氢对22－13－5不锈钢室温下力学行为的影响

２２－１３－５钢是一种高强度极稳定的奥氏体不锈钢，将它置于１０ＭＰａ（１００个大气压）纯氢气中在３００℃充氢１４天，含氢量为６５±１ｐｐｍ。室温下力学性能测试表明：充氢后钢的强度提高，塑性指标不变；但室温下瞬态蠕变和短期应力弛豫行为，在可比条件下，变得更为强烈。用Ａｌｄｅｎ的可动位错密度理论，对实验结果作了定性分析，并对瞬态蠕变结果进行了定量的计算。结果证明，氢原子阻碍位错运动，使材料强度增加，同时也使材料的粘滞性增大。     

充氚时效不锈钢微观断裂机制

不锈钢材料在氚环境中长期工作时不仅存在着氢脆问题，同时还由于进入基材内部的氚衰变而产生氦，发生氦的积累，造成材料性能下降，甚至导致材料被破坏，即产生所谓“氦脆”现象。本课题2002年进行了样品的高温气相充氚实验以及充氚后一些显微组织分析工作。2003年对充氚＋1a时效的HR-2不锈钢样品进行了TEM动态拉伸实验观察。初步表明，充氚促进裂纹尖端位错的发射和增殖：对于HR-2不锈钢，充氚使无位错区（DFZ）减小甚至消失。2004年，充氚样品经历2a的室温时效，积累了一定的氦量，实验试图探索氦对微观断裂机制的影响。     

氦、氘对纯铁辐照缺陷的影响

在核聚变堆的辐照环境中, 核嬗变产物氢、氦对结构材料的抗辐照性能将产生很大的影响. 本实验采用离子注入和电子辐照模拟研究了氦和氘对具有体心立方结构的纯铁的影响. 采用离子加速器在室温分别对纯铁注入氦离子和氘离子, 经500℃时效1 h后在高压电镜下进行电子辐照.结果表明: 室温注氦和室温注氘的纯铁在500℃时效后分别形成间隙型位错环和空位型位错环. 在电子辐照下, 间隙型位错环吸收间隙原子而不断长大, 而空位型位错环吸收间隙原子不断缩小. 通过计算位错环的变化速率发现, 空位型位错环比间隙型位错环吸收了更多的间隙原子, 即室温注氘纯铁的位错偏压比室温注氦纯铁的偏压参量大, 这意味着相同实验条件下空位型位错环对辐照肿胀的贡献大于间隙型位错环对辐照肿胀的贡献. 利用氦-空位复合体和氘-空位复合体的结构, 分析了注氦和注氘后在纯铁中形成不同类型位错环的原因. 关键词： 氦 氘 辐照损伤 位错环     

蠕变-疲劳交互作用的电子显微学研究

用透射电子显微镜和扫描电子显微镜研究了一种镍基合金(Nimonic 75型)蠕变-疲劳交互作用的机制。在温度873K,应力幅392MPa下进行的实验表明,蠕变、疲劳和“蠕变叠加疲劳”数据近似满足线性积累损伤规律。扫描电子显微镜断口观察表明,所有试样均发生晶间型断裂。但用透射电子显微镜进行的位错观察指出,在蠕变、疲劳和“蠕变叠加疲劳”试样中,位错组态有明显的差别。这些不同的位错组态,对晶间断裂过程产生了各自不同的影响,因而蠕变损伤与疲劳损伤相互独立,在宏观上表现出线性交互作用的规律。本工作表明,透射电子显微 关键词：     

温度对Fe-35Ni-15Cr合金力学性能和微观组织的影响

采用环境氢脆技术及现代材料微观分析技术，研究了Fe-35Ni-15Cr实验合金在室温至900℃的力学性能及热充氢后在室温及750℃的力学性能，分析了温度对材料微观组织的影响，为优化其化学成分、热处理工艺等提供技术依据。     

纳米Ni在77 K温度下压缩行为的研究

利用低温力学测试系统研究了电化学沉积纳米Ni在77 K温度下的压缩行为. 室温下纳米Ni 的屈服强度为 2.0 GPa, 77 K温度下的屈服强度为3.0 GPa, 压缩变形量则由室温的10%左右下降到5%. 借助应变速率敏感指数、激活体积、扫描电子显微和高分辨透射电子显微分析, 对纳米Ni的塑性变形机制进行了表征. 研究表明, 在77 K温度下的塑性变形主要是由晶界-位错协调变形主导, 晶界本征位错弓出后无阻碍地在晶粒内无位错区运动, 直至在相对晶界发生类似切割林位错行为. 同时分析了弓出位错的残留位错部分在协调塑性变形时起到的增加应变相容性和减小应力集中的作用. 利用晶界-位错协调机制和残留位错运动与温度及缺陷的相关性揭示了纳米Ni室温和77 K温度压缩性能差异的内在原因. 关键词： 塑性变形 强度 位错     

氢在HR－1不锈钢中迁移特性的热动力方法研究

本文研究了氢在ＨＲ－１不锈钢中热动力驱动的宏观迁移特性。用不同的方法（电化学方法和１０５ｐａ氢压强下高温气相法）使试样充氢，然后研究加热升温放气规律，得到了在有意义的温度范围内出气峰的位置以及氢在ＨＲ－１材料中扩散、溶解、渗透系数与温度的关系，并与渗透法测得的结果和国外类似实验结果符合得较好。这些数据对估计未来聚变堆中氚的投料量和氚的渗透漏失有实际意义。     

氢在HR—1不锈钢中迁移特性的热动力方法研究

本文研究了氢在ＨＲ－１不锈钢中热动力驱动的宏观迁移特性。用不同的方法（电化学方法和１０５Ｐａ氢压强下高温气相法）使试样充氢，然后研究加热升温放气规律，得到了在有意义的温度范围内出气峰的位置以及氢在ＨＲ－１材料中扩散，渗透系数与温度的关系，并与渗透法测得的结果和国外类似实验结果答合得较好。这些数据对估计未来聚变堆中氚的投料量和氚的渗透漏失有实际意义。     

高应变率下材料行为的分子动力学研究

 本文用分子动力学方法研究了高应变率下晶体材料的力学行为。在冲击加载下，晶体材料中产生了位错和塑性变形。在强冲击时还可出现相变变化。在讨论应变率变化时，获得了屈服强度随应变率增大而增高的结果。     

注氢纯铝中间隙型位错环一维迁移现象的原位观察

核聚变堆材料在高能粒子辐照过程中会产生大量点缺陷,导致辐照脆性和辐照肿胀等现象.因而,研究点缺陷在辐照过程中的演变过程至关重要.点缺陷团簇的一维迁移现象是这种演变过程的主要研究内容之一.本文采用普通低压(200 kV)透射电镜,在室温条件下对注氢纯铝中的间隙型位错环在电子辐照下的一维迁移现象进行了观察和分析.在200 keV电子辐照下,注氢纯铝中的位错环可多个、同时发生一维迁移运动,也可单个、独立进行一维迁移运动.位错环沿柏氏矢量1/3<111>的方向可进行微米尺度的一维长程迁移,沿柏氏矢量1/2<110>的方向一维迁移也可达数百纳米.电子束辐照时产生的间隙原子浓度梯度是引起位错环一维迁移并决定其迁移方向的原因.位错环发生快速一维迁移时,其后会留下一条运动轨迹;位错环一维迁移的速率越快,运动的轨迹则越长,在完成迁移过后的几十秒内这些运动轨迹会逐渐消失.     

Hydrogen degradation of steels and its related parameters,a review

Many steel structures can absorb varying amounts of hydrogen during manufacturing, processing such as electroplating or acid pickling and during service life by corrosion reactions or cathodic protection. Hydrogen is known to have a devastating effect on strength and ductility of iron and steel components. Many studies have been done on the detrimental effects of hydrogen on iron and different steel structures but there is a need for comprehensive research to cover all related parameters which can control the extent of hydrogen interaction and degradation in steels. In this review, at first hydrogen uptake and different damages associated with absorbed hydrogen in steels are discussed. Then, the effective parameters in the extent of hydrogen interaction and degradation, especially hydrogen embrittlement which is more common in steel components are reviewed.     

Finite element analysis of type IV cracking in 2.25Cr–1Mo steel weldment based on micro-mechanistic approach

Creep studies were carried out on 2.25Cr–1Mo steel base metal and its fusion-welded weldments at 823?K over the stress range 100–240?MPa. The weldment possessed lower creep rupture strength than the base metal due to type IV failure at the outer edge of the heat-affected zone (HAZ). Premature failure of the weldment was associated with pronounced creep cavitation accompanied with localized creep deformation in the soft intercritical region of the HAZ that was sandwiched between relatively higher creep deformation-resistant microstructural regions. The cavitation was associated with coarse intergranular precipitates in the intercritical region of the HAZ. The type IV cracking in the intercritical region of the HAZ was found to initiate deep inside the weldment and propagate towards the specimen surface. Finite element analysis of stress and strain distributions across the weldment was carried out considering the micro-mechanical strength inhomogeneity across it to explain the observed features of type IV cracking. The estimated higher von-Mises and principal stresses deep inside the intercritical region of the HAZ of the weldment led to the localized creep deformation and preferential cavity nucleation and growth, resulting in type IV failure of the weldment. The role of intergranular precipitate particles in the intercritical region of the HAZ in facilitating creep cavity nucleation by the exhaustion of creep ductility of the material close to the precipitate was corroborated from finite element analysis of stress and strain distribution around the precipitates.     

P92钢焊接接头蠕变损伤的非线性超声检测研究

为解决P92钢焊接接头蠕变损伤的无损检测问题,该文选用温度为650℃、施加应力为95 MPa的加速试验方法,制作不同蠕变时间的试样,对P92钢焊接接头进行蠕变性能试验。采用非线性超声波技术和金相检测对蠕变试样焊接接头各区域进行研究。结果表明:P92钢焊接接头母材、热影响区以及焊缝区域的非线性超声二次谐波幅值在蠕变试验后都呈上升趋势,在热影响区中的增加速率要快于其在母材和焊缝中,P92钢焊接接头热影响区非线性二次谐波参数的变化与蠕变损伤严重程度存在对应关系。该文为开展P92钢焊接接头蠕变损伤的无损检测工程应用打下了坚实的基础。     

Experimental investigation of alternative pre-stress components for a 3-1 connectivity multilayer piezoelectric-polymer composite ultrasonic transducer

The most popular configuration for piezoelectric-polymer composites has pillars of piezoelectric ceramic supported by a polymer matrix and material with this structure is now widely available commercially. However, it has significant disadvantages for use in multilayer devices for non-mass-loaded operation below approximately 50 kHz. An alternative configuration is therefore reported here, in which interconnected fingers of piezoelectric ceramic surround polymer plates. This can be termed 3-1 connectivity, since the piezoceramic is fully connected in three dimensions and the polymer in only one. The configuration has been found to have significant manufacturing advantages which feed through to enhanced performance compared with practical 1-3 connectivity multilayer devices. For many potential applications, high-power operation is required, and it is unclear if the multilayer structure has sufficient internal strength to maintain its integrity at high strains. Therefore, an investigation has been carried out into alternative pre-stressing component designs. These comprise back and front stainless steel plates of different shapes, connected by a number of stainless steel rods. In this paper, the fundamental performance of a multilayer device is illustrated with electrical impedance and surface displacement measurements in air, without pre-stressing. Then measurements are reported from three different clamping configurations. It is shown that good results can be achieved at spot frequencies with a suitable clamp, but that unsuitable clamps prevent even this, and broadband performance is unlikely to be achieved easily.     

合金元素对TiC/奥氏体界面稳定性影响的第一性原理计算

界面结合强度与材料的强度、硬度、耐磨损、耐腐蚀等性能息息相关,TiC是钢中常见的析出相,研究它与铁基体的界面结合状态,探寻合理的界面强度提升方案,对提升钢的性能具有十分重要的理论意义和应用价值.本文以TiC/奥氏体基体界面为研究对象,采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理计算方法从原子尺度上研究TiC/奥氏体基体界面的结合状态.首先本文对界面结合强度以及电子结构进行了计算分析,之后进行高通量计算,研究过渡族金属元素(Mn、Tc、Re、Ru、Os、Co、Rh和Ir)在TiC/奥氏体基体界面的偏析行为及其对界面结合强度的影响,最后通过差分电荷密度分析并解释过渡族金属元素的作用机理.计算研究表明,掺杂Re元素可显著提升界面的强度,为实验上设计高性能钢铁材料提供了新的思路.     

用内耗方法研究铜的蠕变断裂过程

在文献[1]关于工业纯铝研究的基础上,研究了工业纯铜在不同条件下蠕变过程中晶界内耗峰的变化,蠕变条件分为三类:(a)较高温度、较低应力;(b)中等温度、中等应力;(c)较低温度、较高应力;使试样分别发生晶间型、混合型和穿晶型的断裂。由晶界内耗峰的变化可以推知:在较高温度、较低应力的蠕变过程中,晶界强度变化不大;在中等温度、中等应力的蠕变过程中,晶界强度有一定程度的提高;在较低温度、较高应力的蠕变过程中,晶界强度则有比较显著的提高。这说明,在蠕变过程中,晶界强度是变化着的,在不同的蠕变条件下,晶界强化的程度不同,最终导致了不同类型的蠕变断裂。这对于“等强温度”概念是一个修正和补充。 关键词：     

Climb via vacancy diffusion of edge dislocations in 2D dislocation microstructures

The prevention of strength degradation of components is one of the great challenges in solid mechanics. In particular, at high temperatures material may deform even at low stresses, a deformation mode known as deformation creep. One of the microstructural mechanisms that governs deformation creep is dislocation motion due to the absorption or emission of vacancies, which results in motion perpendicular to the glide plane, called dislocation climb. However, the importance of the dislocation network for the deformation creep remains far from being understood. In this study, a climb model that accounts for the dislocation network is developed, by solving the diffusion equation for vacancies in a region with a general dislocation distribution. The definition of the sink strength is extended, to account for the contributions of neighbouring dislocations to the climb rate. The model is then applied to dislocation dipoles and dislocation pile-ups, which are dense dislocation structures and it is found that the sink strength of dislocations in a pile-up is reduced since the vacancy field is distributed between the dislocations. Finally, the importance of the results for modelling deformation creep is discussed.     

Effects of cold rolling deformation on microstructure,hardness, and creep behavior of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel

Effects of cold rolling deformation on the microstructure, hardness, and creep behavior of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel （HNASS） are investigated. Microstructure characterization shows that 70% cold rolling deformation results in significant refinement of the microstructure of this steel, with its average twin thickness reducing from 6.4 μm to 14 nm. Nanoindentation tests at different strain rates demonstrate that the hardness of the steel with nano-scale twins （nt-HNASS） is about 2 times as high as that of steel with micro-scale twins （mt-HNASS）. The hardness of nt-HNASS exhibits a pronounced strain rate dependence with a strain rate sensitivity （m value） of 0.0319, which is far higher than that of mt-HNASS （m = 0.0029）. nt-HNASS shows more significant load plateaus and a higher creep rate than mt-HNASS. Analysis reveals that higher hardness and larger m value of nt-HNASS arise from stronger strain hardening role, which is caused by the higher storage rate of dislocations and the interactions between dislocations and high density twins. The more significant load plateaus and higher creep rates of nt-HNASS are due to the rapid relaxation of the dislocation structures generated during loading.     

原位自生20vol.％TiCP/LD7Al基复合材料蠕变的应力指数和门槛应力

在523 K,573 K和623 K恒应力压缩条件下研究了原位自生20vol%TiC_p/LD7Al基复合材料和LD7Al合金的高温蠕变行为.对蠕变速率与外加应力在双对数坐标中进行拟合,获得了复合材料和基体铝合金的应力指数;通过在幂率方程中引入有效应力（σ-σ₀）,对实验数据进行线性回归外推至零蠕变速率得到相应的门槛应力.实验结果显示,复合材料的应力指数和门槛应力均高于LD7Al合金.TiC颗粒的存在,明显改善了LD7Al合金的高温蠕变 关键词： p/LD7Al基复合材料')" href="#">TiC_p/LD7Al基复合材料 蠕变 应力指数 门槛应力