Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Tobacco Smoke by Ionic Liquid Enrichment and Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry

A rapid, efficient and environmentally friendly method based on the ionic liquid (IL) 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C₆MIM][PF₆]) was developed for the determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in mainstream tobacco smoke. This technique combined ionic liquid (IL) enrichment with solvent reverse extraction for the replacement of solid phase extraction and rotary evaporation in the traditional method and enriched PAHs in the organic solvent. Several parameters, including the type of ionic liquid, volume of ionic liquid and water, extraction time, vortex time and reverse extraction time, were optimized. After pretreatment, the analytes were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using selective ion monitoring (SIM). Satisfactory results were achieved when this method was applied to determine PAHs in mainstream tobacco smoke. The calibration curves were linear with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.9955 to 0.9999 at concentration levels of 10–800?µg?L^?1, and the relative standard deviations of the optimized method were between 0.7% and 5.3%. The limits of detection were 0.01–0.6?ng cig^?1, and the recoveries of the compounds were 80.2–118%. A comparison of this protocol with literature methods demonstrated that the proposed procedure provides accurate and reliable sample-treatment for the determination of PAHs in tobacco samples.     

Determination of four trace preservatives in street food by ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction

A rapid and simple ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction (DLLME) method has been developed to pre-concentrate four paraben preservatives (methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben) from street food (pancakes). Several potentially influential factors such as the type of ionic liquid and disperser solvent, extraction time, sample pH, ionic strength, and the volume of the ionic liquid and disperser solvent were investigated. The optimum experimental conditions for the proposed micro-extraction process were: 0.1 mL of 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C₈MIM][PF₆]) as an extraction solvent, 0.1 mL of acetonitrile as a disperser solvent, 5 min extraction time, and sample ionic strength of 30 % sodium chloride in water sample at pH 6.0. The LODs and LOQs were in the range of 1.0–1.5 ng g⁻¹ and 3.5–4.5 ng g⁻¹, respectively. Spiking recoveries were in the range of 60.1–79.5 % and the associated RSDs were all in the range of 1.8–7.0 %. The results show that DLLME is a suitable method for the determination of parabens in pancake samples and ionic liquid is a good extractant in this process.     

Ionic liquids/H2O systems for the reaction of epoxides with NaN3: a new protocol for the synthesis of 2-azidoalcohols

Oxiranes undergo ring opening rapidly with sodium azide in a [bmim]BF₄/H₂O or [bmim]PF₆/H₂O (2:1) solvent system, under mild and neutral reaction conditions to afford the corresponding 2-azidoalcohols in high to quantitative yields. The remarkable features of this procedure are improved yields, enhanced reaction rates, high regioselectivity and ease of recyclability of ionic liquids (ILs). The recovered ionic liquid can be reused for four to five times but with gradual decrease in activity.     

基于离子液体辅助氯霉素分子印迹聚合物的制备及应用

以氯霉素(CAP)为模板,2-乙烯基吡啶(2-Vp)为功能单体,四氢呋喃和离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐[BMIm]BF4的混合溶液为反应溶剂,乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯(EGDMA)为交联剂,偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂,合成了氯霉素的分子印迹及非印迹聚合物。优化功能单体、不同溶剂对印迹聚合物吸附性能的影响,结果表明,以2-乙烯基吡啶为功能单体,四氢呋喃和离子液体[BMIm]BF4(体积比1∶1)作为反应溶剂合成的分子印迹聚合物对氯霉素具有高的吸附容量,良好的特异性识别性能。氯霉素分子印迹聚合物的印迹因子为2.6,进行吸附-解吸附循环5次后,氯霉素印迹聚合物的性能稳定,可重复使用。将制备的氯霉素分子印迹聚合物作为富集材料,应用于鸡蛋样品中氯霉素的检测,回收率可达62.3%~81.1%,准确性好。     

A New Mode of Homogeneous Liquid–liquid Microextraction (HLLME) Based on Ionic Liquids: In Situ Solvent Formation Microextraction (ISFME) for Determination of Lead

A simple in situ solvent formation microextraction method based on use of ionic liquid (IL) as an extractant solvent and sodium hexafluorophosphate (NaPF₆) as an ion‐pairing agent was proposed for the concentration of trace levels of lead. In this method lead was complexed with N‐phenylbenzo‐hydroxamic acid (PBHA) and extracted into an ionic liquid phase. After phase separation, the enriched analyte in the final solution is determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. ISFME is a fast, simple and suitable method for extraction and concentration of inorganic such as metal ions from sample solutions containing a high concentration of salts. The influences of the analytical parameters on the microextraction efficiency were investigated and optimized. Under the optimum conditions, the limit of detection (3s) and the enhancement factor were 0.1 μg L^?1 and 70, respectively. The relative standard deviation (R.S.D) was obtained 1.3%. The accuracy of the method was confirmed by analyzing certified reference materials. The presented method was successfully applied for the determination of lead in water samples.     

Microwave-assisted liquid-phase synthesis of methyl 6-amino-5-cyano-4-aryl-2-methyl-4H-pyran-3-carboxylate using functional ionic liquid as soluble support

A microwave-assisted liquid-phase synthesis of methyl 6-amino-5-cyano-4-aryl-2-methyl-4H-pyran-3-carboxylate was developed using functional ionic liquid as soluble support. IL-bound acetoacetate was treated with arylidenemalononitriles to give supported 4H-pyran derivatives. After cleavage, the target compounds were obtained in good yields and high purities without chromatographic purification.     

Binary–solvent–based ionic–liquid–assisted surfactant‐enhanced emulsification microextraction for the determination of four fungicides in apple juice and apple vinegar

A binary–solvent–based ionic–liquid–assisted surfactant‐enhanced emulsification microextraction method was developed for the separation/preconcentration and determination of four fungicides (pyrimethanil, fludioxonil, cyprodynil, pyraclostrobin) in apple juice and apple vinegar. A nonchlorinated solvent amyl acetate, which has a lower density than water, was used as the extraction solvent, and an ionic liquid 1‐hexyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, which has a high density and low toxicity, was used as a secondary solvent mixed with the extraction solvent. After centrifugation, the binary solvent drop with a relatively high density was deposited on the bottom of the tube. Some parameters influencing the extraction efficiency of analytes such as type of extraction solvent, ratio of ionic liquid, volume of mixed solvent, type and concentration of surfactant, sample pH, NaCl concentration, and vortex time were investigated and optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the proposed method provided a good linearity in the range of 5–200 μg/L. The limits of quantification of the method were in the range of 2–5 μg/L. The relative standard deviations for interday assays were 1.7–11.9%. The method was applied to the determination of pyrimethanil, fludioxonil, cyprodynil, and pyraclostrobin in apple juice and apple vinegar samples, and the accuracy was evaluated through recovery experiments.     

Synthesis of Dehydroabietic Acid (2-Acryloyloxy) Ethyl Ester in Ionic Liquids

A simple ionic liquid methodology for the synthesis of a novel derivative of dehydroabietic acid is described. 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [bmim]BF₄, a typical ionic liquid, was used as an efficient and environmentally benign solvent in the synthesis of dehydroabietic acid (2-acryloloxy) ethyl ester by O-acylation reaction of dehydroabietic acid chloride with 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate. This new method showed the advantages of mild reaction conditions, short reaction times, good yields, and recyclable solvent.     

Ionic liquid for single‐drop microextraction followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography‐ultraviolet detection to determine carbonyl compounds in environmental waters

A sensitive method based on ionic liquid for single‐drop liquid microextraction coupled with HPLC‐UV was developed for the determination of carbonyl compounds in environmental waters using 1‐octyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [C₈min][PF₆] as extraction solvent and 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine as derivatizing agent. The extraction parameters affecting the enrichment factors such as solvent volume, pH, extraction time and salt concentration were investigated. A homemade funnel form polytetrafluoroethylene sleeve was fixed at the tip of the syringe needle and this allowed the use of 10 μL drop of ionic liquid for direct immersion extraction. Under the optimal conditions, the remarkable enrichment factors up to 150‐fold were obtained depending on the target analytes. The method has been validated when rectilinear relationship was obtained between the concentrations of analytes and peak area in the range of 5–100 ng/mL, the correlation coefficients were from 0.995 to 0.998, and the limit of detection was in the range of 0.04–2.03 ng/mL. The method was applied to monitor the concentration of carbonyl compounds in environmental waters with spiked recovery in the range of 84.2–106.9%.     

Isolation and purification of alkaloids from the fruits of Macleaya cordata by ionic‐liquid‐modified high‐speed counter‐current chromatography

Macleaya cordata (Willd) R. Br. is a medicinal plant. The most important bioactive compounds of M. cordata are alkaloids that have many biological activities including antifungal, anti‐inflammatory, and antitumor. In this study, an ionic‐liquid‐modified high‐speed counter‐current chromatography method was established to obtain alkaloids from the fruits of M. cordata. The conditions of ionic‐liquid‐modified high‐speed counter‐current chromatography, including solvent systems, the content of ionic liquid (1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [C₄mim][BF₄]), and the posttreatment of the ionic liquid, were investigated. Five alkaloids protopine, allocryptopine, sanguinarine, 8‐O‐demethylchelerythrine, and chelerythrine were separated from the extract of the fruits using a high speed counter‐current chromatography with two‐phase solvent system composed of dichloromethane/methanol/0.3 mol/L hydrochloric acid aqueous solution/[C₄mim][BF₄] (4:2:2:0.015, v/v). Their purities were 96.33, 95.56, 97.94, 96.22, and 97.90%, respectively. The results indicated that a small amount of ionic liquids as modifier of the two‐phase solvent system could shorten the separation time and improve the separation efficiency of the alkaloids from the fruits. The ionic‐liquid‐modified high‐speed counter‐current chromatography would provide a feasible way for highly effective separation of alkaloids from natural products.     

An ionic liquid-tagged second generation Hoveyda-Grubbs ruthenium carbene complex as highly reactive and recyclable catalyst for ring-closing metathesis of di-, tri- and tetrasubstituted dienes

A second generation Hoveyda-Grubbs ruthenium carbene complex bearing an ionic liquid tag was prepared and shown to be a highly reactive catalyst for the ring-closing metathesis of di-, tri- and tetrasubstituted diene and enyne substrates in minimally ionic solvent systems ([Bmim]PF₆/CH₂Cl₂, 1:9-1:1 v/v). Both the catalyst and the ionic liquid can be conveniently recycled and repeatedly reused (up to 17 cycles) with only a very slight loss of activity. The ionic liquid tag is crucial to the high level of recyclability of the catalyst since the original second generation Grubbs and Hoveyda-Grubbs catalysts rapidly lose their activity when recycled in the ionic liquid layer.     

Atom transfer radical polymerization of styrenic ionic liquid monomers and carbon dioxide absorption of the polymerized ionic liquids

Polymeric forms of ionic liquids have many potential applications because of their high thermal stability and ionic nature. Two ionic liquid monomers, 1‐(4‐vinylbenzyl)‐3‐butyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate (VBIT) and 1‐(4‐vinylbenzyl)‐3‐ butyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate (VBIH), were synthesized through the quaternization of N‐butylimidazole with 4‐vinylbenzylchloride and a subsequent anion‐ exchange reaction with sodium tetrafluoroborate or potassium hexafluorophosphate. Copper‐mediated atom transfer radical polymerization was used to polymerize VBIT and VBIH. The effects of various initiator/catalyst systems, monomer concentrations, solvent polarities, and reaction temperatures on the polymerization were examined. The polymerization was well controlled and exhibited living characteristics when CuBr/1,1,4,7,10,10‐hexamethyltriethylenetetramine or CuBr/2,2′‐bipyridine was used as the catalyst and ethyl 2‐bromoisobutyrate was used as the initiator. Characterizations by thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and X‐ray diffraction showed that the resulting VBIT polymer, poly[1‐(4‐vinylbenzyl)‐3‐butyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate] (PVBIT), was amorphous and had excellent thermal stability, with a glass‐transition temperature of 84 °C. The polymerized ionic liquids could absorb CO₂ as ionic liquids: PVBIT absorbed 0.30% (w/w) CO₂ at room temperature and 0.78 atm. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 1432–1443, 2005     

Immersed solvent microextraction of aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides from aquatic media

An immersed solvent microextraction (SME) method was successfully developed for the trace enrichment of aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides from aquatic media. A microdrop of toluene was used as the extraction solvent. Some important extraction parameters such as type of solvent, solvent dropsize, stirring rate, ionic strength and extraction time were investigated and optimized. The microdrop volume of 1.5?µL, a sampling time of 25?min, and use of toluene were major parameters for achieving high enrichment factors. The linearity was studied by preconcentration of 4?mL of the water samples spiked with a standard solution of aryloxyphenoxypropionates at the concentration range of 0.15 to 30?ng?mL^?1. The coefficient of determination was satisfactory (r ^2?>?0.99) for all the studied analyte and the relative standard deviations (RSD%) values under the optimized condition were found to be 1.7 to 14.2% at the concentrations of 1 and 10?ng?mL^?1. The enrichment factors were from 217 to 403 for the samples spiked at 1?ng?mL^?1. Detection limits were obtained to be in the range of 0.05 to 0.15?ng?mL^?1 using time-scheduled selected ion monitoring (SIM). The EI mass spectra of these herbicides revealed that fenoxaprop-P-ethyl and quizalofop-P-ethyl exhibited [M-COOC₂H₅]⁺ as the base peak while, clodinafop-propargyl, haloxyfop-etotyl and haloxyfop-P-methyl showed [M-C₂H₄COOC₃H₃]⁺, [M-CH₂COOC₄H₈O]⁺ and [M-COOCH₃]⁺ as the base peaks, respectively. The developed method was successfully applied to the extraction and determination of aryloxyphenoxypropionates in river water samples.     

Orthogonal array optimization of ionic liquid based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for toxic anilines in foods

A simple and rapid method of ionic liquid based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction(DLLME) combining with high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) was developed for the analysis of four toxic anilines in flour steamed bread and maize steamed bread.Several possible influential factors such as the type of ionic liquid and disperser solvent,extraction time,sample pH,ionic strength and the volume of ionic liquid and disperser solvent were optimized using single factor experiments and orthogonal array design(OAD) with OA 25(5 4) matrix.Analysis of variance(ANOVA) and percent contribution(PC) were used to investigate the significance of the factors of OAD.Sample pH and ionic strength are statistically demonstrated two chief factors.Under the optimum condition,the method exhibits a good linearity(r 2 > 0.99) over the studied range(50-1000 ng g 1) for anilines.The extraction factors and recoveries for the anilines in two kinds of steamed breads ranged between 34.1%-73.3% and 44.3%-95.3%,respectively.The limit of detections(LODs) and limit of quantitations(LOQs) ranged between 10-15 ng g 1 and 30-45 ng g-1.     

Determination of five polar herbicides in water samples by ionic liquid dispersive liquid-phase microextraction

A simple, rapid and efficient ionic liquid based on dispersive liquid-phase microextraction (IL-DLPME) method was developed for the determination of three triazine and two phenylurea herbicides in water samples. IL (1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [C₆MIM][PF₆]) that dispersed completely into the water solution under controlled temperature was used as the extraction solvent. The analytes were easily concentrated into the ionic liquid phase. This technique combined the process of extraction and concentration of the analytes into one step and avoided use of the more common, toxic organic solvents. The factors affecting the extraction efficiency such as the IL volume, sample pH, extraction time, centrifugal time, dissoluble temperature and ionic strength were optimized. The extracts were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with diode array detector (DAD). Under the optimized conditions, recoveries (50.5–109.1%) were obtained for the target analytes in water samples. The calibration curves were linear and the correlation coefficient ranged from 0.9947 to 0.9973 in the concentration levels of 5–100 μg L^?1. The relative standard deviations (RSDs, n?=?5) were 6.80–10.78%. The limit of detections (LODs) for the five polar herbicides were between 0.46 μg L^?1 and 0.89 μg L^?1.     

Bicyclic imidazolium-based ionic liquids: synthesis and characterization

We previously reported the use of imidazole as starting compound for preparing a bicyclic imidazolium ionic liquid, [b-3C-im][NTf₂], with an overall 29% isolated yield in four synthetic steps. This new room temperature ionic liquid was shown to be far more chemically stable than commonly used [bmim][PF₆], [bdmim][PF₆], and [bdmim][NTf₂]. Because of this intriguing chemical stability, it prompted us to develop a more generalized and high yielding synthesis so that molecular diversity of bicyclic ionic liquids may be explored. In this work, we amended the previous synthetic route by employing 4-chlorobutyronitrile or 5-chlorovaleronitrile as starting materials and successfully developed a five-step synthesis of a series of novel bicyclic imidazolium-based ionic liquids in 40-53% overall isolated yields. We investigated intrinsic reactivity of all bicyclic ionic liquids prepared and found that, under strongly basic conditions, among all tested ionic liquids the 5,5-membered [R-3C-im][NTf₂] ionic liquids were most stable to solvent deuterium isotope exchange while the previously reported [bdmim][NTf₂] ionic liquid was 50% deuterium exchanged at its C-2 methyl in 30 min at ambient temperature. Under identical condition, the commonly used [bmim][NTf₂] ionic liquid was deuterium exchanged instantaneously at its C-2 hydrogen. In the absence of bases, only [bmim][PF₆] was deuterium exchanged (50% within 1 h) and all other ionic liquids gave no detectable exchanges even after 25 days at ambient temperature. Moreover, both [bmim][NTf₂] and [bdmim][NTf₂] ionic liquids were readily methylated at C-2 position with methyl iodide under basic condition at room temperature. Under the same condition, [R-3C-im][NTf₂] and [R-4C-im][NTf₂] ionic liquids were completely stable and chemically inert. We envisioned that [R-3C-im][NTf₂] should be well suited as solvents for organic synthesis.     

多功能离子液体分散液液微萃取结合高效液相色谱法检测人尿中5种邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物

将多功能离子液体与分散液液微萃取（DLLME）技术相结合，建立了测定尿液中5种邻苯二甲酸酯类（PAEs）物质代谢产物的高灵敏度新方法。对影响DLLME效率的各单因素进行了优化，包括萃取剂的种类及体积、分散剂的种类及体积、萃取温度、超声时间、冷却时间、离心时间和盐效应等条件，经过严格的优化，最佳的萃取条件分别为：萃取剂[C₈MIM]PF₆]35 μL，分散剂[BSO₃HMIm]OTf]30 μL和[C₄MIM]BF₆]120 μL，萃取温度为35℃，超声时间5 min，冷却时间5 min，离心时间5 min，盐析剂NH₄PF₆ 0.1 g。在最佳的萃取条件下，5种PAEs代谢物在0.5~1000 μg/L范围内具有良好的线性关系，决定系数（R²）均大于0.9955，方法检出限为0.16~0.19 μg/L，尿液中添加低中高水平（5、20、100 μg/L）的PAEs代谢物，其回收率为92.9%~105.0%，日内精密度及日间精密度的相对标准偏差（RSD）均小于5.96%，方法学验证各指标及稳定性均符合分析要求。对所采集的10份糖尿病患者的尿液进行检测，并对该人群PAEs代谢物的暴露水平进行评价。结果表明，各PAEs代谢物均有检出，其中邻苯二甲酸单（2-乙基己基）酯（MEHP）的检出率为100%。总之，该方法萃取过程中未添加有毒的有机试剂，均使用多功能离子液体作为萃取剂、分散剂和盐析剂，萃取过程绿色环保，简单高效；方法的灵敏度较高，稳定性较好，适用于人体尿液中痕量PAEs代谢物的检测。     

Comparison of two ultrasound‐enhanced microextractions combined with HPLC for determining acaricides in water

An ultrasound‐enhanced in situ solvent formation microextraction has been developed first time and compared with ultrasound‐enhanced ionic‐liquid‐assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the HPLC analysis of acaricides in environmental water samples. A ionic liquid ([C₈MIM][PF₆]) was used as the green extraction solvent through two pathways. The experimental parameters, such as the type and volume of both of the extraction solvent disperser solvent, ultrasonication time, and salt addition, were investigated and optimized. The analytical performance using the optimized conditions proved the feasibility of the developed methods for the quantitation of trace levels of acaricides by obtaining limits of detection that range from 0.54 to 3.68 μg/L. The in situ solvent formation microextraction method possesses more positive characteristics than the ionic‐liquid‐assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method (except for spirodiclofen determination) when comparing the validation parameters. Both methods were successfully applied to determining acaricides in real water samples.     

Liquid-liquid biphasic synthesis of long chain wax esters using the Lewis acidic ionic liquid choline chloride·2ZnCl2

The first liquid-liquid biphasic synthesis of wax esters in a Lewis acidic ionic liquid, choline chloride·2ZnCl₂ by the esterification of long chain carboxylic acids with long chain alcohols is described. The reported reaction system has the advantages of both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis with high product yield and the ease of product as well as catalyst separation without the use of an organic solvent. The ionic liquid studied plays the dual role of solvent as well as catalyst and is recycled up to six times without any significant loss of activity.     

Microwave-accelerated Claisen rearrangement in bicyclic imidazolium [b-3C-im][NTf2] ionic liquid

With microwaves, a chemically stable ionic liquid [b-3C-im][NTf₂] recently developed in our laboratory was used as solvent and successfully applied to accelerate Claisen rearrangement reactions at high temperatures. In the presence of Lewis acid MgCl₂, these thermal rearrangements could be achieved in similar reaction times but at lower temperature. For the microwaved reactions studied in this work, without scarifying isolated yields, the reaction times were significantly reduced from hours (by conventional heating) to ≤3 min. Our result also demonstrated that [b-3C-im][NTf₂] ionic liquid was a useful solvent substitute and could be recycled multiple times for the studied rearrangement reaction at elevated temperatures.