钙钛矿型LaxSr1－xNi1－yCoyO3光电催化活性研究

用甘氨酸-硝酸盐燃烧合成法, 制备La_xSr_1－xNi_1－yCo_yO₃复合氧化物的陶瓷粉末, 对钙钛矿氧化物进行了XRD结构分析. 在通氧或不通氧下测试氧还原和氧析出的循环伏安曲线. 结果表明: 该氧电极具有双功能催化特性, 但不完全可逆. 利用汞灯作为激发光源, 进行几种水溶性染料和五种混合染料光解实验, 利用紫外-可见、红外以及人工神经网络光度法研究La_xSr_1－xNi_1－yCo_yO₃的催化性能. 结果表明: La_xSr_1－xNi_1－yCo_yO₃ (x＝0.7, 0.9, 1; y＝0.3, 0.75)复合氧化物都具有较强光催化特性; La_xSr_1－xNi_1－yCo_yO₃的光催化活性高于La_xSr_1－xNiO₃, 这与B位离子(Ni^2—, Co^2－)的电子构型有关; Co^2＋的加入可使La_xSr_1－xNiO₃的光催化活性有所提高.     

Structural chemistry of the cation-ordered perovskites Sr2CaMo1−xTexO6 (0?x?1)

The crystal structures of Sr₂CaMoO₆ and Sr₂CaTeO₆ have been determined at room temperature by neutron powder diffraction. Both compounds crystallize in the perovskite structure with a rock-salt ordered array of Ca²⁺ and M⁶⁺ cations (M=Mo, Te) on the six-coordinate sites (space group P2₁/n (no. 14); for M=Mo, a=5.76228(7), b=5.84790(7), , β=90.194(1)°, for M=Te, a=5.79919(9), b=5.83756(8), , β=90.194(1)°). Compositions in the solid solution Sr₂CaMo_1−xTe_xO₆ have been synthesized and shown by X-ray diffraction to adopt the same ordered structure. The results are used in a discussion of the cation oxidation states in Ca₂FeMoO₆ and to establish the similarity between the structural chemistry of hexavalent Mo and Te.     

Sol-gel synthesis, structural and superconducting properties of (Hg1−ySey)Sr2(Y1−xCax)Cu2O6+δ

A new series of Sr-based Hg-1212 superconducting cuprate (Hg_1−ySe_y)Sr₂(Y_1−xCa_x)Cu₂O_6+δ (y=0.25; 0.0?x?0.7) have been successfully synthesized using a highly homogenous and reactive precursor Sr₂(Y_1−xCa_x)Cu₂O_z prepared by the citrate sol-gel process. This chemical method is fast, cheap, reproducible and more efficient than the traditional solid-state reaction method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Energy dispersive X-ray analyses (EDX) studies have shown that Se is required for stabilization of the Sr-based Hg-1212 phase (Hg_1−ySe_y)Sr₂YCu₂O_6+δ; y≈0.25. On the other hand, electrical resistivity and magnetic susceptibility measurements indicated that substitution of Y by Ca is necessary to induce superconductivity in the 1212 (Hg_0.75Se_0.25)Sr₂(Y_1−xCa_x)Cu₂O_6+δ samples. Superconductivity is observed only for samples with x?0.3 and T_c increases with increasing Ca content as well as O₂-annealing. A maximum T_c(onset) of 85 K is found in the (Hg_0.75Se_0.25)Sr₂(Y_0.3Ca_0.7)Cu₂O_6.84 sample annealed in an oxygen atmosphere. The structure of O₂-annealed samples was investigated by the Rietveld refinement. For all samples, it was found that Se substitutes at the Hg site. Each Se atom is surrounded by four oxygen atoms O(3), but these are not at the ideal site. Rather, these oxygen atoms are shifted along the [110] direction ((0.3989, 0.3989, 0) in the case of x=0.5), implying a four-fold split site with an occupancy of 0.22(2) for each of them.     

Structure and magnetic properties of Ca2Fe1−xMnxAlO5+δ

Ca₂Fe_1−xMn_xAlO₅ (0?x?1) compounds were prepared by a self-combustion method under air (x=0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3) and nitrogen (x=0.5, 0.7 and 1.0). The samples prepared under nitrogen were successfully oxidized after short annealing under air. Both X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) Rietveld analysis and electron diffraction revealed that all compounds adopt the brownmillerite-type structure. All samples present an overall antiferromagnetic behaviour and data from magnetic measurements and Mössbauer spectroscopy allowed to conclude that the transition temperature decreases as Mn content increases for x?0.3 and increases in the case of the x?0.5 compounds. Except for x=1, chemical disorder due to the occupancy of both octahedral and tetrahedral sites by different metals as well as the competition between different moments’ orientation induce a complex magnetic behaviour characterized by magnetic frustration and canted antiferromagnetism. Mössbauer spectroscopy and chemical titrations also allowed to conclude about the preferential oxidation of Mn³⁺ over Fe³⁺, obtained by thermal treatment under air of the x=0.5 and 0.7 compositions.     

Magnetic and dielectric properties of YbFe2−xMnxO4 (0?x?1)

We have investigated the magnetic and dielectric properties of YbFe_2−xMn_xO₄ (0?x?1), which is an Fe-site-substituted system of new multiferroic oxides RFe₂O₄ (R=Y, Ho-Lu). X-ray diffraction measurements show that a solid solution is formed between YbFe₂O₄ (x=0) and YbFeMnO₄ (x=1) for 0?x?1, whereas only compounds with x=1 (i.e., RM₁M₂O₄; M₁ and M₂=trivalent and divalent cations, respectively) have been known for the Fe-site substitution in RFe₂O₄. The valence of the Mn ion is determined to be ∼2+, consistently with the suppression of low-temperature magnetization by the Mn substitution. The magnetic transition temperature (T_N) and the dielectric constant (ε′) decrease monotonically with increasing x. This result plausibly confirms that the magnetic and dielectric properties in oxides isostructural with RFe₂O₄ are governed by the electron transfer between Fe-site ions, unlike ordinary ferroelectrics and dielectrics, in which the ionic displacement plays a key role. The possibility for application is briefly discussed as well.     

Crystal structure and magnetic properties of high-oxygen pressure annealed Sr1−xLaxCo0.5Fe0.5O3−δ (0?x?0.5)

Structural and magnetic studies are presented for the perovskite type Sr_1−xLa_xCo_0.5Fe_0.5O_3−δ (0?x?0.5) materials annealed under moderately high-oxygen pressures of ∼200 atm. A detailed analysis of the room temperature neutron time-of-flight diffraction data reveals that the crystal structure of the sample SrCo_0.5Fe_0.5O_2.89(1), previously described as vacancy-disordered cubic, is similar to the formerly reported, oxygen-vacancy ordered Sr₈Fe₈O₂₃ compound, i.e. Sr₈Co₄Fe₄O₂₃ is tetragonal with the I4/mmm symmetry. With an increase of the La content the studied materials become nearly oxygen stoichiometric and a lowering of the crystal symmetry is observed from cubic (x=0.1 and 0.2) to tetragonal I4/mcm (x=0.3 and 0.4), and finally to monoclinic I12/c1 (x=0.5). Low-temperature structural and magnetic measurements show a ferromagnetic ordering with the maximum Curie temperature near 290 K at x=0.2.     

Influence of iron addition on the oxygen-deficient Sr0.85Bi0.15Co1−xFexO3−δ (0.0?x?1.0) perovskites

A series of oxygen-deficient Sr_0.85Bi_0.15Co_1−xFe_xO_3−δ (0.0?x?1.0) perovskite phases were prepared using solid-state reaction. Results of neutron powder diffraction analyses show that the introduction of Fe onto the B-site severely effects the long range coherence of the oxygen vacancy ordered, I4/mmm supercell, observed for the x=0.0 sample. For x=0.1 a smaller, a=b≈a_p, c≈2a_p, P4/mmm supercell gives the best agreement to the diffraction data, whilst phases in the range 0.2?x?0.6 adopt disordered cubic perovskite structures. Pseudo-cubic, a=b≈a_p, c≈a_p, structures are found for x?0.8. Evidence of weak superstructures, reflecting local oxygen ordering, is also obtained from electron diffraction. For all oxygen-annealed phases the average structure reverts to cubic Pm3¯m. The as-prepared samples show G-type antiferromagnetic order at room temperature. The oxygen annealed x=0.10, 0.25 and 1.0 samples display low-temperature spin-glass transitions.     

Phase and valence transitions in Ba2LnSnxNb1−xO6−δ

The structures of compounds in the perovskite series Ba₂LnSn_xNb_1−xO_6−δ (Ln=Pr and Tb and x=0, 0.1, 0.2, …, 1.0) have been examined using synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction. It was found that niobate members of both series feature full B-site cation ordering but that this order is lost with increasing x. X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and near-infrared spectroscopies indicate that the oxidation state of the lanthanide cations gradually changes from Ln³⁺ to Ln⁴⁺ with increased Sn⁴⁺ doping. This is believed to be the cause of the loss of B-site ordering. Least squares analysis of the XANES spectra suggests that the rate of the transformation of Ln³⁺ cations to the tetravalent state is such that the Pr series contains no oxygen vacancies while the Tb series may contain a very small amount of vacancies, with δ≈0.02.     

Structural features, nonstoichiometry and high-temperature transport in SrFe1−xMoxO3−δ

The oxide solid solutions SrFe_1−xMo_xO_3−δ, where x=0.05, 0.1 and 0.2, are studied in this work. It is shown that substitution of iron for molybdenum results in stabilization of a cubic quasi-perovskite locally inhomogeneous structure, which is evidenced by HREM and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The coulometric titration is used in order to determine changes of oxygen nonstoichiometry in the obtained solutions with temperature and ambient oxygen partial pressure. Partial molar thermodynamic functions of the labile oxygen are calculated from the measured data. The variations of partial molar entropy with oxygen content follow the ideal gas model reasonably well thus demonstrating approximately random distribution of oxygen vacancies in the doped ferrite at high temperatures. The partial molar enthalpy is found to increase with doping, which is indicative of a progressive decrease in average values of the bonding energy of labile oxygen ions. The measurements of total conductivity are used in order to determine partial contributions of charge carriers. The oxygen ion component is shown to increase at small level of doping, x=0.05 while further increase in molybdenum content is accompanied with the decline in the ion conductivity. The electron contribution in reducing conditions tends to increase with molybdenum content, which is interpreted as a manifestation of involvement of Mo⁵⁺ cations in electron transport. Concentration and mobility of electron carriers are calculated. Some increase in mobility of electron holes at small doping is explained as related to the filling of oxygen vacancies.     

La1－xSrxNi1－yFeyO3型钙钛矿双功能氧电极的电化学性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了一系列La_1－xSr_xNi_1－yFe_yO₃ (x＝0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5; y＝0～1.0)型的钙钛矿催化剂, 以活性碳为载体, PTFE乳液为粘接剂制备双功能氧电极. 对催化剂进行了XRD结构分析以及SEM分析和BET比表面积测量. 采用三电极体系测试了氧电极的稳态极化曲线和电化学交流阻抗谱并对其阴极极化和阳极极化的交流阻抗谱图进行分析. 通过等效电路的拟合研究了该系列双功能氧电极氧还原反应的工作机理. 实验表明对于LaNiO₃化合物, B位掺杂可显著提高催化剂的电催化性能; 电极氧还原反应的极化主要由电荷转移反应和Nernstian扩散过程造成. 通过各个电极对于催化分解H₂O₂的分解速率常数的测定得知, Ni离子对于催化H₂O₂分解反应的活性大于Fe离子, 继续在对于氧还原反应和氧析出反应都具有较高电催化活性的LaNi_0.8Fe_0.2O₃催化剂上进行A位掺杂Sr离子后显著提高了催化剂分解H₂O₂的催化活性, 主要是因为氧空位的增多和金属离子d电子含量的降低有利于催化分解H₂O₂的活性的提高, 但由于氧空位的增多导致催化剂电导率的降低, 所以其电催化活性降低了. 通过多圈循环伏安扫描的测试, 催化剂LaNi_0.8Fe_0.2O₃有很好的稳定性.     

Thermodynamic quantities and defect equilibrium in La2−xSrxNiO4+δ

In order to elucidate the relation between thermodynamic quantities, the defect structure, and the defect equilibrium in La_2−xSr_xNiO_4+δ, statistical thermodynamic calculation is carried out and calculated results are compared to those obtained from experimental data. Partial molar enthalpy of oxygen and partial molar entropy of oxygen are obtained from δ-P(O₂)-T relation by using Gibbs-Helmholtz equation. Statistical thermodynamic model is derived from defect equilibrium models proposed before by authors, localized electron model and delocalized electron model which could well explain the variation of oxygen content of La_2−xSr_xNiO_4+δ. Although assumed defect species and their equilibrium are different, the results of thermodynamic calculation by localized electron model and delocalized electron model show minor difference. Calculated results by the both models agree with the thermodynamic quantities obtained from oxygen nonstoichiometry of La_2−xSr_xNiO_4+δ.     

The clathrate Ba8CuxGe46−x−y□y: Phase equilibria and crystal structure

Phase relations at 700 °C, 800 °C and solidus temperatures have been derived for the clathrate system Ba₈Cu_xGe_46−x−y□_y via X-ray single crystal and powder diffractometry combined with electron probe micro analysis and differential thermal analysis. The ternary clathrate phase derives from binary Ba₈Ge₄₃□₃ and extends up to x=6. Structure investigations define cubic primitive symmetry with the space group type consistent with a clathrate type I structure throughout the entire homogeneity region 0<x?6 but defect-free Ba₈Cu_xGe_46−x exists for x?5.5.     

Conditions for superconductivity in the electron-doped copper-oxide system, (Nd1−xCex)2CuO4+δ

We report systematic studies on the relations among the Ce^IV-for-Nd^III substitution level (x), oxygen-partial pressure (P_O2), oxygen content (4+δ), lattice parameters (a, c) and superconductivity characteristics (T_c, volume fraction) in the (Nd_1−xCe_x)₂Cu_1−yO_4+δ system which includes electron-doped superconductors. Independent of the Ce-doping level x, samples synthesized in air are found oxygen deficient, i.e. δ<0. Nevertheless, reductive annealing is needed to induce superconductivity in the air-synthesized samples. At the same time, the amount of oxygen removed upon the annealing is found very small (e.g. 0.004 oxygen atoms per formula unit at x=0.075), and consequently the effect of the annealing on the valence of copper (and thereby also on the electron doping level) is insignificant. Rather, the main function of the reductive annealing is likely to repair the Cu vacancies believed to exist in tiny concentrations (y) in the air-synthesized samples.     

Oxygen nonstoichiometry and chemical stability of Nd2−xSrxNiO4+δ

Nonstoichiometric variation of oxygen content in Nd_2−xSr_xNiO_4+δ (x=0, 0.2, 0.4) and decomposition P(O₂) were determined by means of high temperature gravimetry and coulometric titration. The measurements were carried out in the temperature range from 873 to 1173 K and the P(O₂) range from 10⁻²⁰ to 1 bar. Nd_2−xSr_xNiO_4+δ shows the oxygen excess and the oxygen deficient composition depending on P(O₂), temperature, and the Sr content. To evaluate the characteristics of oxygen nonstoichiometric behavior, partial molar enthalpy of oxygen was calculated. The value of partial molar enthalpy of oxygen slightly approaches zero as δ increases in the oxygen excess region while that is independent of δ in the oxygen deficient region. Discussion was made by comparing data of this study with nonstoichiometric and thermodynamic data of La_2−xSr_xNiO_4+δ: Nd_2−xSr_xNiO_4+δ show more oxygen excess than La_2−xSr_xNiO_4+δ in the higher P(O₂) region, while the nonstoichiometric behavior in the oxygen deficient composition is almost the same. The variation of partial molar enthalpy of oxygen with δ for Nd_2−xSr_xNiO_4+δ in the oxygen excess region is much smaller than that of La_2−xSr_xNiO_4+δ. The oxygen nonstoichiometric behavior of Nd_2−xSr_xNiO_4+δ is more ideal-solution-like than that of La_2−xSr_xNiO_4+δ.     

Structural characterisation of the Ce1−xLaxNbO4+δ solid solution series: In-situ high-temperature powder diffraction studies

High-resolution neutron powder diffraction has been utilised to investigate the effect of lanthanum substitution on the structure of cerium niobate, CeNbO_4+δ, as a function of temperature. Two members of the Ce_1−xLa_xNbO_4+δ solid solution series, Ce_0.8La_0.2NbO_4+δ and Ce_0.2La_0.8NbO_4+δ, were examined over a temperature range of 293-923 K under a positive pressure of O₂ (500 mbar). From this data it was found that on increasing lanthanum substitution there was an associated reduction in the temperature of the monoclinic-to-tetragonal phase transition. The data also suggested that increasing lanthanum substitution caused an associated decrease in the excess oxygen content. In addition, high-temperature X-ray powder diffraction data recorded in static air were also examined for four compositions of the Ce_1−xLa_xNbO_4+δ series (x=0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8). These data corroborated the results of the neutron diffraction experiments and also suggested that there was formation of an intermediate phase, analogous to the CeNbO_4.08 phase of the parent material, during the phase transitions of the x=0.8 and 0.6 compositions.     

Synthesis, crystal chemistry and physical properties of the Ruddlesden-Popper phases Sr3Fe2−xNixO7−δ (0?x?1.0)

The crystal chemistry, electronic structure, and electrical and magnetic properties of the novel perovskite-related nickel oxides Sr₃Fe_2−xNi_xO_7−δ with 0?x?1.0 have been studied. X-ray diffraction and selected area electron diffraction (ED) data indicate that the samples have a tetragonal (Space group I4/mmm) structure. ED patterns and high-resolution images reveal the presence of a regular stacking along the c-axis for the x=1.0 sample. The lattice parameters, oxygen content, and average oxidation state of iron and nickel decrease with increasing Ni content. The electronic structure of the x=1.0 sample was studied by M 2p X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). An analysis of the spectra using the cluster model indicates that this material is in the negative charge-transfer regime and the ground state is dominated by the 3dⁿ⁺¹L configuration with 2p holes (L) in the oxygen band. The insulator states are stabilized due to a p-p type band gap that arises because the p-d transfer integral T_σ dominates over the O 2p bandwith. Although magnetic measurements reveal the presence of ferromagnetic interactions that lead to magnetic frustration at , no long-range magnetic order was observed for the samples with x?0.3. The electrical resistivity decreases with increasing Ni content as the p-p band gap tend to close due to the reduction of the T_σ value. Negative magnetoresistance (∼−24% for x=0.6 and −7% for x=1.0 at 20 K and 9 T) was observed for the Ni containing samples.     

Phase and valence transitions in Ba2LnSnxSb1−xO6−δ (Ln=Pr and Tb)

Compounds in the double perovskites series Ba₂LnSn_xSb_1−xO_6−δ (Ln=Pr and Tb) have been synthesised and structurally characterised using synchrotron X-ray and neutron powder diffraction. It was found that the two end-members of the Ba₂PrSn_xSb_1−xO_6−δ series both adopt rhombohedral symmetry but the antimonate is a fully ordered double perovskite while the stannate has no B-site cation ordering. X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and near-infrared spectroscopy indicate that the Pr cations gradually change oxidation state from Pr³⁺ to Pr⁴⁺ with increasing x and that this is likely to be the cause of the loss of B-site ordering. Similarly, both Ba₂TbSbO₆ and Ba₂TbSnO_6−δ are cubic with B-site ordering present in the former but absent in the latter due to the oxidation state change of the Tb from Tb³⁺ to Tb⁴⁺. Multiple linear regression analysis of the Pr and Tb L_III-edge XANES indicates that the rate of Ln³⁺ transforming to Ln⁴⁺ is such that there are no oxygen vacancies in Ba₂PrSn_xSb_1−xO_6−δ but in Ba₂TbSn_xSb_1−xO_6−δ there is a small amount of oxygen vacancies, with a maximum of δ≈0.05 present.     

Synthesis and characterization of the K2NiF4 phases La1+xSr1−xCo0.5Fe0.5O4−δ (x=0, 0.2)

The K₂NiF₄ phases LaSrCo_0.5Fe_0.5O₄ and La_1.2Sr_0.8Co_0.5Fe_0.5O₄, and their reduced forms LaSrCo_0.5Fe_0.5O_3.75 and La_1.2Sr_0.8Co_0.5Fe_0.5O_3.85, have been successfully prepared by solid-state reactions, followed by reduction in 10% H₂/N₂ in order to produce oxygen-deficient materials. All materials crystallize in a tetragonal K₂NiF₄ structure (space group I4/mmm) with Co and Fe randomly distributed over the B-sites of the structure. Mössbauer spectra have confirmed the trivalent state of Fe in these materials. In the reduced materials, oxide ion vacancies are confined to the equatorial planes of the K₂NiF₄ structure and the Co is present almost entirely as Co²⁺ ions; low-temperature neutron powder diffraction data reveal that these reduced phases are antiferromagnetically ordered with a tetragonal noncollinear arrangement of the moments. The Co³⁺ ions, present in stoichiometric LaSrCo_0.5Fe_0.5O₄ and La_1.2Sr_0.8Co_0.5Fe_0.5O₄, inhibit magnetic order and are assumed to be in the low-spin state.     

Crystal structure and magnetic properties of complex oxides Mg4−xNixNb2O9, 0?x?4

In the Mg_4−xNi_xNb₂O₉ (0?x?4) system two ranges of solid solution have been found. One of the solid solutions has a corundum-related structure type (space group ); the second one adopts the II-Ni₄Nb₂O₉ structure type (space group Pbcn). The unit cell constants and atomic positions have been determined and refined using neutron powder diffraction data. Electron diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) from MgNi₃Nb₂O₉ crystals identify the presence of planar defects and the intergrowth of several (structurally related) phases. The magnetic susceptibility of Mg₃NiNb₂O₉, measured in the temperature range T=2-300 K, shows no indications of magnetic ordering at low temperatures, while for MgNi₃Nb₂O₉ there is a magnetic ordering at temperatures below 45.5 K.     

Investigation on the structural and electrical properties of NdSrNi1−xCrxO4+δ (0.1≤x≤0.9) system

The phases NdSrNi_1−xCr_xO_4+δ (0.1≤x≤0.9) have been synthesized by modified sol-gel method and subsequent annealing at 1250 °C in 1 atm of flowing argon. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and electrical resistivity have been measured at room temperature. Rietveld refinement shows that all compositions with x>0.1 were found to crystallize in the tetragonal K₂NiF₄ type structure in the space group I4/mmm, while for x=0.1, a mixture of two phases with the tetragonal space group I4/mmm and the orthorhombic space group Fmmm. Variations of a and c parameters show a complex behavior with increasing chromium content. It was established that compounds with chromium content less then x≤0.5 are oxygen-deficient, while for x>0.5 the sample are oxygen-overstoichiometric. The NdSrNi_0.5Cr_0.5O_4+δ compound exhibits semiconductive behavior and the electrical transport mechanism agrees with the non-adiabatic small polaron hopping model in the temperature ranges 298-493, 493-573 and 573-703 K separately.