Ab initio calculations of interfacial magnetism in Fe/Mo superlattices

Ab initio calculations have been performed on Fe/Mo(1 0 0) superlattices in order to study the interfacial magnetic properties and layer thickness effect on the magnetic moments. In most cases, the magnetic moments of interfacial Fe monolayers are always smaller than those of the inner layers, and the induced magnetic moments of interfacial Mo monolayers oriented in the opposite direction. Calculation results show that the Fe layers are ferromagnetic when n = 3. As the thickness of the Mo layers increases, the influence of the Mo layer increases and the magnetic state of the Fe layer gradually changes into an antiferromagnetic or non-magnetic state. The change of magnetic moments of Fe/Mo superlattices is in agreement with the experimentally observed oscillation periods.     

Ab initio calculation of optical absorption and reflectivity of Si(0 0 1)/SiO2 superlattices with varying interfaces

Using first-principles calculations we investigate the influence of interface modification and layer thicknesses on the optical properties of Si/SiO₂ superlattices. Four interface models with different dangling-bond passivation are considered. The results demonstrate confinement effects not only for the fundamental band gaps but also for the optical properties. While for a large Si layer thickness of the Si/SiO₂ superlattices the interface dependence is small, the calculations show a significant structure dependence for thin Si layers. © 2007 Elsevier Science. All rights reserved.     

Interfacial polarisation effect on the interlayer couplings in Co/Rh sandwiches

The structural, magnetic and transport properties of Co/Rh sandwiches grown by ultra high vacuum evaporation and sputtering have been studied. High-energy electron diffraction observations during the growth reveal that both Co and Rh layers have been stabilised in the (111) fcc structure for the evaporated sandwiches. X-ray measurements performed on sputtered samples show a predominant fcc polycrystalline structure of the stacks with a preferential (111) texture. Magnetisation and magnetoresistance measurements show a very strong antiferromagnetic exchange coupling for thin Rh layers, reaching for 4.8? Rh, the strongest ever observed in exchange coupled systems. This value is in good agreement with the value of obtained by ab initio calculations for Co/Rh (hcp) superlattices. This is explained by the magnetic nature of the Co/Rh interfaces. Indeed, the variation of the measured saturation magnetisation as a function of the Co layer thickness shows no evidence of Co moment reduction for the Co atoms located at the interfaces, even for the very thin layers. The value of the preserved magnetic moments of the cobalt atoms at the interfaces is confirmed by ab initio calculations for Co/Rh superlattices taking the intermixing into account. Received: 18 February 1998 / Received in final form: 30 April 1998 / Accepted: 29 May 1998     

Determination of photoexcited carrier concentration and mobility in GaAs doping superlattices by hall effect measurements

The photo-Hall effect in a new type of periodicp-n doping multilayer structures (superlattices) of GaAs grown by molecular beam epitaxy has been investigated. In these space charge systems electrons and holes are separated in real space. As a consequence, large deviations from thermal equilibrium become quasi-stable. Carrier generation by optical absorption occurs in these doping superlattices even at photon energies far below the gap of the homogeneous semiconductor material. The photoexcitation results in a strong enhancement of the conductivityparallel to the layers and in a substantial photovoltaic response. An increase in carrierconcentration as well as an increase in carriermobility both contribute to the observed enhancement of the conductivity under excitation. The absolute values of changes in free-carrier concentration are very large due to the manyfold active layers of the structure. The measured free-carrier mobilities depend on the population of the multilayer system. A reduction in mobility as compared to bulk material is found to be more pronounced in weakly populated systems. This finding is caused by the larger weight of the boundary regions of the total active layers where the free-carrier density is lower than the density of ionized impurities resulting in an enhanced impurity scattering.     

Spectral transmittance and module structure fitting for transmission-mode GaAs photocathodes

A transmission-mode GaAs photocathode includes four layers of glass,Si 3 N 4 ,Ga 1x Al x As and GaAs. A gradient-doping photocathode sample was obtained by molecular beam epitaxy and its transmittance was measured by spec-trophotometer from 600 nm to 1100 nm. The theoretical transmittance is derived and simulated based on the matrix formula for thin film optics. The simulation results indicate the influence of the transition layers and the three thin-film layers except glass on the transmittance spectra. In addition,a fitting coefficient needed for error modification enters into the fitted formula. The fitting results show that the relative error in the full spectrum reduces from 19.51% to 4.35% after the formula is modified. The coefficient and the thicknesses are gained corresponding to the minimum relative error,meanwhile each layer and total thin-film thickness deviation in the module can be controlled within 7%. The presence of glass layer roughness,layer interface effects and surface oxides is interpreted on the modification.     

基于视觉的车辆与轨道相对振动状态测量方法研究

车辆与轨道相对振动状态对轨道线形测量有重要影响;分析了传统检测车辆与轨道相对振动状态测量方法的缺陷,提出一种基于视觉的车轨相对振动状态测量方法,以轨道建立世界坐标系,以车体建立车体坐标系。考虑相机镜头畸变,建立相机非线性模型,基于机器人手眼方法标定相机与车体,求解相机内外参数。依据车体运动姿态特征,推导基于双目机器视觉的车辆运动姿态偏移补偿计算方法;运用实验平台设计验证实验,通过计算所得的车体振动位移与真实值高度吻合,随着车速增加振动位移误差也随之增大,验证了该方法的正确性和可行性;提供一种车辆与轨道相对振动状态测量方法。     

Electrical properties and Pockels effect in BaTiO_{3}/SrTiO_{3} superlattices

The electrical and linear electro-optical properties of BaTiO $_{3}$ (BT)/SrTiO $_{3}$ (ST) superlattices epitaxially grown on ST substrate are theoretically investigated using a microscopic quantum mechanical model based on the orbital approximation in correlation with the dipole–dipole interaction. Both the first-, second-, and third-order electronic polarizabilities were considered in this calculation in order to obtain accurate results for both the spontaneous local electric field, spontaneous polarization, relative dielectric constant, and linear electro-optic coefficients (Pockels constants) of BT/ST superlattices. The calculations show that the spontaneous local electric field, spontaneous polarization and linear electro-optic coefficients of BT/ST superlattices increase with their content in BT while the relative dielectric constant increases with their content in ST. Moreover, we have shown that significant enhancement of the linear electro-optic coefficients can be achieved in BT/ST superlattices. This enhancement, which concerns the ST as well as the BT layers, arises from the combined effects of strain, induced in the BT layers by the epitaxial growth, and internal polarizing electric field originating in the BT layers and acting on the electronic clouds of the polarizable constituent ions of the system.     

基于机器视觉的轴偏角归一化检测系统

在复杂的测控、发射、跟踪等系统的制造和使用中，分系统或部件间的安装位置偏差会影响控制、跟踪、发射的精度和系统其他指标测量结果的准确性，因而需要进行测量和校正。提出了基于视觉图像定位光斑中心的轴偏角测量方法，并基于LABVIEW虚拟仪器平台构建了机器视觉测角系统。以某大型武器系统为测试平台，对不同属性的轴(如发射轴、瞄准轴、激光指示器轴、制导中的测量基线等)进行归一化测量和校准，得到了满意的效果。     

Reflectivity oscillations in superconducting superlattices Nb/SiO2

The reflectivity of superconducting superlattices Nb/SiO₂ was experimentally studied at room temperature in a spectral range 450-5000 cm^-1. It was found that the reflectivity as a function of SiO₂ layer thickness oscillates with a period 3.5 Å. This value coincides with the period of oscillations of the superconducting transition temperature found earlier on these superlattices. We suppose that in both cases the oscillations are due to changes of electron state density. So it is possible to considerably influence the superconducting transition temperature of a superconducting film by making sandwich-like structures using thin dielectric layers.     

Brillouin light scattering from spin waves in magnetic layers and multilayers

We give an overview on our experimental and theoretical investigations of Brillouin light scattering in magnetic thin films, layered magnetic structures and superlattices. For epitaxial Fe(1 10) layers on W(1 10) the in-plane and out-of-plane magnetic surface anisotropy constants are determined, and the influence of Pd overlayers on the surface anisotropies is studied. For Fe/Pd superlattices a magnetic polarization of the Pd at the interfaces is established and the interface anisotropy constant is determined. For second order Fe/Pd superlattices, formed by alternating two Fe/Pd bilayers with different repeat periods, the Brillouin spectrum is obtained and compared to calculations. In the case of magnetic/nonmagnetic multilayered structures we investigate theoretically the crossing regime between dipolar and exchange-dominated modes. For small spacer-layer thicknesses, interlayer exchange coupling shifts the spin-wave frequencies of all but the highest-frequency dipolar mode into the exchange-mode regime. In case of all-magnetic multilayered structures, such as Fe/Ni multilayers, a new type of propagating collective excitations arising from coupled exchange modes is predicted.     

Tunneling in quantum superlattices with variable lacunarity

Fractal superlattices are composite, aperiodic structures comprised of alternating layers of two semiconductors following the rules of a fractal set. The scattering properties of polyadic Cantor fractal superlattices with variable lacunarity are determined. The reflection coefficient as a function of the particle energy and the lacunarity parameter present tunneling curves, which may be classified as vertical, arc, and striation nulls. Approximate analytical formulae for such curves are derived using the transfer matrix method. Comparison with numerical results shows good accuracy. The new results may be useful in the development of band-pass energy filters for electrons, semiconductor solar cells, and solid-state radiation sources up to THz frequencies.     

机器学习的IBBCEAS光谱反演波段优化

非相干宽带腔增强吸收光谱技术（IBBCEAS）利用高精密谐振腔增强吸收光程,实现对痕量气体的高灵敏探测。目前,IBBCEAS技术主要采用发光二极管（LED）作为非相干光源。当谐振腔镜片反射率曲线与带宽有限的LED辐射谱不能很好匹配时,光谱反演波段选择不当可能会对被测气体浓度拟合结果产生较大偏差。以定量探测大气NO₂浓度为例,分析了IBBCEAS光谱反演波段对NO₂拟合结果的影响,发现当反演波段宽度窄到一定程度后,NO₂浓度拟合相对误差会迅速增加。为此,提出了一种基于RBF神经网络结合遗传算法的机器学习IBBCEAS光谱反演波段优化方法,以使浓度拟合误差达到最小。在430～480 nm待选波段内,选择各种宽度和中心波长的子波段作为反演波段,分别进行NO₂浓度拟合,以此获得435个样本数据,并将样本数据按照4∶1比例分成学习样本和测试样本,分别用于RBF神经网络学习训练和测试,得到输入参数“反演波段的起始波长与截止波长”与输出参数“浓度拟合相对误差”之间的非线性映射关系。使用遗传算法搜索最优反演波段,将反演波段的起始波长和截止波长组合进行个体编码,随机产生若干个体形成种群。以RBF神经网络的输出（即浓度拟合相对误差）作为个体适应度,经过多代种群进化过程后,获得适应度最优个体,即获得最优反演波段。在种群规模为100个体,种群进化最大代数为100的情况下,当种群进化第61代时,最优个体出现,对应的最优适应度为3.584%,最优反演波段为445.78～479.44 nm。选择相同带宽的其他4个典型反演波段,与最优反演波段下的NO₂拟合结果进行了对比。结果显示,在最优反演波段下,无论是拟合误差、相对拟合误差还是拟合残差标准偏差,均低于其他4个反演波段,光谱拟合质量达到最优。结果表明,利用机器学习来确定IBBCEAS最优反演波段是可行的。     

The influence of interlayer exchange coupling on magnetic ordering in Fe/V superlattices

The relation between the interlayer exchange coupling and magnetic order is addressed, using Fe/V(0 0 1) superlattices as a model system. Large decrease in the ordering temperature (T_c) is observed with decreasing interlayer exchange coupling. The effective exponents of the magnetization were determined to be larger than 0.5 for all the samples, which is strongly deviating from the classical values of both two- and three-dimensional systems. This effect can partially be ascribed to the presence of boundaries, invoked by the finite number of magnetic layers.     

Diffusion and deformations in heterosystems with GaN/AlN superlattices, according to data from EXAFS spectroscopy

Multilayered samples with extremely narrow GaN quantum wells in an AlN host are synthesized via ammonia MBE. The parameters of the microstructure are determined by means of EXAFS spectroscopy, high-resolution electron microscopy, and low-angle scattering. Their relationship to the morphology of GaN/AlN superlattices is established. The influence of growth conditions and the thickness of superlattices on their optical properties and mixing in the near-boundary layers is established.     

大气后向散射比对风速测量的影响

 采用同时测量Rayleigh散射和Mie散射混合信号的多普勒频移的单边缘技术,探测低空中（<12 km）的大气风速。由于大气后向散射比R_b值的变化,导致测量结果有很大的误差。详细分析了Rb值的变化对风速测量灵敏度及测量结果的影响,并做出了在不同Rb值情况下的风速测量校正曲线。结果表明：随着R_b值的增大,风速测量灵敏度有升高的趋势;随着Rb值偏差的增大,测量的风速误差有增大的趋势;同时,在相同的R_b值偏差情况下,随着径向风速的增大,测量的风速误差也有相应的增大。     

延迟线位置偏差对太赫兹时域光谱系统的测量不确定度影响分析

太赫兹时域光谱技术可以快速准确地提取材料在太赫兹波段的光学常数。然而,其各组成部分在控制精度、响应误差、系统噪音以及实验操作、数据处理等方面的误差,将影响系统对材料光学常数提取的准确性。基于透射式太赫兹时域光谱系统的测量原理,分析了系统延迟线位置偏差对提取材料复折射率准确度的影响,建立了误差在样品测量过程中的传递模型,并利用MATLAB仿真了误差对提取样品复折射率影响。结果表明,样品折射率和消光系数的不确定度受到了系统延迟线位置偏差的影响,且系统延迟线位置偏差越大,样品的复折射率提取的不确定度也就越大。同时,相比消光系数,延迟线位置的偏差对样品折射率的不确定度具有更大的影响。该模型具有一定的实际意义和理论参考价值,可分析系统延迟线位置偏差对太赫兹时域光谱系统提取材料光学常数不确定度的影响,为优化太赫兹时域光谱系统提供理论指导。     

Polarized neutron reflectometry of Fe/Cr/Gd superlattices

The magnetic structure of Fe/Cr/Gd superlattices is investigated using complementary methods of SQUID magnetometry and polarized neutron reflectometry. The complex magnetic behavior of the given system is caused by exchange interaction between the 3d (Fe) and 4f (Gd) layers of the ferromagnetic metals through the Cr antiferromagnetic spacer layer. It is found that a nonuniform profile of magnetization forms within the Gd layers under the influence of this interlayer interaction.     

基于信背比拟合的水体重金属LIBS定量分析研究

LIBS技术定量分析的精密度与准确度受到多种因素的影响。通过深入分析激光诱导等离子体背景光谱和特征光谱的特性,利用两者随温度的变化趋势近似相同的特点,采用两者的比值即信背比进行元素浓度的定量拟合,可以补偿激光能量、光谱接收效率等系统参数抖动造成的谱线强度变化;针对测量数据有限及非线性的特点,使用支持向量机算法进行回归。实验结果表明通过信背比拟合可以提高LIBS定量分析的稳定性和准确性,测试集的相对标准偏差和相对误差平均值分别为4.7%和9.5%。基于信背比的数据拟合方法不受基体元素和背景大小限制,为实时在线的LIBS定量分析技术提供数据处理方面的参考。     

Large enhancement of the thermoelectric Seebeck coefficient for amorphous oxide semiconductor superlattices with extremely thin conductive layers

Herein we demonstrate that amorphous oxide semiconductor (AOS) superlattices composed of a‐In–Zn–O (well) and a‐In–Ga–Zn–O (barrier) layers, fabricated on SiO₂ glass substrate by pulsed laser deposition at room temperature, exhibited an enhanced Seebeck coefficient |S |. The |S | value increases drastically with decreasing a‐In–Zn–O thickness (d_IZO) when d_IZO < ∼5 nm, and reached 73 µV K^–1 (d_IZO = 0.3 nm), which is ∼4 times larger than that of bulk |S |_3D (19 µV K^–1), while it kept its high electrical conductivity, clearly demonstrating that the quantum size effect can be utilized in AOS superlattices. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

纯水的激光反射率的研究

以纯水为研究对象,利用激光测量了其反射率,并利用菲涅耳公式对反射率进行了计算。比较反射率的计算值和实测值发现有明显的偏离（偏离相对值为8．317％）。对此进行了误差分析,排除这种偏离是主要由试验和计算误差引起的可能性（这些误差累积不会超过1．083％）。利用带消光系数的反射率菲涅耳公式进行修正计算,反射率计算结果与实测值很接近。说明并非只有金属等物质在进行反射率计算时需考虑能量吸收的问题,对于完全符合菲涅尔公式适用条件的纯水来说,在进行反射率计算时同样需引入修正系数。