Level structure of 110in from the 110cd(p,nγ)110in reaction

γ-ray and γγ-coincidence spectra of the ¹¹⁰Cd(p, nγ)¹¹⁰In reaction were measured with Ge(Li), Ge(LEPS), and Ge(HP) spectrometers at 6 MeV bombarding proton energy. Energies (E_γ) and relative intensities (I_γ) of 95 ¹¹⁰In transitions (including 70 new ones) have been determined. The electron spectrum of the reaction was measured with a combined magnetic plus Si(Li) spectrometer at E_p = 6 MeV. Internal conversion coefficients of 41 transitions in ¹¹⁰In have been determined for the first time. The angular distribution of γ-rays was measured at 5.2, 5.6, and 6 MeV bombarding proton energies. A new, more complete level scheme of ¹¹⁰In has been deduced. On the basis of the internal conversion coefficients of transitions, Hauser-Feshbach analysis of (p, n) reaction cross sections, γ-ray angular distribution (and other) results unambiguous spin and parity assignments were made to 11 excited ¹¹⁰In levels. The energies of several ¹¹⁰In proton-neutron multiplets were calculated on the basis of the parabolic rule derived from the cluster-vibration model. The comparison of experimental and theoretical results provided identification of about 20 p-n multiplet states in ¹¹⁰In.     

Study of the57Fe low-energy states

The low energy states of⁵⁷Fe has been studied by means of thermal neutron radiative capture. The gamma-ray spectrum below 3 MeV was measured using a Ge(Li) detector of an intrinsic volume 5.4 cm³. On making use of other experiments beside the good resolution of the Ge(Li) detector it was possible to suggest a decay scheme and to get some valuable informations. The transitions from the levels 366.7keV to the ground- and first-excited states seem to be pureM1 transitions. An evidence for the existence of a transition from the level 1725.5 keV to the 1018.6 keV with an absolute intensity 2.4% is shown.     

Excited states of100Tc from100Mo(p,nγ)100Tc reaction and the parabolic rule

γ-spectra and excitation functions of the¹⁰⁰Mo(p, nγ)¹⁰⁰Tc reaction were measured in the 1.2–3.6 MeV proton energy range by using thick, enriched targets, Ge(Li) and low energy photon (hyperpure Ge) spectrometers. These detectors were used inγγ-coincidence experiments, too. Conversion electron spectrum measurements were performed by means of a superconducting magnet transporter Si(Li) spectrometer (SMS) atE _p =4 MeV and multipolarities of some transitions have been determined. Based on the experimental results a level scheme of¹⁰⁰Tc has been constructed. Level energies of¹⁰⁰Tc were calculated on the basis of the parabolic rule, derived from the cluster-vibration model.     

Der Zerfall des Xe123,T 1/2=2,08h

Xe¹²³ (T _1/2=2.08 h) was produced by bombarding Te¹²² with 48 MeV α-particles. The radioactive Xe¹²³ gas was collected during irradiation in liquid air cooled glass ampoules. The gamma rays associated with the decay of Xe¹²³ have been investigated using Ge(Li)- and NaJ(Tl)-counters and a Ge(Li)-NaJ(Tl)-coincidence circuit. 57 gamma transitions in the energy range from 148.7 keV to 2559.1 keV have been found. By depositing the radioactive Xe-ions on Ti-foils sources were obtained thin enough to study the conversion electrons using a Si(Li)-counter. The conversion coefficients for the intensive J¹²³ transitions with low energy were determined. A level scheme for Xe¹²³→J¹²³ which accounts for almost all observed γ-transitions having 16 levels is proposed. Furthermore some new data for the J¹²¹ and J¹²³ decay are presented.     

High spin states in95Tc populated in the93Nb(α, 2nγ) reaction

The⁹³Nb(α, 2nγ)⁹⁵Tc reaction has been studied at a bombarding energy of 22.5 MeV using Ge(Li)-detectors. Gamma singles spectra, gamma-gamma coincidences, excitation functions and gamma angular distribution have been obtained. A level scheme has been constructed. Spin and parity assignments up to 29/2⁺ are given.     

Tentative level diagram of146Pm below 1.1 MeV

The level scheme of the doubly odd nucleus¹⁴⁶Pm was investigated by means of in-beam spectroscopy. The¹⁴⁶Nd(p, n) reaction in the 3.5–8 MeV proton energy interval on enriched targets has been used to populate the exited states of¹⁴⁶Pm. High resolutionγ-ray spectra using Ge(Li) and hyperpure Ge detectors and conversion electrons with a mini-orange spectrometer were measured. Withγ-exitation functions andnγ-coincidences usingnγ-discriminated NE231 neutron detectors transitions in¹⁴⁶Pm were identified,γγ-coincidences gave information aboutγ-cascades. With these data a level scheme of 38 levels below 1.1 MeV exitation energy has been deduced including 73 transitions. For 12 transitions experimental conversion coefficients have been evaluated, which agree with the expected values forM1/E2-transitions.     

Proton-neutron multiplet states in 114In

The γ-ray spectrum of the ¹¹⁴Cd(p, nγ)¹¹⁴In reaction was measured with Ge(Li) and Ge(HP) spectrometers at 4.8, 5.3, and 7.0 MeV bombarding proton energies. The energies (E_γ) and relative intensities (I_γ) of more than 170 γ-ray transitions in ¹¹⁴In have been determined. The electron spectrum of the reaction was measured with a combined magnetic plus Si(Li) spectrometer. Internal conversion coefficients of 38 transitions in ¹¹⁴In were determined for the first time. The level scheme of ¹¹⁴In, γ-ray branching ratios, multipolarity of transitions, level parity and spin values have been deduced. The energies of several ¹¹⁴In proton-neutron multiplets were calculated on the basis of the parabolic rule derived from the cluster-vibration model. The comparison of experimental and theoretical results provided classification of about 18 multiplet states in ¹¹⁴In. The experimental level scheme has also been compared with former theoretical calculations.     

Low-energy excited states in 128I produced by the (p,n) reaction

Gamma spectra produced in the ¹²⁸Te(p, n)¹²⁸I reaction were taken as a function of proton bombarding energy E_p = 2.8 MeV to 5.0 MeV. A level scheme composed of 41 excited states was constructed on the basis of singles γ-spectra and extensive γ-γ coincidence measurements. The coincidence measurements were carried out utilizing a three-parameter Ge(Li)-Ge(Li)-timing system. Upper limits were placed on the lifetime of six levels. The modes of de-excitation of many levels as deduced in the present investigation are significantly different from the results obtained in the (n, γ) reaction. Angular distribution measurements combined with the results from the coincidence counting rates and the population strength of the states by primary transitions in the (n, γ) reaction enabled some spin and parity assignments and tentative assignments for many other levels. The ground state and nine positive-parity states were described in terms of admixed twoquasiparticle multiplets.     

Investigation of γ radiation from 178Hf in the respective (n, n′γ) reaction

The spectra and angular distributions of gamma rays were measured in the reaction ¹⁷⁸Hf(n, n???) induced by a beam of fast reactor neutrons. Data onmultipole mixtures in gamma transitions and a lot of new information about gamma transitions of energy 1.5 to 3.0 MeV were obtained. A comparison of these results with information known from the respective (n, ??) reaction made it possible to refine the schemes of deexcitation of ¹⁷⁸Hf levels at energies above 1.5 MeV, to determine more precisely features of these levels, and to introduce new levels and rotation bands at excitation energies of about 2MeV.     

Levels in179W studied in the181Ta(p, 3n) reaction by on-line electron and gamma ray spectroscopy

Levels in¹⁷⁹W have been deduced from in-beam gamma and conversion electron studies of the¹⁸¹Ta(p, 3n)¹⁷⁹W reaction. The gamma-ray spectrum was studied with Ge(Li) detectors and a crystal diffraction spectrometer; the conversion electrons were measured with a broad range transport solenoid Si(Li) spectrometer. The multipolarities of some 50 transitions could be determined. Coriolis mixing of the Nilsson orbits withN=6 was calculated.     

Decay of193m Hg

The decay of^193m Hg to¹⁹³Au levels was investigated by means of Ge(Li) and Ge(Li)-NaI(Tl) coincidence spectrometers. In theγ-ray spectrum about 120 transitions were observed, about 80 of them being new. Forty coincidences betweenγ-transitions were observed. The level scheme of¹⁹³Au, including 12 earlier known levels as well as 17 new and corrected levels, has been constructed on the basis of the balance of energy sums and the observed coincidences. Possible multipolarities of 33 transitions were determined. Possible spins and parities of several levels were deduced from the determined multipolarities.     

Richtungs- und Temperaturabhängigkeit der Lichtimpulse von Anthrazenkristallen bei Anregung mit α-Teilchen

The spectrum of internal conversion electrons emitted by Ag¹¹⁰ after thermal-neutron capture was measured with the beta spectrometer at the research reactor near München. 45 conversion lines corresponding to 34 transitions were found between 0 keV and 300 keV. The multipolarities of 19 transitions were determined. The low-energy gamma radiation was investigated between 10 keV and 600 keV by means of a Ge(Li)-detector. A partial level scheme containing the most intense transitions is proposed.     

Der zerfall des J121 (T 1/2=2,12 h)

I¹²¹ was produced by bombarding a target of enriched Te¹²² with deuterons of 25 MeV. Theγ rays associated with the decay of I¹²¹ have been investigated using a Ge(Li) detector and a Ge(Li)-NaI coincidence set up. 58γ transitions ranging from 212.5 to 1841.8 keV have been identified. A decay scheme for the I¹²¹→Te¹²¹ decay which accounts for 50 of the observedγ transitions is proposed.     

Beiträge zu den Niveauschemata der Ge-Isotope71Ge,73Ge,74Ge und75Ge aus der Untersuchung von (n, γ)-Reaktionen in natürlichem Germanium

Low energy γ-spectra from neutron capture in natural germanium have been studied with several high resolution Ge(Li)-detectors. Measurements have been made with two different target configurations. In the first measurement a normal Ge-target was irradiated with neutrons; no neutrons were allowed to enter the Ge(Li)-detector. In the second measurement the Ge(Li)-detector was used simultaneously as target and as γ- ande ^?-detector. By combination of the results convertion coefficients of several transitions in⁷³Ge have been determined. Several unknown low energy transitions in Ge isotopes have been found with the aid of the second method. The level schemes of⁷¹Ge,⁷³Ge,⁷⁴Ge and⁷⁵Ge have been revised by means of coincidence measurements with a Ge(Li)-Ge(Li)-coincidence system of high efficiency and resolution.     

Experimental study of the decay of147Pr to levels in147Nd

The decay of¹⁴⁷Pr produced by (γ, p) reaction on enriched¹⁴⁸Nd has been studied with Ge(Li) detectors and gamma-gamma coincidence methods. Half-life determinations, and accurate energy and intensity measurements for 84 gamma transitions have been performed. A level scheme with 21 levels including 62 of the transitions was deduced. Beta branch intensities were estimated from measured gamma intensities. Tentative spin and parity assignments are given.     

Multipolarity of some transitions in the96Zr(p,n γ e)96Nb reaction

The conversion electron andγ-ray spectra of the⁹⁶Zr(p, n γ)⁹⁶Nb reaction were measured with Ge(Li) and superconducting magnet transporter Si(Li) spectrometers respectively, at 4MeV bombarding proton energy. The multipolarities of some transitions were determined and conclusions were drawn on the spins and parities of the excited states of⁹⁶Nb.     

Level structure of 42K from the 41(n, γ) and 41K(d,p) reactions

The γ-ray spectrum emitted after thermal neutron capture in ⁴¹K has been measured with pair and Ge(Li) spectrometers at the ILL high-flux reactor. About 630 transitions have been assigned to the decay of 133 excited states in ⁴²K. The level energies have been determined with a precison of 20 ppm; the neutron binding energy was determined to be E_B = 7533.82(15) keV. On the basis of the many transitions to known states, several spin-parity assignments have been made. In addition, high-resolution proton spectra of the reaction ⁴¹K(d,p) have been taken at 20MeV deuteron energy with the München Q3D spectrometer. These data have been essential in establishing the newly-found levels and in differentiating between primary and secondary transitions in the (n, γ) work. A statistical analysis of the level density and relative strengths of primary transitions is given.     

The decay of208Tl. Gamma-ray measurement

The gamma rays following the decay of²⁰⁸Tl have been studied using a separated²⁰⁸Tl-source and a Ge(Li)-detector. A decay scheme is proposed, with levels in²⁰⁸Pb at 3,920, 4,126 and 4,180 keV in addition to previously well-established levels. No support was found forΒ-branching to levels above 4.2 MeV.     

Quadrupole moments and the structure of the even titanium and chromium nuclei

The energies of the six circular transitions (n = 13 → n = 12 through n = 8 → n = 7) of the K^?Pb exotic atom have been measured to high precision (typically ～ 50 ppm) using Ge (Li) spectrometers. The data acquisition system was computer controlled and stabilized, the energy calibration spectrum was taken simultaneously with the data spectrum. The experimental energies of the six transitions were corrected for ADC nonlinearities and data-calibration spectrum shifts, as well as the presence of unresolved noncircular transition contaminants. The energies of five of the transitions (13 → 12 through 9 → 8) were computed from quantum electrodynamics, including all significant orders of vacuum polarization, electron screening and nuclear polarization. The mass of the K^? was adjusted to achieve a best fit with the experimental energies: the result was m_K^? = 493.657 ± 0.020 MeV.     

Der Zerfall des Rh102g,Rh102m und Tc102m

The decays of the 206 day-Rh^102g , 2.9 year-Rh^102m and 4.35 min-Tc¹⁰² m have been investigated using several sizes of Ge(Li)-counters. From the analysis of gamma spectra from several Rh¹⁰²-sources, measured over a period of 2.2 years, the gamma rays associated with each activity were identified. Energies and relative gamma intensities of 71 transitions have been determined. 22 transitions are assigned to the decay of 206 day-Rh^102g , 16 to 2.9 year-Rh¹⁰² and 33, twenty five unreported, to 4.35 min-Tc^102m . All except one transition are placed in a level scheme of Ru¹⁰².