Heat and mass transfer with phase change in a rectangular enclosure packed with unsaturated porous material

The paper has presented a seven-field mathematical model with ten variables to describe the simultaneous heat and mass transfer with phase change in the unsaturated porous medium that is enclosed in a rectangular enclosure. Both liquid and vapor migration in the porous matrix are evaluated at the same time, and gaseous bulk motion is simulated numerically. The numerical results are discussed with emphasis on the effect of evaporation and condensation of R113 in the vertical enclosure, which may have an application in the room passive heating for the buildings in winter. As solar energy or low-grade waste heat could be used if the enclosure is adequately designed to transfer heat from the outside to the room of the building, the present method may be propitious to the energy conservation. Aimed to this purpose, the heat transfer character of the enclosure is analyzed for the change of Nu number with different Ra number and Da number.     

Analytical transient phase change heat transfer model of wearable electronics with a thermal protection substrate

As thermal protection substrates for wearable electronics, functional soft composites made of polymer materials embedded with phase change materials and metal layers demonstrate unique capabilities for the thermal protection of human skin. Here,we develop an analytical transient phase change heat transfer model to investigate the thermal performance of a wearable electronic device with a thermal protection substrate.The model is validated by experiments and the finite element analysis(FEA). The ...     

Heat transfer phenomena during processing materials with microwave energy

This paper analyses transport phenomena that occur during microwave heating. In particular, a transient one-dimensional energy balance equation has been adopted to describe the heating of a body in a microwave cavity (single-mode applicator). In the energy balance, a kinetic term has been introduced to take into account released or absorbed heat due to chemical reaction. Thus, the energy equation has been coupled with a mass balance and the relevant initial and boundary conditions. Modeled heating profiles are shown to describe the energy transfer in different materials and, the influence, on the heating process, of the fluid-dynamics outside the microwave cavity is studied and discussed.     

Natural convection in composite systems with phase change materials

In this study, we carried out a numerical simulation of transient heat transfer in a composite passive system consisting of air–phase change material–air, arranged as a rectangular enclosure. The vertical boundaries of the enclosure are isothermal and the horizontal ones adiabatic. The enthalpy formulation with a fixed grid is used to study the process of phase change with liquid–solid interface zone controlled by natural convection. The flow in this zone is simulated by a model based on the Darcy porous medium. The numerical solution of the mathematical model is done using finite difference–control volume algorithm. The influence of the geometrical and thermal parameters is studied. It is found that subcooling coefficient is the most important parameter influencing heat transfer, and for a given subcooling, there is an optimum phase change partition thickness.     

Heat transfer with thermal relaxation to a perfectly conducting polar fluid

The model of boundary-layer equations for a perfectly conducting fluid proposed by M. Ezzat [1] is applied to study the heat transfer with one relaxation time from a non-isothermal stretching sheet on the flow of a polar fluid. The method of the successive approximation is adopted for the solution of two-dimensional problem. The effects of various material parameters on the velocity, angular velocity, and temperature are discussed and illustrated graphically.     

Optimization of size and shape of composite heat sinks with phase change materials

A composite heat sink is one in which a phase change material is interspersed with a high thermal conductivity base material to maximize the thermal performance of the device. Unlike constant area fins considered in literature, this work considers a repeating elemental composite heat sink (ECHS) with variable area fins. The base material is aluminium and the phase change material is n-Eicosane. An in house code was developed in MATLAB© to determine the time of operation for a vertical fins ECHS for a one dimensional approximation. This was followed by a two dimensional analysis of the problem using FLUENT 6.3. The effects of the shape of the interface surface on the time of operation and overall heat dissipated are determined and design modifications for the composite Heat Sinks based on the results obtained are suggested.     

Heat and mass transfer in unsaturated porous media with solid–liquid change

 A model on heat and mass transfer in unsaturated porous media with solid/liquid phase change was developed with extending the three-variable model previously proposed. The movement of air phase and its effect on the motion of water is considered. The model has been checked with comparison of the experimental results of the temperature distribution for two dimensional freezing process. The evolution of air pressure, water and ice saturation were predicted by solving the governing equations. The ice segregation and moisture movement toward the front of freezing were numerically simulated. Received on 8 December 1999     

Heat transfer and thermal performance characteristics of heat exchanger tube fitted with perforated twisted-tapes

Twisted tape insert was applied as a swirling flow generator for the passive heat transfer enhancement in the present work. The influences of the perforated twisted tapes (PTs) on the heat transfer, pressure loss and thermal performance characteristics were investigated experimentally. The experiments were performed under uniform wall heat flux condition by using PTs with y/W?=?3, 4 and 5, d/W?=?0.11, 0.14 and 0.17 and s/W?=?0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 where y is a twist length, d is a perforation hole diameter, s is a spacing between holes (pitch) and W is a tape width. The experimental results reveal that Nusselt number increased with decreasing s/W and y/W and increasing d/W. For the present range, the maximum heat transfer was obtained by utilizing the tape with s/W?=?0.4, d/W?=?0.17 and y/W?=?3, which is higher than those obtained from the plain tube with and without typical twisted tape by around 27.4 and 86.7%, respectively. In addition, the empirical correlations for Nusselt number, friction factor and thermal performance are also proposed in the present paper.     

Modeling thermal insulation of firefighting protective clothing embedded with phase change material

Experiments and research on heat transport through firefighting protective clothing when exposed to high temperature or intensive radiation are significant. Phase change material (PCM) takes energy when changes from solid to liquid thus reducing heat transmission. A numerical simulation of heat protection of the firefighting protective clothing embedded with PCM was studied. We focused on the temperature variation by comparing different thicknesses and position conditions of PCM combined in the clothing, as well as the melting state of PCM and human irreversible burns through a simplified one-dimensional model. The results showed it was superior to place PCM between water and proof layer and inner layer, in addition, greater thickness increased protection time while might adding extra burden to the firefighter.     

高超声速飞行器大面积热防护系统的传热数值分析

隔热毡是高超声速飞行器防热系统中重要的组成部分。隔热毡内存在复杂的多种传热形式的耦合,本文详细地分析了隔热结构内导热与辐射的复合换热问题,用光学厚极限法分析了隔热层纤维席内辐射热流。建立了高温绝热毡有效热导率的数值计算模型,分析了温度和压力对传热机制的影响。该模型预测的有效导热系数与试验结果最大误差不超过6%。通过应用数值分析方法得到有效导热系数,建立了防热结构一维瞬态传热模型,该模型结果与瞬态实验结果最大误差为8%。最后还计算出不同厚度隔热毡蒙皮结构的温度响应,并分析讨论了隔热毡厚度对隔热效果的影响。本文研究表明:TPS隔热毡的厚度达到63.3mm后,继续增加尺寸,其隔热效率将明显降低。     

Heat transfer to a biased wall of an electric arc chamber

A DC arc is operated in a rectangular arc chamber with currents of 50 to 150 amperes and at pressures of 100 to 760 mm Hg in an axially superimposed flow of argon. A segment of the chamber wall between cathode and anode is biased both positively and negatively relative to the cathode and the corresponding current-voltage measurements at the wall segment reveal two different types of characteristics depending on the particular arc parameters. One of the characteristics shows electron current saturation accompanied by a breakdown forming a secondary arc. The other type of characteristic shows neither electron current saturation nor breakdown. The heat transferred to the wall segment reflects the behavior or the current-voltage characteristics and suggests that variations in the potential distribution of the plasma in the immediate vicinity of the surface of the biased segment and/or changes of the electron flux are responsible for the observed effects.

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Zusammenfassung Ein axial angeblasener Gleichstrombogen in Argon wird in einer Entladungskammer mit rechteckigem Querschnitt mit Strömen im Bereich von 50–150 amp und Drucken von 100 bis 760mm Hg betrieben. Ein Segment der unterteilten Entladungskammer wird mit sowohl negativen als auch positiven Spannungen bezüglich der Bogenkathode beaufschlagt und die entsprechenden, gemessenen Strom-Spannungskennlinien fallen in zwei verschiedene Kategorien, die durch die Bogenparameter bestimmt werden. Die erste Kategorie ist durch Elektronensättigungsströme mit nachfolgendem elektrischem Durchbruch und der Ausbildung eines Sekundärbogens gekennzeichnet, während die zweite Kategorie weder Elektronensättigung noch elektrischen Durch-bruch zeigt. Der Wärmeübergang zu diesem Segment spiegelt das Verhalten der Strom-Spannungskennlinien wieder, was darauf hinweist, daß Änderungen der Potentialverteilung in unmittelbarer Nähe der Oberfläche und/oder Anderungen des Elektronenstromes für die beobachteten Effekte verantwortlich sind.

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Nomenclature C mean thermal speed - e elementary charge - E_i ionization potential - I arc current, or total current to biased segment - j current density - K_B Boltzmann constant - n number density - P pressure - Q heat flow - q_b heat flux to wall segment carried by the current - q_conv heat flux to wall segment due to convection - q_w total heat flux to wall segment - t time - T temperature - U potential of surface - U₁ potential at edge of sheath - V superimposed gas velocity - _D Debye length - mean free path - work function of wall segment material - e electrons - i ions - f at floating potential     

Heat transfer by Hagen-Poiseuille flow in the thermal development region with axial conduction

The heat transfer in the region of circular pipes close to the beginning of the heating section is investigated for low-Péclet-number flows with fully developed laminar velocity profile. Axial heat conduction is included and its effect on the temperature distribution is studied not only for the region downstream of the start of heating but also for that upstream. The energy equation is solved numerically by a finite difference method. Results are presented graphically for various Péclet numbers between 1 and 50. The boundary conditions are uniform wall temperature and uniform wall heat flux with step change at a certain cross-section. For the latter case, also some results for the region near the end of the heating section are reported. The solutions are applicable for the corresponding mass transfer situations where axial diffusion is important if the temperature is replaced by the concentration andPe byReSc.     

Natural convection heat transfer in enclosures with microemulsion phase change material slurry

This paper has dealt with the natural convection heat transfer characteristics of microemulsion slurry composed of water, fine particles of phase change material (PCM) in rectangular enclosures. The microemulsion slurry exhibited non-Newtonian pseudoplastic fluid behavior, and the phase changing process can show dramatically variations in both thermophysical and rheological properties with temperature. The experiments have been carried out separately in three subdivided regions in which the state of PCM in microemulsion is in only solid phase, two phases (coexistence of solid and liquid phases) or only liquid phase. The complicated heat transfer characteristics of natural convection have appeared in the phase changing region. The phase change phenomenon of the PCM enhanced the heat transfer in natural convection, and the Nusselt number was generalized by introducing a modified Stefan number. However, the Nusselt number did not show a linear output with the height of the enclosure, since a top conduction lid or stagnant layer was induced over a certain height of the enclosure. The Nusselt number increased with a decrease in aspect ratio (width/height of the rectangular enclosure) even including the side-wall effect. However, the microemulsion was more viscous while the PCM was in the solid phase, the side-wall effect on heat transfer was greater for the PCM in the solid region than that for the PCM in the liquid region. The correlation generalized for the PCM in a single phase is $ Nu = 1/3(1 - C_1 )Ra^{{1 \over {3.5n + 1}}} , $ where C ₁ = e ^–0.09AR for the PCM in solid phase and C ₁ = e ^–0.33AR for the PCM in liquid phase. For the PCM in the phase changing region, the correlation can be expressed as $ Nu = CRa^{{1 \over {7n + 2}}} Ste^{ - (1.9 - 1.65n)} , $ where C = 1.22 – 0.035AR for AR > 10 and C = 0.55 – 16.4e ^–1.1AR for AR < 10. The enclosure height used in the present experiments was varied from H = 5.5 [mm] to 30.4 [mm] at the fixed width W = 120 [mm] and depth D = 120 [mm]. The experiments were done in the range of modified Rayleigh number 7.0 × 10² ≤ Ra ≤ 3.0 × 10⁶, while the enclosure aspect ratio AR varied from 3.9 to 21.8.     

A one-step method for producing microencapsulated phase change materials

This short communication reports our recent work on the synthesis and characterisation ofmicrocapsules of phase change materials using silica as the shell material through a one-step method. The method uses no surfactants or dispersants for stabilising the capsules. The results show that the one-step method allows the tuning of the size and polydispersity of the capsules, and the use of different core materials. Analyses of the capsules show that they contain about 65% phase change materials. The results also suggest no need for a stabilising agent due to self-stabilisation by the amine groups. Further work is underway to investigate the mechanical and thermal properties of the microcapsules and the scale-up of the method.     

Modeling for heat and mass transfer with phase change in porous wick of CPL evaporator

A mathematic model is developed to describe heat and mass transfer with phase change in the porous wick of evaporator of capillary pumped loop (CPL). This model with six field variables, including temperature, liquid content, pressure, liquid velocity, vapor velocity and phase-change rate, is closed mathematically with additional pressure relationships introduced. The present model is suitable to the numerical computation, as the established equations become comparatively easy to solve, which is applied to CPL evaporator. The numerical results are obtained and the parameter effects on evaporator are discussed. The study demonstrates that instead of an evaporative interface, there exists an unsaturated two-phase zone between the vapor-saturated zone and the liquid-saturated zone in the wick of CPL evaporator.