负载型CuO/TiO2催化剂催化CO2加氢制甲醇

采用浸渍法制备了CuO/TiO_2负载型催化剂,并将其用于CO2加氢制甲醇反应。重点考察了铜的负载量对催化剂性能的影响,并对其物化性能和催化性能之间的关系进行了讨论。结果发现,随着铜负载量的增加,催化剂中金属铜的比表面先增加后减小,当铜的负载量为10%(质量百分数)时达到最大值。催化剂的表面碱性位数量随铜含量的增加持续减小,中等碱位和强碱位的强度下降。当铜的负载量不高于10%时,CO2的转化率与铜的比表面积呈线性关系。甲醇选择性与催化剂的表面碱位性质有关,过强的碱性位会降低甲醇选择性。     

负载型CuO/TiO2催化剂催化CO2加氢制甲醇

采用浸渍法制备了CuO/TiO₂负载型催化剂,并将其用于CO₂加氢制甲醇反应。重点考察了铜的负载量对催化剂性能的影响,并对其物化性能和催化性能之间的关系进行了讨论。结果发现,随着铜负载量的增加,催化剂中金属铜的比表面先增加后减小,当铜的负载量为10%（质量百分数）时达到最大值。催化剂的表面碱性位数量随铜含量的增加持续减小,中等碱位和强碱位的强度下降。当铜的负载量不高于10%时,CO₂的转化率与铜的比表面积呈线性关系。甲醇选择性与催化剂的表面碱位性质有关,过强的碱性位会降低甲醇选择性。     

A study on methanol steam reforming to CO2 and H2 over the La2CuO4 nanofiber catalyst

The La₂CuO₄ crystal nanofibers were prepared by using single-walled carbon nanotubes as templates under mild hydrothermal conditions. The steam reforming of methanol (SRM) to CO₂ and H₂ over such nanofiber catalysts was studied. At the low temperature of 150 °C and steam/methanol=1.3, methanol was completely (100%, 13.8 g/h g catalyst) converted to hydrogen and CO₂ without the generation of CO. Within the 60 h catalyst lifespan test, methanol conversion was maintained at 98.6% (13.6 g/h g catalyst) and with 100% CO₂ selectivity. In the meantime, for distinguishing the advantage of nanoscale catalyst, the La₂CuO₄ bulk powder was prepared and tested for the SRM reaction for comparison. Compared with the La₂CuO₄ nanofiber, the bulk powder La₂CuO₄ showed worse catalytic activity for the SRM reaction. The 100% conversion of methanol was achieved at the temperature of 400 °C, with the products being H₂ and CO₂ together with CO. The catalytic activity in terms of methanol conversion dropped to 88.7% (12.2 g/h g catalyst) in 60 h. The reduction temperature for nanofiber La₂CuO₄ was much lower than that for the La₂CuO₄ bulk powder. The nanofibers were of higher specific surface area (105.0 m²/g), metal copper area and copper dispersion. The in situ FTIR and EPR experiments were employed to study the catalysts and catalytic process. In the nanofiber catalyst, there were oxygen vacancies. H₂-reduction resulted in the generation of trapped electrons [e] on the vacancy sites. Over the nanofiber catalyst, the intermediate H₂CO/HCO was stable and was reformed to CO₂ and H₂ by steam rather than being decomposed directly to CO and H₂. Over the bulk counterpart, apart from the direct decomposition of H₂CO/HCO to CO and H₂, the intermediate H₂COO might go through two decomposition ways: H₂COO=CO+H₂O and H₂COO=CO₂+H₂.     

铬助剂对Cu/ZrO_2/CNTs-NH_2催化剂催化CO_2加氢合成甲醇性能的影响

采用并流共沉淀方法制备了一系列不同铬含量的Cu/ZrO2/CNTs-NH2催化剂,在固定床反应器上考察铬对催化剂催化CO2加氢合成甲醇反应性能的影响.当铬含量为1%(w),反应温度为260°C,压力为3.0MPa,原料气组成为V(H2):V(CO2):V(N2)=69:23:8,空速为3600 mL·h-1·g-1时,催化剂的促进效果最显著,甲醇收率达7.78%.氮吸附、粉末X射线衍射(XRD)、氢气程序升温脱附(H2-TPR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、二氧化碳程序升温脱附(CO2-TPD)、差热分析(DTA)以及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等表征结果表明,随着铬含量的增加,铜颗粒的粒径减小,催化剂的比表面积增大.铬的加入一方面提高了铜的分散性,抑制了ZrO2的相变和活性组分的烧结;另一方面提高了CO2的吸附量并促进CO2由弱吸附向强吸附转化,从而提高甲醇的收率;但是当铬含量大于1%时,催化剂表面Cu、Zr的总含量明显下降,降低了CO2的吸附量并且形成了超强CO2吸附物种,抑制了CO2及其中间产物的转化,从而降低了甲醇收率.     

Electrocatalytic reduction of carbon monoxide with a photocell

It has been shown that CO can be reduced with an electrochemical photocell to methanol in the presence of ethanol and pentachlorochromate(III), bis(oxalato)chromate(III) or iron(III)-tiron complex. The photocell was composed of n-CdS and Everitt's salt-modified platinum electrodes, operating as the photoanode and the cathode, respectively. The current efficiency was 1.0–5.2%, i.e. very low compared with the value (about 100%) obtained in the catalytic system containing methanol instead of ethanol, which was attributed to lower efficiency of the CO uptake by the metal complex-ethanol catalytic system.     

CO2在纳米SiO2/TiO2悬浮体系中的光催化还原

用水热法合成了氧化硅改性的具有高比表面积、高催化活性的锐钛型二氧化钛, 并在其悬浮体系中将CO₂光催化还原合成甲醇. 采用XRD, TEM, 物理吸附, UV-Vis吸收光谱和FTIR等表征手段对催化剂结构特征进行了研究. 结果表明: 添加氧化硅后, 氧化硅和二氧化钛之间形成Si—O—Ti键, 抑制了TiO₂晶粒生长, 提高了锐钛型TiO₂的比表面积, 且随着含硅量的增加, SiO₂/TiO₂的UV吸收逐步蓝移, 禁带宽度增加. 还原反应结果表明: SiO₂/TiO₂具有光催化还原活性, 且随着含硅量的增加先增加后减小, 当SiO₂质量分数为3.5%时, SiO₂/TiO₂复合催化剂反应活性最强, 5 h内甲醇产量可达到21.0 mg/L, 并有少量甲醛生成.     

快离子导体LiTi2(PO4)3在LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2正极材料表面的原位反应包覆及其电化学性能

通过原位反应法,利用富镍层状金属氧化物LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂（LNCM811）正极材料表面残余的氢氧化锂和碳酸锂,与C₈H₂₀O₄Ti和（NH₄）H₂PO₄反应,在LNCM811表面原位生成快离子导体LiTi₂（PO₄）₃（LTP）包覆层。这种原位反应的包覆方法有利于移除LNCM811表面有害的残留物氢氧化锂和碳酸锂。而且,获得的LTP均匀包覆层不仅可以有效地抑制LNCM811表面和电解液的直接接触及其副反应,还可以确保充放电循环过程中LNCM811正极材料的快速Li⁺传导。因此,在LTP包覆层的多重作用下,LTP包覆的LNCM811正极材料具有优异的循环稳定性和倍率性能：在0.2C时,首次放电比容量高达200.6 mAh·g^-1,200圈后的可逆容量依然有155.7 mAh·g^-1;在2C和5C的高电流密度下,200圈后的可逆容量仍然有126.4和111.9 mAh·g^-1。     

On the hydrogenation of CO and CO2 over copper/zirconia and palladium/zirconia catalysts

Summary Zirconia-supported hydrogenation catalysts were obtained by activation of the amorphous precursors Cu₇₀Zr₃₀ and Pd₂₅Zr₇₅ under CO₂ hydrogenation conditions. Catalysts of comparable compositions prepared by co-precipitation and wet impregnation of zirconia with copper- and palladium salts, respectively, served as reference materials. The catalyst surfaces under reaction conditions were investigated by diffuse reflectance FTIR spectroscopy. Carbonates, formate, formaldehyde, methylate and methanol were identified as the pivotal surface species. The appearance and surface concentrations of these species were correlated with the presence of CO₂ and CO as reactant gases, and with the formation of either methane or methanol as reaction products. Two major pathways have been identified from the experimental results. i) The reaction of CO₂/H₂-mixtures on Cu/zirconia and Pd/zirconia primarily yields surface formate, which is hydrogenated to methane without further observable intermediates. ii) The catalytic reaction between CO and hydrogen yields -bonded formaldehyde, which is subsequently reduced to methylate and methanol. Interestingly, there is no observable correlation between absorbed formaldehyde or methylate on the one hand, and gas phase methane on the other hand. The reactants, CO₂ and CO, can be interconverted catalytically by the water gas shift reaction. The influence of the metals on this system of coupled reactions gives rise to different product selectivities in CO₂ hydrogenation reactions. On zirconia-supported palladium catalysts, surface formate is efficiently reduced to methane, which consequently appears to be the principal CO₂ hydrogenation product. In contrast, there is a favorable reaction pathway on copper in which CO is reduced to methanol without C-O bond cleavage; surface formate does not participate significantly in this reaction. In CO₂ hydrogenations on copper/zirconia, methanol can be obtained as the main product, from a sequence of the reverse water gas shift reaction followed by CO reduction.     

BiVO4/ZnFe2O4同型异质结光阳极的构筑及其光电催化分解水性能

光生电子-空穴对的复合被认为是限制BiVO₄材料光电催化转换效率的重要原因之一。基于此,通过简单的水热-煅烧方法构筑了 BiVO₄/ZnFe₂O₄同型异质结光阳极,BiVO₄/ZnFe₂O₄复合光阳极在 1.23 V(vs RHE)下的光电流密度为 3.33 mA·cm^-2,较纯BiVO₄提升了2倍 (1.20 mA·cm^-2)。相关的结构及性能测试表明,BiVO₄和ZnFe₂O₄形成了带隙错开的n-n异质结,使得光生载流子得到有效分离,更有效地参与水氧化过程,进而提高了BiVO₄的光电催化水分解性能。     

BiVO4/ZnFe2O4同型异质结光阳极的构筑及其光电催化分解水性能

光生电子-空穴对的复合被认为是限制BiVO₄材料光电催化转换效率的重要原因之一。基于此,通过简单的水热-煅烧方法构筑了BiVO₄/ZnFe₂O₄同型异质结光阳极,BiVO₄/ZnFe₂O₄复合光阳极在1.23 V(vs RHE)下的光电流密度为3.33 mA·cm^-2,较纯BiVO₄提升了2倍(1.20 mA·cm^-2)。相关的结构及性能测试表明,BiVO₄和ZnFe₂O₄形成了带隙错开的n-n异质结,使得光生载流子得到有效分离,更有效地参与水氧化过程,进而提高了BiVO₄的光电催化水分解性能。     

原位水解沉积制备高效氮化钽微球太阳能分解水光阳极

利用一种新的原位水解沉积方法,以在高湿度空气中老化的甲醇中作为溶剂,通过乙醇钽水解而成前驱体微球颗粒沉积,制备出了高效的Ta₃N₅微球光电极,其1.6 V（vs RHE）电极电位下的光电流值达到了6.6 mA·cm^-2。相反地,在新鲜的甲醇溶液中没有钽前驱体微球颗粒沉积。这表明甲醇中水的含量对Ta₃N₅微球光电极的形成十分重要。另外,本制备方法也能方便地在其他透明导电衬底上制备出Ta₃N₅。     

原位水解沉积制备高效氮化钽微球太阳能分解水光阳极

利用一种新的原位水解沉积方法,以在高湿度空气中老化的甲醇中作为溶剂,通过乙醇钽水解而成前驱体微球颗粒沉积,制备出了高效的Ta₃N₅微球光电极,其1.6 V（vs RHE）电极电位下的光电流值达到了6.6 mA·cm^-2。相反地,在新鲜的甲醇溶液中没有钽前驱体微球颗粒沉积。这表明甲醇中水的含量对Ta₃N₅微球光电极的形成十分重要。另外,本制备方法也能方便地在其他透明导电衬底上制备出Ta₃N₅。     

Methanol synthesis from CO2-H2 and from CO-H2 under atmospheric pressure over Pd and Cu catalysts

Under atmospheric pressure, methanol was produced from CO₂–H₂ over Pd/ZnO and from CO–H₂ over Pd/MgO catalyst. Similar support effects were observed over Cu catalysts.     

New process of low-temperature methanol synthesis from CO/CO2/H2 based on dual-catalysis

A new process of low-temperature methanol synthesis from CO/CO₂/H₂ based on dual-catalysis has been developed. Some alcohols, especially 2-alcohol, were found to have high catalytic promoting effect on the synthesis of methanol from CO hydrogenation. At 443 K and 5 MPa, the synthesis of methanol could process high effectively, resulting from the synergic catalysis of Cu/ZnO solid catalyst and 2-alcohol solvent catalyst. The primary results showed that when 2-butanol was used as reaction solvent, the one-pass average yield and the selectivity of methanol, in 40 h continuous reaction at temperature as low as 443 K and 5 MPa, were high up to 46.51% and 98.94% respectively. The catalytic activity was stable and the reaction temperature was 80 K or so lower than that in current industry synthesis process. This new process hopefully will become a practical method for methanol synthesis at low temperature.     

Ni_xCu_(1-x)Fe_2O_4的H_2/CO_2氧化还原反应性能

完全还原的NixCu1-xFe2O4(x=0.25,0.5,0.75)可用来分解CO2。采用共沉淀法制备了NixCu1-xFe2O4(x=0.25,0.5,0.75)系列铁酸盐的纳米微粒,利用H2-TG数据分析NixCu1-xFe2O4(x=0.25,0.5,0.75)中Cu2+的还原反应动力学数据,得出表观活化能Ea并不是单纯随着Ni2+或Cu2+含量的变化而变化,当x=0.25时反应活化能具有最大值。通过CO2-TG比较不同样品经H2完全还原后分解CO2的活性,得出Ni0.5Cu0.5Fe2O4具有最低的起始反应温度和最大的分解活性,并采用XRDRietveld拟合方法对Ni0.5Cu0.5Fe2O4的完全还原产物和分解CO2产物进行物相分析。     

Electrochemical reduction of CO2 with high current density in a CO2 + methanol medium II. CO formation promoted by tetrabutylammonium cation

The cation of the supporting electrolyte was found to play an important role in the electrochemical reduction of highly concentrated CO₂ in a CO₂ + methanol medium. Electroreduction of CO₂ with tetrabutylammonium (TBA) salts yielded CO as the main product, while methyl formate was predominantly formed when lithium salts were used as supporting electrolytes. The latter supporting electrolytes showed a higher overvoltage than the former. When TBA salt was used, the reduction of CO₂ was catalysed by TBA ion to yield CO^−.₂. This intermediate may be stabilized by forming an ion pair, {TBA⁺---CO^−.₂}, or by being adsorbed on the electrode surface as CO^−._2ad. Then CO^−.₂ reacts with CO₂ to produce CO. The hydrophobic atmosphere at the electrode provided by TBA ion may be adequate for CO production. Lithium ion, on the other hand, suppressed the reduction of CO₂.     

Photodissociation of the dimer ions Ar+2, Ne+2, and (CO2)+2

The tandem quadrupole photodissociation mass spectrometer has been used to study photodissociation reactions of Ar⁺₂, Ne⁺₂, and (CO₂)⁺₂. The cross sections for photodissociation of Ar⁺₂ exhibited a strong dependence on ion source pressure, varying from 2 × 10 ^?18cm² at 0.1 torr to 6 × 10^?19cm² at 0.5 torr. A large photodissociation cross section (2 × 10^?17cm² for the reaction (CO₂)⁺₂ → CO⁺₂+ CO₂ was observed at the red end of the visible spectrum (580–620 nm) suggesting that this may be an important reaction in CO₂ rich planetary ionspheres such as that of Mars.     

室温下电化学活化CO2与环氧化合物反应合成环碳酸酯

室温下用铝为牺牲阳极, 以四丁基溴化铵/N,N-二甲基甲酰胺作电解质溶液, 在无隔膜电解池中电化学活化CO₂, 与环氧化合物反应, 合成了环状碳酸酯. 考察了不同电极材料、导电盐、CO₂的压力以及溶剂等因素对电合成结果的影响, 结果表明以Pt为阴极, 在0.05 mol•L^－1 Bu₄NBr/DMF电解质溶液中和4 MPa CO₂下, 环状碳酸酯产率可高达65%～98%.     

Study of CO2 Hydrogenation to Methanol over Cu-V/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst

The effect of vanadium addition to CU/γ-Al2O3 catalyst used in the hydrogenation of CO2 to produce methanol was studied. It was found that the catalytic performance of the Cu-based catalyst improved after V addition. The influence of reaction temperature, space velocity and the molar ratio of H2 to CO2 on the performance of 12%Cu-6%V/γ-Al2O3 catalyst were also studied. The results indicated that the best conditions for reaction were as follows: 240℃, 3600 h-1 and a molar ratio of H2 to CO2 of 3:1. The results of XRD and TPR characterization demonstrated that the addition of V enhanced the dispersion of the supported CuO species, which resulted in the enhanced catalytic performance of CU-V/γ-Al2O3 binary catalyst.     

Fe3O4@SiO2@TiO2-Co/rGO磁性光催化剂的合成及其光催化活性研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法和水热法（HTM）合成了Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@TiO₂-Co/rGO复合纳米粒子（磁性光催化剂）,通过X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜及其能量分散光谱和UV-vis漫反射光谱对产物进行了表征分析.研究了Co掺杂量、溶液pH值、亚甲基蓝（MB）溶液初始浓度以及干扰离子（例如Cl^-、SO₄^2-、CO₃^2-）等因素对MB降解的影响,并对磁性光催化剂的可重复使用性进行了分析.正常实验条件下（pH=7,[MB]=10 mg/L,磁性光催化剂用量=0.1 g/50 mL）,150 min内MB最大去除率达到98.24%.干扰离子影响MB降解次序为CO₃^2- < Cl^- < SO₄^2-,磁性光催化剂重复使用7次MB光降解率仅下降7.07%,新型磁性光催化剂具有良好的MB降解性能和较高的重复使用性能.