New method for calculating helicity amplitudes of jet-like QED processes for high-energy colliders

As a continuation of our previous paper [Eur. Phys. J. C 23, 633 (2002)] we further develop our new method for calculating helicity amplitudes of jet-like QED processes described by tree diagrams, applying it to lepton pair production. This method consists in replacing spinor structures for real and weakly virtual intermediate leptons by simple transition vertices. New vertices are introduced for the pair production case, and previous bremsstrahlung vertices are generalized to include virtual photons inside the considered jet. We present a diagrammatic approach that allows us to write down in an efficient way the leading helicity amplitudes, at tree level. The obtained compact amplitudes are particularly suitable for numerical calculations in jet-like kinematics. Several examples with up to four particles in a jet are discussed in detail. Received: 31 March 2003, Published online: 18 June 2003     

Angular distribution of particle flows and perturbative QCD predictions

We discuss the predictions of perturbative QCD for angular flows of final state particles in two and three jet events including their cms energy and jet resolution (y_cut) dependence. The simple analytical formulae for gluon bremsstrahlung from primary partons, modified for gluon cascading, reproduce the main features of the experimental data well. For y_cut-selected events, the particle flow is derived from a superposition of colour dipoles in much the same way that photon radiation is derived from electric dipoles. Received: 16 December 2002 / Revised version: 12 February 2003 / Published online: 24 March 2003     

Bremsstrahlung of relativistic electrons accelerated in solar flares: The intensity and degree of polarization

The generation of bremsstrahlung by relativistic electrons accelerated in solar flares is considered. The electron distribution function is calculated numerically using the relativistic Fokker-Planck equation. The intensity and degree of polarization of hard X rays are calculated as functions of the energy, observation angle, and electron distributions in pitch angle and energy. The degree of polarization does not exceed 40% and depends most strongly on the observation angle and hardness of the electron energy spectra. The results of model computation are compared with data for solar flares observed July 23, 2002 and October 28, 2003.     

Molecular-field bremsstrahlung in ethane,ethene and ethyne

The additivity hypothesis that molecular-field bremsstrahlung spectra can be predicted from the simple addition of atomic-field bremsstrahlung cross sections of the substituent atoms in a given molecule is found to be valid for electron bombarding energies of 5, 10 and 15 keV for the ethane series: ethane, ethene and ethyne. No statistically significant interference effects from the carbon atoms composing the molecules are observed.     

Effects of magnetic field and temperature on the nonrelativistic bremsstrahlung process in magnetized anisotropic plasmas

The magnetic field and thermal effects on the nonrelativistic electron-ion bremsstrahlung process are investigated in magnetized anisotropic plasmas. The effective electron-ion interaction potential is obtained in the presence of an external magnetic field. Using the Born approximation for the initial and final states of the projectile electron, the bremsstrahlung radiation cross section and bremsstrahlung emission rate are obtained as functions of the electron energy, radiation photon energy, magnetic field strength, plasma temperature, and Debye length. It is shown that the effects of the magnetic field enhance the bremsstrahlung radiation cross section for low plasma temperatures and, however, suppress the bremsstrahlung cross section for high plasma temperatures. It is also shown that the magnetic field effects diminish the bremsstrahlung emission rate in magnetized high temperature plasmas.     

Bremsstrahlung spectra produced by 89Sr beta particles in thick targets

External bremsstrahlung spectra produced by hard beta particles of ⁸⁹Sr (1.463 MeV) in thick targets of Al, Cu, Sn and Pb were studied. After making the necessary corrections, the experimental results were compared with the theoretical external bremsstrahlung distributions obtained from Elwert corrected (non‐relativistic) Bethe–Heitler theory, Tseng and Pratt theory and modified Elwert factor (relativistic) Bethe–Heitler theory. It was found that for low‐Z elements all theories are equally suitable throughout the energy region studied. For medium‐Z elements, the Tseng and Pratt and modified Elwert factor (relativistic) Bethe–Heitler theories are more accurate, particularly in medium and higher energy regions. However, for high‐Z elements, the modified Elwert factor (relativistic) Bethe–Heitler theory shows better agreement with the experiment, particularly at the higher energy end. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A study of bremsstrahlung spectra and absorbed dose of beta in teeth enamel and dentin

The beta‐induced bremsstrahlung spectra produced by 113 pure beta nuclides in teeth enamel and dentin are computed. The computed spectral distributions are presented. The spectral shapes are primarily responsible for variations in the shapes of depth‐dose distributions. They are intended to provide a quick and convenient reference for spectral shapes and to give an indication of the wide variation in these shapes. The computed bremsstrahlung spectrum is used in the evaluation of bremsstrahlung dose in teeth enamel and dentin. The evaluated Beta bremsstrahlung dose as a function distance for the studied nuclides is also presented. The beta bremsstrahlung dose decreases with the increase of distance. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Absolute doubly differential cross sections for electron bremsstrahlung from rare gas atoms at 28 and 50 keV

Absolute doubly differential bremsstrahlung cross sections from Xe, Kr, Ar, and Ne have been measured for electron bombarding energies of 28 and 50 keV. Bremsstrahlung photons have been detected at 90 degrees to the incident electron beam at energies ranging from 5 keV up to the kinematic end point. The results are compared with predictions of ordinary bremsstrahlung and of total bremsstrahlung that include polarizational bremsstrahlung from the target atom calculated in the stripping approximation. All previous absolute cross sections have been from thin-film solid targets and have not shown any polarizational bremsstrahlung contribution. The present results, the first from free atoms, provide definitive evidence for the contribution of polarizational bremsstrahlung to the photon spectrum from electron bremsstrahlung.     

X射线在影像增强器中散射特性的研究

Ｘ射线在影像增强器中的散射是影响Ｘ射线影像增强器输出图像对比度和分辨率的主要因素。首先用Ｍｏｎｔｅ Ｃｓｒｏｌｏ方法模拟了轫致辐射Ｘ射线与影像增强器的输入转换屏（ＣｓＩ：Ｎａ）的作用过程,给陋了透过转换屏的Ｘ射线的能谱。然后以无限大平面铁板作为增强器内电极和客壳的几何模型,以ＣｓＩ：Ｎａ的透过Ｘ射线能谱为铁板模型的入射能 ,分析了Ｘ射线在影像增强器中的背向散射特性。Ｘ射线管电压为２０～１２０ｋＣＶ     

利用轫致辐射谱回推超热电子温度

超短超强激光打靶产生的超热电子与固体靶相互作用时会产生轫致辐射X射线。利用蒙特卡罗方法,对电子在固体靶中传输产生的轫致辐射X射线进行了模拟。1 MeV电子束与固体靶作用产生的轫致辐射谱模拟结果表明,轫致辐射谱高能段斜率受靶厚度及靶材料的影响不明显。麦克斯韦分布的电子束及单能电子束与30 m铜靶作用的模拟结果显示,两种电子源产生的轫致辐射谱在电子束能量或温度较高时基本一致。给出了一种利用轫致辐射谱斜率反推超热电子温度的定标方法。模拟了不同温度下超热电子产生的轫致辐射光子的能量角分布及光子数角分布,结果显示辐射光子能量通量和光子数随着电子温度的提高越来越向前倾,并给出了另外一种由轫致辐射能量角分布反推超热电子温度的定标关系。     

Effect of electron and γ polarization on two-photon bremsstrahlung of electrons in a nuclear field

The cross section for two-photon bremsstrahlung is integrated over the electron scattering angle and the (common) emission angle of the bremsstrahlung photons. Equations are found for the energetic, angular, and polarization distributions of the cross section. The cross section for two-photon bremsstrahlung for the case in which the momenta of the bremsstrahlung photons are parallel can be larger than the corresponding Bethe-Heitler cross section. The probabilities for certain polarization states of the electrons are also analyzed.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 7, pp. 13–18, July, 1972.     

Bremsstrahlung dosimetric parameters of beta-emitting therapeutic radionuclides

Dosimetric parameters such as efficiency of bremsstrahlung, probability of energy loss of beta during bremsstrahlung production, intensity and dose rate of high, medium and low-energy beta-emitting therapeutic radionuclides in different tissues of human organs are computed. These parameters are lower in adipose tissue than all other studied tissues. The efficiency, intensity and dose rate of bremsstrahlung increases with maximum energy of the beta nuclide (E_max) and modified atomic number (Z_mod) of the target tissue. The estimated bremsstrahlung efficiency, intensity and dose rate are useful in the calculations of photon track-length distributions. These parameters are useful to determine the quality and quantity of the bremsstrahlung radiation (known as the source term). Precise estimation of this source term is very important in planning for radiotherapy and diagnosis.     

Bremsstrahlung in heavy-ion reactions

We investigate bremsstrahlung processes induced by heavy ions: nuclear dipole and quadrupole radiation, radiation from bound target electrons into the continuum and secondary electron bremsstrahlung (SEB), which contribute to the background of the X-ray spectra. A comparison with experiment is presented.     

Polarization bremsstrahlung process in quantum plasmas including electron-exchange and shielding effects

The electron-exchange and quantum shielding effects on the polarization bremsstrahlung spectrum due to the electron-shielding sphere encounters are investigated in quantum plasmas. From this work, it is found that the electron-exchange effect strongly suppresses the polarization bremsstrahlung radiation cross section. Additionally, it is found that the polarization bremsstrahlung radiation cross section increases with increasing plasmon energy and, however, decreases with increasing Fermi energy. The variation of the influence of electron-exchange and quantum shielding on the polarization bremsstrahlung spectrum is also discussed.     

10-25 keV电子致厚W,Au靶韧致辐射谱的测量

测量了10-25 keV电子碰撞厚W, Au靶产生的韧致辐射谱, 并与Monte Carlo程序PENELOPE模拟的X射线谱进行了比较, 除在3 keV前实验谱略低于理论谱外, 整体上两者符合得很好. 在模拟电子与靶材料相互作用产生韧致辐射时, PENELOPE程序中只包含有普通韧制辐射的截面数据. 我们的实验结果表明, 在电子与固体靶相互作用时, 没有明显的极化韧致辐射产生, PENELOPE程序能够可靠地描述电子与固体厚靶相互作用产生的韧致辐射.     

Bremsstrahlung shielding parameters in polymer concretes

Concretes are used for shielding in nuclear power plants. Beta radiation is emitted during the nuclear reactions. This beta radiation interacts with the concrete and results in secondary radiation such as bremsstrahlung. Shielding parameters of beta-induced bremsstrahlung in concretes are important in the field of radiation protection. We have evaluated the cross section, yield, intensity and dose rate of beta-induced bremsstrahlung by pure beta nuclides of end point energy ranges from 0.4 to 5?MeV in some polymer-based concretes such as sulfur polymer concrete, barium polymer concrete, calcium polymer concrete, fluorine polymer concrete, chlorine polymer concrete and germanium polymer concrete. We have compared the shielding properties among the studied polymer concretes. The efficiency, intensity and dose rate of bremsstrahlung increases with a maximum energy of beta nuclide and modified atomic number of the concrete. From the detailed study, it is clear that the barium polymer concrete is having large bremsstrahlung dose rate and specific bremsstrahlung constant values than the other studied polymer concretes. This means barium polymer concrete is a good absorber of bremsstrahlung radiation than the other studied polymer concretes.     

Bremsstrahlung of the free electrons arising in an irradiated specimen

A model of the bremsstrahlung produced by photoelectrons, Auger electrons, and Compton electrons arising in an irradiated specimen is proposed. Calculations have shown that the contribution of the Compton electron bremsstrahlung shows up for monochromatic primary radiation of high-energy photons. For the primary radiation of x-ray tubes, only the bremsstrahlung spectrum of photoelectrons and Auger electrons is significant. The factors affecting the proportions between these components are considered. The bremsstrahlung spectral distribution of the mentioned electrons shows considerable deviations from that predicted by the Kramers theory that are due to the large depth of their occurrence and to the ambiguity of their energy. The region of the spectrum has been determined where the intensity of the electron bremsstrahlung is greater than the intensity of the x-ray tube polychromatic primary radiation scattered by the irradiated object.     

强流电子束入射叠靶能量沉积计算

计算了多脉冲相对论强流电子束入射钽-石墨叠靶的能量沉积和轫致辐射谱。能量沉积采用Geant4程序计算,轫致辐射谱根据基本的辐射理论和蒙特卡罗方法计算。结果显示,各层的热区能量沉积呈由大到小的递减分布,截面轫致辐射分布和电子束径向分布主要受钽层的影响。石墨层的低能量沉积率和高热容能改善叠靶的性能。对于单脉冲,钽-石墨层厚比为1∶1时,石墨能全部吸收相邻钽层的热沉积,轫致辐射效率为35.4%;4脉冲情况下,钽-石墨层厚比应为1∶13,总轫致辐射效率降到19.9%。考虑轫致辐射剂量和质量,钽-石墨两者的厚度比为1∶5时,钽层的总厚度应为1.2 mm;当钽-石墨层厚比为1∶10时,钽层的总厚应降到0.7 mm。     

Bremsstrahlung of nonrelativistic electrons in metals with allowance made for the polarization channel

We theoretically investigate the bremsstrahlung that appears when nonrelativistic electrons are scattered in a metal target with allowance made for the polarization contribution. We take into account the interference of ordinary and polarization bremsstrahlung, the absorption of radiation in the target material, the energy losses and elastic scattering of an electron by atoms of the medium, and the coherent effects when the radiating electron interacts with the target. We analyze the influence of the target thickness on the process and the contribution of polarization bremsstrahlung to the total yield of bremsstrahlung photons as a function of the problem parameters.