Avalanche dynamics in wet granular materials

We have studied the dynamics of avalanching wet granular media in a rotating drum apparatus. Quantitative measurements of the flow velocity and the granular flux during avalanches allow us to characterize novel avalanche types unique to wet media. We also explore the details of viscoplastic flow (observed at the highest liquid contents) in which there are lasting contacts during flow, leading to coherence across the entire sample. This coherence leads to a velocity-independent flow depth at high rotation rates and novel robust pattern formation in the granular surface.     

受碾区域内颗粒轴向流动特性的离散元模拟

为探讨受碾状态颗粒的稳定流动, 在碾辊轴与筛筒组成的受碾区域内, 建立了轴向运动的颗粒流离散元物理模型. 研究结果表明: 受碾区域内各颗粒沿轴向运动能力的差异造成了颗粒流密度不均匀; 颗粒与筛筒间的静摩擦系数影响颗粒轴向流动的形态、速率及集散程度, 受碾区域内单层颗粒的轴向均方偏差与流动时间的平方正相关, 属于“super”扩散; 整体分析受碾区域发现, 颗粒的轴向平均速度沿轴向坐标逐渐增大, 而颗粒的三轴合成平均速度沿轴向坐标逐渐降低; 受碾区域内各轴向位置处颗粒运动的剧烈程度不同, 沿轴向坐标颗粒的波动速度平方呈现先增大后降低而后又增大的趋势; 单颗粒的碰撞总能量损失能谱也表明了颗粒运动程度不同, 即轴向流动时在受碾区域的前半段碰撞剧烈, 能量损失多, 在后半段碰撞程度弱, 能量损失较少. 通过对受碾区域内颗粒流动的数值模拟分析, 明晰了颗粒在受碾条件下稳定流动特性, 有益于碾磨工业对产品品质控制及设备参数优化的研究.     

The song of dunes as a wave-particle mode locking

Singing dunes, which emit a loud sound as they avalanche, constitute a striking and poorly understood natural phenomenon. We show that, on the one hand, avalanches excite elastic waves at the surface of the dune, whose vibration produces the coherent acoustic emission in the air. The amplitude of the sound (approximately 105 dB) saturates exactly when the vibration makes the grains take off the flowing layer. On the other hand, we show that the sound frequency (approximately 100 Hz) is controlled by the shear rate inside the sand avalanche, which for granular matter is equivalent to the mean rate at which grains make collisions. This proves the existence of a feedback of elastic waves on particle motion, leading to a partial synchronization of the avalanching sand grains. It suggests that the song of dunes results from a wave-particle mode locking.     

泥沙在动水中的沉淀运动(二)——泥沙在层流中的沉淀运动

在前文中我们已经给出小球在不均匀流场中运动时所受到的阻力。本文中我们假定泥沙和水为两种不同的介质,同时假定泥沙的浓度很小。利用前文所得到的阻力公式,我们建立了在层流状态时泥沙和水各自的运动方程组。然后利用这一组方程来讨论明渠中水流流态为层流时泥沙沉淀的情况。最后我们得到泥沙和水的相对速度在主流方向的分量并不等于零。同时我们求得根据简单假定来计算时所引起的沉积位置的误差。这个误差和水深成正比而和泥沙颗粒的大小无关。一般说来,这个误差并不是一个可以忽略的数值。     

Signal Processing and Analysis Applied to Powder Behavior in a Rotating Drum

Previous studies of the flow of granular materials in a rotating drum have described the observed time sequences of angle of repose or time to avalanche. The time between avalanches approach has been incorporated into a commercially available powder flow analysis tool. In the present study, the time to avalanche analysis was complemented with a Fourier Transform power spectrum and phase space analysis of the angle of repose time series and avalanche size variability determination. The avalanche size variability approach was found to most readily differentiate between the flow properties of powders across material types. A model was constructed to provide an explanation for the utility of this method.     

Subdiffusive axial transport of granular materials in a long drum mixer

Granular mixtures segregate radially by size when tumbled in a partially filled horizontal drum. The smaller component moves toward the axis of rotation and forms a buried core, which then splits into axial bands. Models have generally assumed that the axial segregation is opposed by diffusion. Using narrow pulses of the smaller component as initial conditions, we have characterized axial transport in the core. We find that the axial advance of the segregated core is well described by a self-similar concentration profile whose width scales as talpha, with alpha approximately 0.3<1/2. Thus, the process is subdiffusive rather than diffusive as previously assumed. We compare our results to two one-dimensional model equations which contain self-similarity and subdiffusion: a linear fractional diffusion model and the nonlinear porous medium equation.     

Compressed ghost edge imaging

In this Letter, we propose an advanced framework of ghost edge imaging, named compressed ghost edge imaging(CGEI). In the scheme, a set of structured speckle patterns with pixel shifting illuminate on an unknown object.The output is collected by a bucket detector without any spatial resolution. By using a compressed sensing algorithm, we obtain horizontal and vertical edge information of the unknown object with the bucket detector detection results and the known structured speckle patterns. The edge is finally constructed via twodimensional edge information. The experimental and numerical simulations results show that the proposed scheme has a higher quality and reduces the number of measurements, in comparison with the existing edge detection schemes based on ghost imaging.     

Radial segregation patterns in rotating granular mixtures: waviness selection

We model the radial segregation patterns that form in a thin rotating drum partially filled with beads of two sizes. We predict that the waviness (or amplitude-to-wavelength ratio, denoted w) of a pattern should be subjected to low-pass filtering with a cutoff waviness w(c) that depends strongly on the fill level of the drum. Then we perform experiments and find that w相似文献   

DDA simulations of light scattering by small irregular particles with various structure

We present DDA investigations of light scattering by irregular particles whose size is comparable with wavelength. We consider four types of randomly irregular particles: strongly damaged spheres, rough-surface spheres, pocked spheres, and agglomerated debris particles. Each type of particle is generated with a well defined algorithm producing an ensemble of stochastically different particles that have a common origin. The different types of irregular particles produce different angular dependencies of intensity and linear polarization degree. Transformation of phase curves of intensity and polarization with changing size parameter for irregular particles tends to be more monotonic, unlike spheres. We find that the magnitude of the negative polarization branch (NPB) tends to shrink as particle absorption increases; whereas, the maximal value and position of the positive polarization branch tends to increase. The most frequently observed shape of the negative polarization at small phase angles is asymmetric with a shift of the minimum position towards the angle of polarization sign inversion. All types of considered irregular particles reveal such asymmetry at x<10. Symmetric negative polarization branches occur seldom. The necessary conditions for their appearance are a relatively large size parameter x?10 to 12 and low absorption.     

阻尼对水平滚筒内二元颗粒体系径向分离模式形成的影响

采用离散单元数学模型对一充装量为50%的水平薄滚筒内S形二元颗粒体系的分离模式进行了数值模拟试验,研究了不同碰撞阻尼参数下的分离过程,分析了阻尼对分离过程及分离模式的影响.模拟结果表明阻尼对滚筒内颗粒的分离过程及分离模式影响很大,在S形二元颗粒体系水平薄滚筒内,阻尼可控制渗透和离析的协同作用以及自由表面层的流动形式,最终影响分离模式的形成;当阻尼太大时分离模式只能形成月亮模式,阻尼太小时可形成不明显的花瓣模式,只有当阻尼在适当的范围内,自由表面流动层形成雪崩流型式时,分离模式才会呈现规则的花瓣模式,试验结 关键词： 滚筒 模式形成 径向分离 离散单元法     

电磁感应透明介质中的弱光空间暗孤子环

利用多重尺度方法,解析地研究了Λ型三能级冷原子气及一束较强耦合光组成的电磁感应透明介质体系中的非线性动力学性质.结果表明：一束较弱的探测光能在电磁感应透明介质中形成弱光空间暗孤子,当弱光空间暗孤子沿轴向传播时,它会逐渐演化成一个稳定的弱光空间暗孤子环,这是衍射效应和自散焦效应相互平衡的结果. 关键词： 电磁感应透明 弱光空间暗孤子环 多重尺度方法     

A Novel Technique to Measure the Spatial–Temporal Intensity of an Ultrashort Pulse

Based on a modified cross-correlation technique, we experimentally demonstrate a technique for measuring the spatial–temporal intensity of laser pulses. Pulse widths at different spatial positions of the ultrashort pulse are measured by changing the scan position of the probe beam. Due to the existence of residual chirp in the transverse position, pulse widths at the center of the beam are less than that at the edge. By measuring the temporal evolution in the fastest growth area of spatial intensity during small-scale self-focusing, we find that its pulse width decreases as power increases because of the spatial–temporal coupling effect. The results show that this method not only can be used to accurately measure the pulse width at any one spatial position of the beam, but can also be useful for real-time monitoring of the spatial–temporal evolution.     

Two scenarios for avalanche dynamics in inclined granular layers

We report experimental measurements of avalanche behavior of thin granular layers on an inclined plane for low volume flow rate. The dynamical properties of avalanches were quantitatively and qualitatively different for smooth glass beads compared to irregular granular materials such as sand. Two scenarios for granular avalanches on an incline are identified, and a theoretical explanation for these different scenarios is developed based on a depth-averaged approach that takes into account the differing rheologies of the granular materials.     

Evolution of avalanche conducting states in electrorheological liquids

Charge transport in electrorheological fluids is studied experimentally under strongly nonequilibrium conditions. By injecting an electrical current into a suspension of conducting nanoparticles we are able to initiate a process of self-organization which leads, in certain cases, to formation of a stable pattern which consists of continuous conducting chains of particles. The evolution of the dissipative state in such a system is a complex process. It starts as an avalanche process characterized by nucleation, growth, and thermal destruction of such dissipative elements as continuous conducting chains of particles as well as electroconvective vortices. A power-law distribution of avalanche sizes and durations, observed at this stage of the evolution, indicates that the system is in a self-organized critical state. A sharp transition into an avalanche-free state with a stable pattern of conducting chains is observed when the power dissipated in the fluid reaches its maximum. We propose a simple evolution model which obeys the maximum power condition and also shows a power-law distribution of the avalanche sizes.     

Diffusion of a chemically active colloidal particle in composite channels

Diffusion of colloidal particles in microchannels has been extensively investigated, where the channel wall is either a no-slip or a slip-passive boundary. However, in the context of active fluids, driving boundary walls are ubiquitous and are expected to have a substantial effect on the particle dynamics. By mesoscale simulations, we study the diffusion of a chemically active colloidal particle in composite channels, which are constructed by alternately arranging the no-slip and diffusio-osmotic boundary walls. In this case, the chemical reaction catalyzed by the active colloidal particle creates a local chemical gradient along the channel wall, which drives a diffusio-osmotic flow parallel to the wall. We show that the diffusio-osmotic flow can significantly change the spatial distribution and diffusion dynamics of the colloidal particle in the composite channels. By modulating the surface properties of the channel wall, we can achieve different patterns of colloidal position distribution. The findings thus propose a novel possibility to manipulate colloidal diffusion in microfluidics, and highlight the importance of driving boundary walls in dynamics of colloidal particles in microchannels.     

自由空间中超短啁啾洛仑兹脉冲光束的空间奇异性

给出了超短啁啾洛仑兹脉冲光束在自由空间中的传输方程，研究了啁啾对洛仑兹脉冲光束空间奇异性的影响．理论及数值模拟的结果表明，由于啁啾的作用，对于脉冲宽度大于一个光波振荡周期的洛仑兹脉冲光束同样存在空间奇异性．在初始位置，啁啾洛仑兹脉冲光束的空间奇异性出现在脉冲的前沿或后沿．当洛仑兹脉冲光束传输以后，啁啾洛仑兹脉冲光束的空间奇异性将更加强烈．     

水平滚筒内二元颗粒体系径向分离模式的数值模拟研究

发展了考虑法向接触力、切向接触力和力矩、以及滚动摩擦力矩的三维三方程线性弹性-阻尼离散单元模型及计算程序,对薄滚筒内二元S型颗粒体系进行了数值模拟,发现采用本文的数学模型可以准确地预测出滚筒内二元S型颗粒流的分层现象.分析了影响滚筒内颗粒分层的因素,讨论了滚筒转速、颗粒装载率等参数对分层的影响,当转速较高时,滚筒内形成大颗粒在外、小颗粒在内、具有圆形界面的月亮模式,当转速较低时形成具有波浪形界面的花瓣模式,并且随着滚筒转速的逐渐降低,花瓣的数量逐渐增加,数值模拟结果与实验完全符合.模拟还得到了花瓣模式的形 关键词： 分层 滚筒 模式形成 离散单元方法     

水平滚筒内二元颗粒体系径向分离模式的数值模拟研究

发展了考虑法向接触力、切向接触力和力矩、以及滚动摩擦力矩的三维三方程线性弹性-阻尼离散单元模型及计算程序，对薄滚筒内二元S型颗粒体系进行了数值模拟，发现采用本文的数学模型可以准确地预测出滚筒内二元S型颗粒流的分层现象.分析了影响滚筒内颗粒分层的因素，讨论了滚筒转速、颗粒装载率等参数对分层的影响，当转速较高时，滚筒内形成大颗粒在外、小颗粒在内、具有圆形界面的月亮模式，当转速较低时形成具有波浪形界面的花瓣模式，并且随着滚筒转速的逐渐降低，花瓣的数量逐渐增加，数值模拟结果与实验完全符合.模拟还得到了花瓣模式的形     

光学微操纵过程的轴平面显微成像技术

光学俘获技术利用光与物质相互作用产生的光势阱效应来实现对微粒的操控,已经成功应用于生物医学、材料科学等交叉领域.在对微粒进行三维俘获时,传统的宽场光学显微技术只能观测到某一平面内微粒的横向运动,对微粒沿轴向运动的观测受到很大限制.本文将轴平面显微成像技术引入光学微粒操控研究中,利用45?倾斜的反射镜把微粒的轴向运动信息转换到横向平面进行观测,与传统宽场显微成像技术相结合,实现了对二氧化硅小球俘获过程横向和轴向运动的同步观测.该成像方法无需扫描和数据重构,具有实时快速等优点,在新型光束光镊、厚样品三维观测和成像等领域具有潜在的应用价值.     

Spray flow-network flow transition of binary Lennard-Jones particle system

We simulate gas-liquid flows caused by rapid depressurization using a molecular dynamics model. The model consists of two types of Lennard-Jones particles, which we call liquid particles and gas particles. These two types of particles are distinguished by their mass and strength of interaction: a liquid particle has heavier mass and stronger interaction than a gas particle. By simulations with various initial number densities of these particles, we found that there is a transition from a spray flow to a network flow with an increase of the number density of the liquid particles. At the transition point, the size of the liquid droplets follows a power-law distribution, while it follows an exponential distribution when the number density of the liquid particles is lower than the critical value. The comparison between the transition of the model and that of models of percolation is discussed. The change of the average droplet size with the initial number density of the gas particles is also presented.