Quantum Birth of the Rotating Universe

Quantum birth of the Universe of the Bianchi type IX filled by a rotating anisotropic liquid is studied. The Wheeler–De Witt equation is derived for the model under consideration. The tunneling wave function as a solution to the equation is found using the WKB method. The tunneling coefficient of the Universe is calculated. The probabilities of quantum birth of the Universe with and without rotation are compared for different formulations of the problem.     

Time and Spacetime: The Crystallizing Block Universe

The nature of the future is completely different from the nature of the past. When quantum effects are significant, the future shows all the signs of quantum weirdness, including duality, uncertainty, and entanglement. With the passage of time, after the time-irreversible process of state-vector reduction has taken place, the past emerges, with the previous quantum uncertainty replaced by the classical certainty of definite particle identities and states. The present time is where this transition largely takes place, but the process does not take place uniformly: evidence from delayed choice and related experiments shows that isolated patches of quantum indeterminacy remain, and that their transition from probability to certainty only takes place later. Thus, when quantum effects are significant, the picture of a classical Evolving Block Universe (‘EBU’) cedes place to one of a Crystallizing Block Universe (‘CBU’), which reflects this quantum transition from indeterminacy to certainty, while nevertheless resembling the EBU on large enough scales.     

Waves of a nonmetricity field and large-scale inhomogeneity of matter in the Weyl-Cartan space-time

The equation of nonmetricity field fluctuations is derived for the Weyl-Cartan space. A correlation is found between densities of various kinds of matter in the inflating Universe. The mass of the nonmetricity field quantum defined as the quantum of interaction with matter having nonzero dilaton charge is calculated. __________ Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 4, pp. 39–43, April, 2006.     

The Klein-Gordon Equation in Machian Model

The non-local Machian model is regarded as an alternative theory of gravitation which states that all particles in the Universe as a ‘gravitationally entangled’ statistical ensemble. It is shown that the Klein-Gordon equation can be derived within this Machian model of the universe. The crucial point of the derivation is the activity of the Machian energy background field which causing a fluctuation about the average momentum of a particle, the non-locality problem in quantum theory is addressed in this framework.     

Quantum Cosmology in the Bruns–Dicke Theory and its Stability

The Bruns–Dicke theory with a scalar field related to the quantum spinor matter is discussed [1]. The quantum Friedmann cosmology is studied. A solution to the equations of motion describing the quantum Friedmann Universe is examined for stability for the case of a flat model of the Universe. A different exact analytical solution to these equations is derived.     

Modern Cosmological Data and Rotation of the Universe

A new nonstationary rotating cosmological model is developed which describes the evolution of the observed Universe, since its properties are in good agreement with recent astronomical observations. It is demonstrated that the energy density of cosmological rotation can play a role of dark energy and induce the accelerated expansion of the Universe detected recently. In some situations when the causality parameter of the rotating cosmological model is negative, the cosmological rotational energy can be represented as phantom matter that violates the weak energy condition p + ε ≥ 0. The suggested cosmological model has no initial singularity, that is, the cosmological rotation can prevent the formation of the singularity.__________Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 3, pp. 3–6, March, 2005.     

Quantum dynamics of an isotropic cosmological model with relativistic gas

A canonical time parameter corresponding to the synchronous reference frame is found for an isotropic cosmological model with relativistic gas. Canonical quantization of the model is performed. In the quantum theory, the radius of the Universe is an operator-valued function of time, whose values at different moments of time commute among themselves, and the state of the Universe itself does not change with time. In particular, this means that in experiments in which the radius of the Universe is measured, the presence of singularity is unavoidable within a finite interval of time in the past, and, for closed models, in the future.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 7, pp. 9–14, July, 1990.The authors thank L. D. Faddeev for his interest to their work, and V. A. Franke for stimulating discussions.     

What Would Be Outcome of a Big Crunch?

I suggest the existence of a still undiscovered interaction: repulsion between matter and antimatter. The simplest and the most elegant candidate for such a force is gravitational repulsion between matter and antimatter. I argue that such a force may give birth to a new Universe; by transforming an eventual Big Crunch of our Universe, to an event similar to Big Bang. In fact, when a collapsing Universe is reduced to a supermassive black hole of a small size, a very strong field of the conjectured force may create particle-antiparticle pairs from the surrounding quantum vacuum. The amount of antimatter created from the physical vacuum is equal to the decrease of mass of “black hole Universe” and violently repelled from it. When the size of the black hole is sufficiently small, the creation of antimatter may become so huge and fast, that matter of our Universe may disappear in a fraction of the Planck time. So fast transformation of matter to antimatter may look like a Big Bang with initial size about 30 orders of magnitude greater than the Planck length, questioning the need for inflation. In addition, a Big Crunch, of a Universe dominated by matter, leads to a new Universe dominated by antimatter, and vice versa; without need to invoke CP violation as explanation of matter-antimatter asymmetry. Simply, our present day Universe is dominated by matter, because the previous Universe was dominated by antimatter.     

Bulk viscous cosmology in early Universe

The effect of bulk viscosity on the early evolution of Universe for a spatially homogeneous and isotropic Robertson-Walker model is considered. Einstein’s field equations are solved by using ‘gamma-law’ equation of state p = (γ − 1)ρ, where the adiabatic parameter gamma (γ) depends on the scale factor of the model. The ‘gamma’ function is defined in such a way that it describes a unified solution of early evolution of the Universe for inflationary and radiation-dominated phases. The fluid has only bulk viscous term and the coefficient of bulk viscosity is taken to be proportional to some power function of the energy density. The complete general solutions have been given through three cases. For flat space, power-law as well as exponential solutions are found. The problem of how the introduction of viscosity affects the appearance of singularity, is briefly discussed in particular solutions. The deceleration parameter has a freedom to vary with the scale factor of the model, which describes the accelerating expansion of the Universe.      

A Quantum Cosmological Bianchi I Model with Interacting Spinor and Scalar Fields

A Bianchi I model of the Universe filled with interacting nonlinear spinor and scalar fields is studied within quantum geometrodynamics. Three types of interaction are considered: gradient, Yukawa, and axion ones. For massless fermion fields, the variables in the Wheeler – de Witt equation will separate. The solution can be interpreted using a two-component perfect liquid. One component corresponds to a massless scalar field, while the other – to a nonlinear spinor field. The interaction between the spinor and scalar fields can lead to elimination of singularity of the wave function. There is a possibility of existence of a discrete spectrum of the quantum Universe, as well as tunneling from the region with a rigorous equation of state to the region of the de Sitter vacuum.     

Relativistic geometromechanics

Relativistic geometromechanics is developed whose kinematics in the quantum period of the Universe is significantly modified as compared with that of canonical mechanics and is coincident with that of relativistic Poincaré – Einstein mechanics in the absence of vacuum-like scalar field.     

The cosmological constant revisited

I briefly review the observational evidence for a small cosmological constant at the present epoch. This evidence mainly comes from high redshift observations of Type 1a supernovae, which, when combined with CMB observations strongly support a flat Universe with Ω _m + Ω_A ⋍ 1. Theoretically a cosmological constant can arise from zero point vacuum fluctuations. In addition ultra-light scalar fields could also give rise to a Universe which is accelerating driven by a time dependent Λ-term induced by the scalar field potential. Finally a Λ dominated Universe also finds support from observations of galaxy clustering and the age of the Universe.     

The Bianki IX cosmological models with a rotating anisotropic liquid

Models of the Universe with the Bianki IX rotation, when the source of gravitation involves accompanying anisotropic liquid, nonaccompanying dustlike liquid, and pure radiation, are suggested. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 7, pp. 77–79, July, 2008.     

Cosmological Acceleration from Virtual Gravitons

Intrinsic properties of the space itself and quantum fluctuations of its geometry are sufficient to provide a mechanism for the acceleration of cosmological expansion (dark energy effect). Applying Bogoliubov–Born–Green–Kirkwood–Yvon hierarchy approach to self-consistent equations of one-loop quantum gravity, we found exact solutions that yield acceleration. The permanent creation and annihilation of virtual gravitons is not in exact balance because of the expansion of the Universe. The excess energy comes from the spontaneous process of graviton creation and is trapped by the background. It provides the macroscopic quantum effect of cosmic acceleration.     

Elliptical Solutions to the Standard Cosmology Model with Realistic Values of Matter Density

We have examined a solution to the FRW model of the Einstein and de Sitter Universe, often termed the standard model of cosmology, using wide values for the normalized cosmic constant (Ω_∧) and spacetime curvature (Ω _k ) with proposed values of normalized matter density. These solutions were evaluated using a combination of the third type of elliptical equations and were found to display critical points for redshift z, between 1 and 3, when Ω_∧ is positive. These critical points occur at values for normalized cosmic constant higher than those currently thought important, though we find this solution interesting because the Ω_∧ term may increase in dominance as the Universe evolves bringing this discontinuity into importance. We also find positive Ω_∧tends towards attractive at values of z which are commonly observed for distant galaxies.     

Why the Initial Infinite Singularity of the Universe Is Not There

We “explain”, using a Classical approach, how the Universe was created out of “nothing”, i.e., with no input of initial energy. This is a Universe with no-initial infinite singularity of energy density.     

Imaginary Part of Action, Future Functioning as?Hidden Variables

Beginning with a review the logically first stages in the project of Random Dynamics, hoping for all laws nature being emergent, we also review what can be considered a consequence of Random Dynamics, a model—by myself and Masao Ninomiya—, which in principle predicts the initial conditions in such a way as to minimize a certain functional of the history of the Universe through both past and future. This functional is indeed the imaginary part of the action, which exists (only) in our model of complex action. The main point of the present is to suggest this complex action model to be also helpfull in solving some problems for quantum mechanics. Especially as our model almost makes it possible in principle to calculate the full history of the universe, it even makes it in principle calculable, which one among several measurement results in a quantum experiment will actually be realized!     

Cosmology with cosmic microwave background anisotropy

Measurements of CMB anisotropy and, more recently, polarization have played a very important role in allowing precise determination of various parameters of the ‘standard’ cosmological model. The expectation of the paradigm of inflation and the generic prediction of the simplest realization of inflationary scenario in the early Universe have also been established — ‘acausally’ correlated initial perturbations in a flat, statistically isotropic Universe, adiabatic nature of primordial density perturbations. Direct evidence for gravitational instability mechanism for structure formation from primordial perturbations has been established. In the next decade, future experiments promise to strengthen these deductions and uncover the remaining crucial signature of inflation — the primordial gravitational wave background.     

Holographic dark energy in Brans–Dicke theory with logarithmic correction

In the derivation of holographic dark energy density, the area law of the black hole entropy plays a crucial role. However, the entropy-area relation can be modified from the inclusion of quantum effects, motivated from the loop quantum gravity, string theory and black hole physics. In this paper, we study cosmological implication of the interacting entropy-corrected holographic dark energy model in the framework of Brans–Dicke cosmology. We obtain the equation of state and the deceleration parameters of the entropy-corrected holographic dark energy in a non-flat Universe. As system’s IR cutoff we choose the radius of the event horizon measured on the sphere of the horizon, defined as L = ar(t). We find out that when the entropy-corrected holographic dark energy is combined with the Brans–Dicke field, the transition from normal state where w _D > −1 to the phantom regime where w _D < −1 for the equation of state of interacting dark energy can be more easily achieved for than when resort to the Einstein field equations is made.     

Rotation in cosmology

Various interpretations of the rotation of the Universe are considered. The absence of the spontaneous symmetry breakdown in the Rosquist model and in the cosmological model filled with a nonlinear spinor field is established.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 7, pp. 29–32, July, 1988.