰ)-GOVERNING EQUATION AND GENERAL SOLUTION

The overall bending of circular ring shells subjected to bending moments and lateral forces is discussed. The derivation of the equations was based upon the theory of flexible shells generalized by E.L. Axelrad and the assumption of the moderately slender ratio less than 1/3 (i.e., ratio between curvature radius of the meridian and distance from the meridional curvature center to the axis of revolution). The present general solution is an analytical one convergent in the whole domain of the shell and with the necessary integral constants for the boundary value problems. It can be used to calculate the stresses and displacements of the related bellows. The whole work is arranged into four parts: (Ⅰ) Governing equation and general solution; (Ⅱ) Calculation for Omega-shaped bellows; (Ⅲ) Calculation for C-shaped bellows; (Ⅳ) Calculation for U-shaped bellows. This paper is the first part.     

由运动内热源引起的磁热黏弹性问题的研究

在具有两个热松弛时间的广义热弹性理论下, 研究了处于定常磁场中的均布各向同性黏弹性半空间中, 由以均匀速度运动的线热源引起的瞬态波问题. 通过引入黏弹性向量势和热黏弹性标量势,问题退化为求解3个偏微分方程. 运用Laplace变换(对时间变量)和Fourier变换(对一个空间变量), 得到了变换域内应力和位移的解析表达式. 采用级数展开法, 得到了边界位移在小时间范围内的近似解, 给出了解的近似范围, 同时还研究了两种特例：(1)热源静止不动, (2)不考虑热松弛时间的影响. 最后对于丙烯酸塑料介质给出了数值结果.