Sunlight‐Driven Hydrogen Peroxide Production from Water and Molecular Oxygen by Metal‐Free Photocatalysts

Design of green, safe, and sustainable process for the synthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is a very important subject. Early reported processes, however, require hydrogen (H₂) and palladium‐based catalysts. Herein we propose a photocatalytic process for H₂O₂ synthesis driven by metal‐free catalysts with earth‐abundant water and molecular oxygen (O₂) as resources under sunlight irradiation (λ>400 nm). We use graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C₃N₄) containing electron‐deficient aromatic diimide units as catalysts. Incorporating the diimide units positively shifts the valence‐band potential of the catalysts, while maintaining sufficient conduction‐band potential for O₂ reduction. Visible light irradiation of the catalysts in pure water with O₂ successfully produces H₂O₂ by oxidation of water by the photoformed valence‐band holes and selective two‐electron reduction of O₂ by the conduction band electrons.     

g-C_3N_4-TiO_2光催化电极耦合生物产电阳极还原硝酸根

以g-C_3N_4-TiO_2为光催化阴极,耦合生物阳极进行光催化还原硝酸盐研究。考察了空穴清除剂、曝气条件、生物阳极对光催化还原硝酸盐的影响,并对还原机理进行分析。结果表明在曝氮气、有生物阳极时硝酸盐去除效果最好,空穴清除剂对硝酸盐还原影响较小。反应210 min后硝酸盐去除率为72.57%,副产物亚硝酸盐浓度为0.31 mg·L~(-1),氨氮未检出。经重复实验后,负载的催化剂不脱落,催化剂活性基本不变,可重复使用。     

g-C3N4-TiO2光催化电极耦合生物产电阳极还原硝酸根

以g-C₃N₄-TiO₂为光催化阴极,耦合生物阳极进行光催化还原硝酸盐研究。考察了空穴清除剂、曝气条件、生物阳极对光催化还原硝酸盐的影响,并对还原机理进行分析。结果表明在曝氮气、有生物阳极时硝酸盐去除效果最好,空穴清除剂对硝酸盐还原影响较小。反应210 min后硝酸盐去除率为72.57%,副产物亚硝酸盐浓度为0.31 mg·L^-1,氨氮未检出。经重复实验后,负载的催化剂不脱落,催化剂活性基本不变,可重复使用。     

Peculiarities of the Behavior of Porous Titanium Dioxide in the Photocatalytic Evolution of Molecular Hydrogen from Aqueous Ethanolic Solutions

Peculiarities of the behavior of porous titanium dioxide in the photocatalytic evolution of molecular hydrogen from aqueous ethanolic solutions are shown to arise from the accumulation of long lived "free" electrons and titanium(III) ions in the irradiated samples, and the slow transport of electrons to the surface of the TiO₂ particles. This explains the dependence of the effectiveness of the process on both the intensity of the irradiation and on the length of time the irradiated samples are kept in the dark.     

可见光还原制备Fe/g-C3N4复合催化剂的产氢研究

利用荧光素作为光敏剂,三乙醇胺(TEOA)作为牺牲剂,在大于420 nm的LED灯照射下,3价铁离子光催化还原生成零价铁纳米粒子分散在二维g-C3N4片上,并伴随着光催化分解水产氢,催化产氢效率达到5.97 μmol·h-1.光催化反应48 h后,催化活性没有明显降低.     

氧掺杂氮化碳纳米片的制备及其光解水制氢性能

以草酸为氧源,二聚氰胺和尿素为原料,采用两步热聚合方式合成氧掺杂氮化碳纳米片催化剂(CNO)。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis)、X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)、荧光光谱(PL)及电化学测试等技术对催化剂进行结构表征分析。在可见光照射下通过分解水制氢反应对CNO的光催化还原性能进行评价。结果表明,草酸中的O元素通过取代氮化碳三嗪环结构中N原子直接键合到sp~2杂化碳上,形成O掺杂CNO。经O掺杂改性后的氮化碳具有良好的层状堆积结构,可见光吸收性明显提高,同时禁带宽度降低。O掺杂的引入加速了光生电子-空穴对的分离和传输,能大幅度提高氮化碳的光催化分解水制氢性能,在可见光照下达88.6μmol·h~(-1),是未掺杂CN的3.91倍。     

MoS2/管状g-C3N4复合光催化剂的光催化海水产氢性能

采用溶剂热法制备了具有二维/一维(2D/1D)纳米结构的MoS_2纳米片/管状g-C_3N_4(MS/TCN)复合光催化剂,并在可见光照射下用于光催化海水产氢。实验结果表明MS/TCN复合材料的光催化活性优于纯相TCN。此外,MS/TCN-0.5样品(含有0.5%(w/w)的MoS_2)显示出最佳的析氢活性,其产H_2速率为85.1μmol·h~(-1),且在进行循环性测试后,活性没有明显降低。     

Production of Hydrogen by Glycerol Photoreforming Using Binary Nitrogen–Metal‐Promoted N‐M‐TiO2 Photocatalysts

The need for renewable energy focuses attention on hydrogen obtained by using sustainable and green methods. The sustainable compound glycerol can be used for hydrogen production by heterogeneous photocatalysis. A novel approach involves the promotion of the TiO₂ photocatalyst with a binary combination of nitrogen and transition metal. We report the synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of the new N‐M‐TiO₂ photocatalysts (M=none, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu), and the photocatalytic reforming of glycerol to hydrogen under ambient conditions and near‐UV or visible light versus benchmark P25 TiO₂. In units of activity μmol m^?2 h^?1, N‐Ni‐TiO₂ is five‐fold more active than P25, and N‐Cu‐TiO₂ is 44‐fold more active. The photocatalytic activity of N‐M‐TiO₂ increases from Cr to Co and Ni, whereas the photoluminescence decreases; the change in activity is due to the modulation of charge recombination.     

浅池型TiO2/ACF光催化降解水中苯酚的研究

为了提高光催化过程的降解速率,本文以涂覆法制得的二氧化钛/活性炭纤维（TiO2/ACF）为光催化剂,300 W(365 nm)高压汞灯为光源,研究了浅池型反应器中苯酚在TiO2/ACF上的光催化降解动力学;探讨了光强度、高压汞灯滤光以及光源种类对降解反应的影响,并对光氧化,光催化和吸附过程进行了比较。结果表明：光氧化对苯酚的降解无效果,光催化降解速率常数与吸附速率常数之比为3.35/1;光强越大,光催化降解速率越快;高压汞灯不滤光时光催化降解速率明显加快,但光催化反应仍遵循准一级反应动力学方程;波长为254 nm紫外杀菌灯的降解效果高于波长为365 nm高压汞灯滤光后的降解效果。     

溶剂热一锅法合成Ag-TiO2微球及其对过氧化氢的电化学检测

采用溶剂热法,通过调控钛酸四丁酯在醇水浴中的醇解作用和维生素C的烯醇还原性制备了细分散的纳米银修饰TiO_2微球。一锅法的制备过程绿色、程序简单,可获得分布均匀的微球,直径约250 nm,微球表面细分散的银晶格具有(111)晶面特征。构建的Ag-TiO_2微球电极对H_2O_2具有良好的电催化活性,展现出良好的电化学检测性能,当H_2O_2的线性范围为0.1～102μmol·L~(-1)时,传感电极的灵敏度为3.13×10~(-3)μA·L·μmol~(-1)·cm~(-2),最低检测限可达0.04μmol·L~(-1)。所得传感器具有良好的长期稳定性、重现性和重复性,一个月后,性能保持率仍可维持在82.1%。     

Visible‐Light‐Driven CO2 Reduction with Carbon Nitride: Enhancing the Activity of Ruthenium Catalysts

A heterogeneous photocatalyst system that consists of a ruthenium complex and carbon nitride (C₃N₄), which act as the catalytic and light‐harvesting units, respectively, was developed for the reduction of CO₂ into formic acid. Promoting the injection of electrons from C₃N₄ into the ruthenium unit as well as strengthening the electronic interactions between the two units enhanced its activity. The use of a suitable solvent further improved the performance, resulting in a turnover number of greater than 1000 and an apparent quantum yield of 5.7 % at 400 nm. These are the best values that have been reported for heterogeneous photocatalysts for CO₂ reduction under visible‐light irradiation to date.     

Photocatalytic activity of a mesoporous TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>/Ni composite in the generation of hydrogen from aqueous ethanol systems

TiO₂/Ni metal-semiconductor composites were prepared from mesoporous titanium dioxide obtained by sol-gel precipitation in the presence of a structure-forming template. The photocatalytic activity of mesoporous TiO₂/Ni composites in the generation of hydrogen from aqueous ethanol mixtures was discovered and studied in detail.__________Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimentalnaya Khimiya, Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 24–29, January–February, 2005.     

Graphitic Carbon Nitride/Nitrogen‐Rich Carbon Nanofibers: Highly Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution without Cocatalysts

An interconnected framework of mesoporous graphitic‐C₃N₄ nanofibers merged with in situ incorporated nitrogen‐rich carbon has been prepared. The unique composition and structure of the nanofibers as well as strong coupling between the components endow them with efficient light‐harvesting properties, improved charged separation, and a multidimensional electron transport path that enhance the performance of hydrogen production. The as‐obtained catalyst exhibits an extremely high hydrogen‐evolution rate of 16885 μmol h^?1 g^?1, and a remarkable apparent quantum efficiency of 14.3 % at 420 nm without any cocatalysts, which is much higher than most reported g‐C₃N₄‐based photocatalysts even in the presence of Pt‐based cocatalysts.