气泡在自由液面破碎后的射流断裂现象研究

在势流假设下, 考虑表面张力以及黏性修正, 建立自由液面在气泡破碎后全非线性运动的数值模型, 给出射流断裂和水滴撕裂的数值处理方法. 同时进行上浮气泡在自由液面破裂的实验研究, 数值解与实验值符合良好.为了研究自由液面在气泡破碎后的运动学机理和规律, 运用开发的程序研究了不同尺寸气泡破碎后的动态特性, 包括从气泡底部顶起的射流、射流断裂以及水滴分裂等复杂的物理现象, 总结了从射流上撕裂出的第一个水滴尺寸、撕裂时间以及最大射流速度的变化规律. 最后讨论了雷诺数与韦伯数对气泡破碎后自由液面运动的影响. 关键词： 气泡 自由液面 破碎 断裂     

Deterministic quantum teleportation and information splitting via a peculiar W-class state

In the paper ({\em Phys. Rev.} 2006 A {\bf 74} 062320) Agrawal {\em et al}. have introduced a kind of W-class state which can be used for the quantum teleportation of single-particle state via a three-particle von Neumann measurement, and they thought that the state could not be used to teleport an unknown state by making two-particle and one-particle measurements. Here we reconsider the features of the W-class state and the quantum teleportation process via the W-class state. We show that, by introducing a unitary operation, the quantum teleportation can be achieved deterministically by making two-particle and one-particle measurements. In addition, our protocol is extended to the process of teleporting two-particle state and splitting information.     

Termination of spiral wave breakup in a Fitzhugh-Nagumo model via short and long duration stimuli

Rotating spiral waves have been observed in a variety of nonlinear biological and physical systems. Spiral waves are found in excitable and oscillatory systems and can be stationary, meander, or even degenerate into multiple unstable rotating waves (a process called "spiral wave breakup"). In the heart, spiral wave breakup is thought to be the underlying mechanism of cardiac fibrillation. The spatiotemporal complexity of multiple unstable spiral waves is difficult to control or terminate. Here, the mechanisms of the termination of spiral wave breakup in response to global stimulation are investigated. A modified Fitzhugh-Nagumo model was used to represent cellular kinetics to study the role of the fast (activation) and slow (recovery) variables. This simplified model allows a theoretical analysis of the termination of spiral wave breakup via both short and long duration pulses. Simulations were carried out in both two-dimensional sheets and in a three-dimensional geometry of the heart ventricles. The short duration pulses affected only the fast variable and acted to reset wave propagation. Monophasic pulses excited tissue ahead of the wave front thus reducing the amount of excitable tissue. Biphasic shocks did the same, but they also acted to generate new wave fronts from the pre-existing wave tails by making some active regions excitable. Thus, if the short duration stimuli were strong enough, they acted to fill in excitable tissue via propagating wave fronts and terminated all activity. The long duration wave forms were selected such that they had a frequency spectrum similar to that of the pseudoelectrocardiograms recorded during fibrillation. These long duration wave forms affected both the recovery and activation variables, and the mechanism of unstable multiple spiral wave termination was different compared to the short duration wave forms. If the long duration stimuli were strong enough, they acted to alter the "state" (i.e., combination of fast and slow variables) of the tissue throughout 1.5 cycles, thus "conditioning" the tissue such that by the end of the stimuli almost no excitable tissue remained. The peak current, total energy, and average power of stimuli required to terminate spiral wave breakup were less for the long duration wave forms compared to the short duration wave forms. In addition, closed loop feedback via stimulation with a wave form that was the difference of the pseudoelectrocardiogram and a strongly periodic chaotic signal was successful at terminating spiral wave breakup. These results suggest that it may be possible to improve cardiac defibrillation efficacy by using long duration wave forms to affect recovery variables in the heart as opposed to the traditional brief duration wave forms that act only on the fast variables. (c) 2002 American Institute of Physics.     

Conditional spin squeezing of a large ensemble via the vacuum Rabi splitting

We use the vacuum Rabi splitting to perform quantum nondemolition measurements that prepare a conditionally spin squeezed state of a collective atomic psuedospin. We infer a 3.4(6) dB improvement in quantum phase estimation relative to the standard quantum limit for a coherent spin state composed of uncorrelated atoms. The measured collective spin is composed of the two-level clock states of nearly 10(6) (87)Rb atoms confined inside a low finesse F=710 optical cavity. This technique may improve atomic sensor precision and/or bandwidth, and may lead to more precise tests of fundamental physics.     

Residue-free acoustofluidic manipulation of microparticles via removal of microchannel anechoic corner

Surface acoustic wave (SAW)-based acoustofluidics has shown significant promise to manipulate micro/nanoscale objects for biomedical applications, e.g. cell separation, enrichment, and sorting. A majority of the acoustofluidic devices utilize microchannels with rectangular cross-section where the acoustic waves propagate in the direction perpendicular to the sample flow. A region with weak acoustic wave intensity, termed microchannel anechoic corner (MAC), is formed inside a rectangular microchannel of the acoustofluidic devices where the ultrasonic waves refract into the fluid at the Rayleigh angle with respect to the normal to the substrate. Due to the absence of a strong acoustic field within the MAC, the microparticles flowing adjacent to the microchannel wall remain unaffected by a direct SAW-induced acoustic radiation force (ARF). Moreover, an acoustic streaming flow (ASF) vortex produced within the MAC pulls the particles further into the corner and away from the direct ARF influence. Therefore, a residue of particles continues to flow past the SAWs without intended deflection, causing a decrease in microparticle manipulation efficiency. In this work, we introduce a cross-type acoustofluidic device composed of a half-circular microchannel, fabricated through a thermal reflow of a positive photoresist mold, to overcome the limitations associated with rectangular microchannels, prone to the MAC formation. We investigated the effects of different microchannel cross-sectional shapes with varying contact angles on the microparticle deflection in a continuous flow and found three distinct regimes of particle deflection. By systematically removing the MAC out of the microchannel cross-section, we achieved residue-free acoustofluidic microparticle manipulation via SAW-induced ARF inside a half-circular microchannel. The proposed method was applied to efficient fluorescent coating of the microparticles in a size-selective manner without any residue particles left undeflected in the MAC.     

Overlimiting current in a microchannel

We revisit the classical problem of diffusion-limited ion transport to a membrane (or electrode) by considering the effects of charged sidewalls. Using simple mathematical models and numerical simulations, we identify three basic mechanisms for overlimiting current in a microchannel: (i)?surface conduction carried by excess counterions, which dominates for very thin channels, (ii)?convection by electro-osmotic flow on the sidewalls, which dominates for thicker channels, and (iii) transitions to electro-osmotic instability on the membrane end in very thick channels. These intriguing electrokinetic phenomena may find applications in biological separations, water desalination, and electrochemical energy storage.     

Production of excited double hypernuclei via Fermi breakup of excited strange systems

Precise spectroscopy of multi-strange hypernuclei provides a unique chance to explore the hyperon–hyperon interaction. In the present work we explore the production of excited states in double hypernuclei following the micro-canonical break-up of an initially excited double hypernucleus which is created by the absorption and conversion of a stopped Ξ⁻${\Xi }^{-}$ hyperon. Rather independent on the spectrum of possible excited states in the produced double hypernuclei the formation of excited states dominates in our model. For different initial target nuclei which absorb the Ξ⁻${\Xi }^{-}$, different double hypernuclei nuclei dominate. Thus the ability to assign the various observable γ-transitions in a unique way to a specific double hypernuclei by exploring various light targets as proposed by the Panda Collaboration seems possible. We also confront our predictions with the correlated pion spectra measured by the E906 Collaboration.     

DNA dynamics in a microchannel

An extended Brownian dynamics simulation method is used to characterize the dynamics of long DNA molecules flowing in microchannels. The relaxation time increases due to confinement in agreement with scaling predictions. During flow the molecules migrate toward the channel center line, and thereby segregate according to molecular weight. Capturing these effects requires the detailed incorporation of solvent flow in the simulation method, demonstrating the importance of hydrodynamic effects in the dynamics of confined macromolecules.     

微通道冷却器的数值分析

微通道热沉是制作在硅芯片基底背面的微细通道,其水力直径范围为10～1 000 μm.微通道具有高表面积-体积比、低热阻、低流量等特点,是一种高效散热的解决方案.一个典型应用是激光二极管列阵的致冷.然而,微通道里流体的状态和传热与宏观状态相比有很大不同,有必要开展进一步研究.论文采用商业软件CoventorWareTM建立一个平板式微通道的有限元模型,据此对微通道中流体状态及传热进行了数值计算,获得了单个微通道中流场和温度的分布.结果表明,对于2 000 μm×50 μm×500 μm的微通道,能够对500 W/cm2的热通量快速散热,热阻仅有0.042 3 K/(W·cm-2).     

All-optical routing and space demultiplexer via four-wave mixing spatial splitting

We demonstrate the spatial splitting of the four-wave mixing beams and probe beams induced by the dressing fields. Such a splitting effect depends on frequency detuning, the intensities and the polarization states of the dressing beams. Our observations agree quite well with the theoretical results. In the experiments, we demonstrated the ability to realize space demultiplexer and router via splitting one spot to multiple spots. This demonstration of all-optically controlled routing has opened the door to the potential achievement of hyper-THz all optical router and space demultiplexer.     

Electro-osmotic nanofluid flow in a curved microchannel

Biological mechanisms offer significant improvement in the efficiency of next generation energy systems. Motivated by new developments in distensible pumping systems, ionic electro-kinetic manipulation and nanoscale liquids (”nanofluids”), in the present study a mathematical model is developed to simulate the entropy generation and electro-osmotic transport of nanofluids in a curved deformable microchannel driven by peristaltic transport. Both thermal and species (nano-particle) buoyancy effects are included and Soret and Dufour cross-diffusion effects. The appropriate conservation equations are normalized with scaled variables and the resulting dimensionless nonlinear boundary value problem is solved in a transformed coordinate system. Simplification of the mathematics is achieved via lubrication approximations and low zeta potential (Debye Hückel linearization). The effects of various parameters, i.e. electro-osmotic velocity, EDL (electrical double layer) thickness and zeta potential ratio on velocity profile and temperature profiles are computed. The effects of Brinkman number (viscous heating parameter) and Joule (electrical field heating) parameter on nano-particle concentration profiles are also simulated. The micro-channel curvature effects on the nanofluid flow characteristics and thermal characteristics are also computed. Furthermore, streamline patterns, temperature contours, nano-particles concentration contours and entropy generation rate contours are plotted for various curvature parameters. Results indicate that the curvature of the channel and electro-osmotic body force influence strongly the sources of entropy generation rate. The study finds applications in bio-inspired electro-osmotic nanofluid pumping in microscale energy applications.     

Relating breakup and incomplete fusion of weakly bound nuclei through a classical trajectory model with stochastic breakup

A classical dynamical model that treats breakup stochastically is presented for low energy reactions of weakly bound nuclei. The three-dimensional model allows a consistent calculation of breakup, incomplete, and complete fusion cross sections. The model is assessed by comparing the breakup observables with continuum discretized coupled-channel quantum mechanical predictions, which are found to be in reasonable agreement. Through the model, it is demonstrated that the breakup probability of the projectile as a function of its distance from the target is of primary importance for understanding complete and incomplete fusion at energies near the Coulomb barrier.     

Spiral breakup as a model of ventricular fibrillation

The phenomenon of spiral breakup in a 2D and a 3D excitable medium is described. Differences between breakup in two dimensions and in three dimensions are discussed. Spiral breakup in an anatomical model of the ventricles of the heart is also studied. The patterns of excitation in the heart are presented at different wavelengths together with their electrocardiograms. Finally it is suggested that the phenomenon of spiral breakup is a possible mechanism of the ventricular fibrillation (VF). (c) 1998 American Institute of Physics.     

Molecular-Dynamics Simulations of Droplets on a Solid Surface

By using a semi-empirical Lennard-Jones embedded-atom-method potential, we study the influence of many-body forces and atomic size mismatch on the wetting behavior of nano droplets on a solid surface. With molecular dynamics simulations, we find that the contact angle decreases with increasing many-body forces. The increase of atomic size mismatch between solid and liquid results in the decrease of contact angles. Our calculation also shows that the interface structure is strongly affected by the interaction between liquid and solid as well as the atomic size mismatch. For weak solid-liquid interaction, the interface layer of the droplet nearest to the solid exhibits a typical simple liquid structure regardless of the size mismatch. For strong solid-liquid interaction, evident ordering in the interface layer is observed for well matched cases.     

Chaotic mixing in a steady flow in a microchannel

We report experiments on mixing of a passively advected fluorescent dye in a low Reynolds number flow in a microscopic channel. The channel is a chain of repeating segments with a custom designed profile that generates a steady three-dimensional flow with stretching and folding, and chaotic mixing. A few statistical characteristics of mixing in the flow are studied and are all found to agree with theoretical and experimental results for the flows in the Batchelor regime of mixing that are chaotic in time. The proposed microchannel provides fast and efficient mixing and is simple to fabricate.     

A generalization of quantum teleportation and splitting of entanglement via local cloning

In the original one-to-one teleportation protocol of Bennett et al. [1], an observer, Alice, transmits the information of a d-level system to another observer, Bob, with perfect fidelity, by using a maximally entangled state. We introduce a generalization called the many-to-many teleportation, where the information is sent from N observers to M receivers situated at different locations. One of the most interesting applications of quantum cloning is the symmetric broadcasting of entanglement proposed by Buzek et al. [2]. We propose the splitting of entanglement based on a local optimal universal asymmetric cloning machine and, then, by applying the Peres-Horodecki criterion, we analyze the inseparability of the final states. The text was submitted by the author in English.     

Scheme for splitting quantum information via W states in cavity QED systems

Assisted by multipartite entanglement, Quantum information may be split so that the original qubit can be reconstructed if and only if the recipients cooperate. This paper proposes an experimentally feasible scheme for splitting quantum information via W-type entangled states in cavity QED systems, where three-level Rydberg atoms interact with nonresonant cavities. Since W-type states are used as the quantum channel and the cavities are only virtually excited, the scheme is easy to implement and robust against decoherence, and the dependence on the quality factor of the cavities is greatly reduced.     

Beam breakup simulation study for a high energy ERL

The maximum beam current that can be accelerated in an energy recovery linac (ERL) can be severely limited by the transverse multi-pass beam breakup instability (BBU), especially in future ERL light sources with multi-GeV high energy beam energy and more than 100 mA average current. In this paper, the multi-pass BBU of such a high energy ERL is studied based on the simulation of a 3-GeV ERL light source that is proposed by KEK. This work is expected to provide a reference for future high energy ERL projects.     

微通道散热器新型通道设计及性能分析

微电子设备的发热问题严重影响着其可靠性,散热器的热设计已成为微电子设备结构设计中不可忽略的一个重要环节。微通道散热是近年来发展起来的一种新型散热措施。设计了多种新型的微通道散热器结构,并利用数值方法研究了新型微通道结构散热性能及微通道内流体的流场分布情况。研究结果表明,新型微通道散热器增大了换热比表面积,具有较好的散热效率。菱形肋微通道(导流角度120°)的散热效率改善的尤为明显。各新型微通道靠近壁面的死区较少,流体与通道的接触面积也更多,因而换热效果较好。尤其是菱形肋微通道(导流角度30°)内的流场分布更为均匀。