金属-ZSM-5/堇青石整体式催化剂上稀燃汽车尾气的净化

 在原位合成的ZSM-5/堇青石整体式样品基础上制备了几种金属(Cu, In或Ag)改性的ZSM-5/堇青石催化剂,并将其应用于稀燃发动机尾气的净化. 结果表明, Cu-ZSM-5/堇青石催化性能最好,尾气中的三种主要污染物NOx, CO和HC可以同时得到净化. 用微量(0.02%)贵金属(Pd, Rh或Ir)对Cu-ZSM-5/堇青石进一步改性,所得催化剂对CO的净化能力大大增强,保持高NOx转化率的温度窗口也大大加宽,因而该催化剂在稀燃汽车尾气净化方面具有潜在的应用前景. 微量贵金属对Cu-ZSM-5/堇青石催化剂的改性作用也在文中进行了讨论.     

In Situ Preparation of Ir/ZSM-5/Cordierite Honeycombs and their Application for NOx Abatement

ZSM-5 zeolites were synthesized in situ onto cordierite honeycombs by vapor phase transport (VPT) for the first time. The as-synthesized ZSM-5/cordierite honeycombs were impregnated with IrCl₃ and tested for NO_x reduction with a simulated exhaust gas as the reducing agent. Under the conditions of excess oxygen, the Ir/ZSM-5/cordierite monolith catalyst exhibited NO reduction of 73% at a temperature of 573 K and a space velocity of 20,000 h^–1.     

A Novel Method for Synthesis of ZSM‐5 Coatings on Monolithic Cordierite Substrate

ZSM‐5 coatings, have been synthesized onto a monolithic cordierite substrate by an environmental friendly and high coating selectivity method—Vapor Phase Transport (VPT). With this method, an aluminosilicate gel coated onto the monolithic cordierite substrate has been transformed into a ZSM‐5 layer under vapors of n‐butylamine and water, n‐Butylamine played a key role in the forming of ZSM‐5 layer on the cordierite substrate. The ZSM‐5/cordierite monolith composites prepared by this method were ion‐exchanged with Cu²⁺ and tested for the selective catalytic reduction of NO by propane. The deNO_x activities of Cu/ZSM‐5 monolith catalysts were not only dependent on the ion‐exchange methods, but also on the ZSM‐5 loading of the monolith catalysts. The best result was obtained over the Cu (B3)/ZSM‐5 monolith catalyst, which had a ZSM‐5 loading of about 13% and was prepared by a pressure exchange procedure. At a temperature of 723 K and a space velocity of 10,000 h^?1 (based on the monolith volume), 85% of NO conversion and 93% of C₃H₃ conversion were achieved over the Cu(B3)/ZSM‐5 monolith catalyst.     

无溶剂法合成ZSM-5/SiC整体式催化剂制备生物燃料

传统合成整块载体负载分子筛催化剂的方法是水热法,这样往往伴随水资源浪费和釜内空间利用率低的问题.本文报道了应用无溶剂法在蜂窝结构的碳化硅(SiC)表面原位生长ZSM-5分子筛.进一步采用该法将Pd纳米粒子限域在ZSM-5分子筛内,合成Pd@ZSM-5/SiC双功能催化剂,并在油酸甲酯加氢反应中表现出较高的活性和高碳烷烃选择性.结果发现,Pd@ZSM-5/SiC表现出高选择性和耐久性,这归因于SiC优异的传质和导热特性.X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜和氮气吸附等结果表明,通过无溶剂法合成的分子筛具有很高的结晶度和纯度;高分辨透射电镜结果表明,在Pd@ZSM-5和Pd@ZSM-5/SiC催化剂中,Pd纳米粒子均被良好封装,并且粒径无明显差别,因此排除金属活性中心粒径的干扰.油酸甲酯的直接加氢脱氧/脱羧可以制备具有高附加值的长链碳氢化合物,而碳氢化合物的裂解通常会伴随着低碳化合物等副产物的生成.我们比较了两种催化剂在350-500℃的转化率和高碳烷烃的选择性差异.在相同反应条件下,Pd@ZSM-5/SiC催化剂上油酸甲酯转化率始终高于Pd@ZSM-5.例如在450℃,Pd@ZSM-5和Pd@ZSM-5/SiC的转化率分别为97.6%和78.2%,当温度提升至500℃,Pd@ZSM-5/SiC将油酸甲酯完全转化,而Pd@ZSM-5的转化率仅为88%.在350℃时,Pd@ZSM-5/SiC以脱羧反应为主,其中C17和C18的选择性分别为67.3%和20.1%,C6-12和C13-16选择性分别为2.4%和5.0%.相比之下,Pd@ZSM-5催化剂C17的选择性为39.4%,C18的选择性为13.2%,C6-12和C13-16选择性分别为20.2%和20.6%.由此可见,Pd@ZSM-5对于高附加值的长链碳氢化合物的选择性远低于Pd@ZSM-5/SiC;这可能与在Pd@ZSM-5催化剂上更容易发生烷烃裂解副反应有关.值得注意的是,虽然升高温度会促进碳氢化合物的裂解,但是在Pd@ZSM-5/SiC催化剂上高碳化合物依然较多.例如,在500℃时,裂解是Pd@ZSM-5催化剂上的主要反应,C1-5的选择性高达50.1%,C6-12的选择性高达37.0%;而在Pd@ZSM-5/SiC的产物中,C13-16的选择性为40.0%,C17-18的选择性更是高达16.7%.此外,在450℃的油酸甲酯加氢连续实验中,Pd@ZSM-5/SiC比Pd@ZSM-5表现出更好的耐久性,且催化剂失活后可以通过焙烧手段再生.上述结果表明,Pd@ZSM-5/SiC催化剂有利于加氢脱氧/脱羧反应制备有价值的高碳烃产品,更能抑制裂解副反应的进行.相比之下,传统的粉末催化剂对裂解产物仍具有较高的选择性,尤其是在较高的反应温度下.SiC载体的引入有利于高碳产物的传质,从而抑制了裂解反应.此外,碳化硅良好的导热性可以有效地防止催化剂在反应中的过热,同样有利于抑制碳氢化合物的裂解.     

Reaction and mass transfer effects in a catalytic monolith reactor

Zeolite-based monoliths (Cu/ZSM-5 on cordierite) are prepared and used to catalyze direct decomposition of nitrogen monoxide. Two-dimensional heterogeneous model is applied to describe the behavior of the monolith reactor, with the emphasis on the features introduced due to coupling of flow, mass transfer and chemical reaction. The proposed model has been verified by comparing computer simulation data with laboratory experimental data. It is shown that both inter- and intraphase diffusion limitations have to be considered when modeling complex reactor configuration, such as monolith reactors, especially when monolith with thicker catalytic layer are used at higher temperatures.     

0.1%Pt-0.02%Pd/不锈钢整体催化剂上丙酮氧化性能及稳定性(英文)

制备了0.1%Pt-0.02%Pd/不锈钢整体催化剂。选取不锈钢为该催化剂的载体,可克服传统γ-Al2O3和堇青石蜂窝载体热稳定性差的缺点。采用阳极氧化技术在不锈钢上自生长了结构致密的多孔阳极氧化膜,并在其上负载Pt和Pd制备得到挥发性有机物(VOCs)净化催化剂。结果表明,经500、800和1000℃不同温度焙烧后,该催化剂完全氧化丙酮的温度分别为160、160和200℃。该催化剂表现出以下优点:(a)高温稳定性能好;(b)低温催化活性高;(c)贵金属负载量低。通过SEM和EDX等技术对该催化剂的结构及活性组分分散情况进行了表征。     

负载型钴锰复合氧化物臭氧辅助催化降解低浓度甲醛的性能研究

制备了负载型钴锰复合氧化物Co-MnOx/ZSM-5催化剂,采用浸渍法将催化剂负载到堇青石蜂窝陶瓷上,在密封舱内进行催化降解甲醛研究,考察了室温下臭氧辅助催化降解室内低浓度甲醛的特性。同时,也探讨了催化剂制备工艺对催化剂活性的影响。实验结果表明：在500oC煅烧温度条件下制备的10% Co-MnOx/ZSM-5催化剂具有最高的催化活性。通过XRD、BET、TEM、XPS和TG-DSC等手段的表征结果表明,其高活性可能是主要来自于形成的CoMnO3晶相和Mn4 与Mn3 价态共存。     

甘油脱水合成丙烯醛ZSM-5催化剂的孔结构和酸性调控

研究了ZSM-5 孔结构和表面酸性对甘油脱水合成丙烯醛反应性能的影响. 在碱浓度为0.2 mol·L^-1的NaOH溶液中, 分别在65和85 ℃条件下对ZSM-5进行化学刻蚀, 成功地制备了含微介孔的ZSM-5催化剂, 提高了催化剂的表面强酸密度. 碱处理后的ZSM-5催化剂在甘油脱水反应中的稳定性得到显著提高, 在ZSM-5-at85 (经85 ℃碱处理的ZSM-5)催化剂上甘油转化率在反应10 h 后仍可保持95%以上, 丙烯醛选择性达到78%. 采用N₂吸附-脱附等温线、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、²⁷Al 固体核磁共振(²⁷Al MAS-NMR)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)等手段对ZSM-5 结构和表面性质进行了表征, 实验结果表明在碱处理过程中骨架中的硅发生了溶脱现象, 在分子筛表面上形成了大量介孔, 但是ZSM-5 的MFI 拓扑结构没有发生变化, 骨架中的大部分铝得到保持. X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)和氨气程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)证实了在碱处理后ZSM-5分子筛外表面的Si/Al 摩尔比低于其骨架中的比例, 由此表明脱硅现象主要发生在ZSM-5 的外表面, 在新产生的介孔区域由于Si/Al 摩尔比的降低使得强酸密度得到提高. 具有微介孔结构和较高酸密度的ZSM-5催化剂增强了反应物扩散性能和容碳能力, 这对于提高甘油脱水合成丙烯醛催化剂的活性和稳定性起到了关键作用.     

铁改性的Mo/ZSM-5催化剂上NO的选择性催化还原反应

采用浸渍法制备了Mo/ZSM-5, Fe/ZSM-5和不同Fe和Mo摩尔比的Fe-Mo/ZSM-5样品, 并以氨为还原剂对其NO选择性催化还原活性以及反应条件对催化性能的影响进行了研究. 结果表明, Fe-Mo/ZSM-5样品的NOx转化率明显比单独的Mo/ZSM-5和Fe/ZSM-5的高. 当n(Fe):n(Mo)为1.5时, Fe-Mo/ZSM-5样品具有最佳催化性能, 其NOx转化率在430 ℃时达到了96%, 并且能在高空速和不同O2气浓度的条件下保持高的催化活性. 同时采用XRD和XPS技术分别对催化剂的体相结构和表面性质进行了研究, 结果表明, 当n(Fe):n(Mo)=1.5时, Fe和Mo元素之间以及与载体HZSM-5之间存在较强的相互作用, 并且其表面的Mo3d的含量最高. 这可能与其高的催化活性有关. 另外还发现, 在反应过程中Fe-Mo/ZSM-5催化剂表面的氮氧物种主要是吸附态NO, 因此可以推测NO的催化还原反应机理是, 在催化剂表面上, 吸附态NO与吸附NH3物种直接反应生成氮气, 而非经过氧化为NO2的途径.     

In-situ Synthesis of Binderless ZSM-5 Zeolitic Coatings on Aluminum

ZSM-5 zeolitic coatings on aluminum have been prepared successfully by in-situ hydrothermal synthesis method and ZSM-5/Al monolith was formed. The effects of pH value and crystallization time on the in-situ synthesis were discussed.     

制备方法对Mn-Ce/ZSM-5催化剂低温选择性催化还原NO性能的影响

采用浸渍法、氨水共沉淀法和机械混合法制备了Mn-Ce/ZSM-5催化剂, 并研究了其对氨选择性催化还原(NH\-3-SCR)NO反应的催化性能. 结果表明, 采用氨水共沉淀法制备的Mn-Ce/ZSM-5催化剂显示出优越的NH₃-SCR催化活性, 不仅具有好的低温催化活性和宽的反应温度窗口, 而且具有高的热稳定性. 铈的含量对催化活性也存在着明显的影响. 采用X射线衍射(XRD)、 X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和等离子体发射光谱(ICP)等技术对不同方法制备的Mn-Ce/ZSM-5催化剂的体相和表面结构进行了表征. 结果发现, Mn-Ce/ZSM-5催化剂中Ce主要以Ce⁴⁺的形态出现, 并与锰有较强的协同作用. Mn以多种氧化物的形态共存, 采用氨水共沉淀法制备更有利于低价态的锰氧化物Mn₂O₃, Mn₃O₄等的形成, 并且更易于氧物种(O_1s)在催化剂表面富集, 这可能是导致氨水共沉淀法所制备的Mn-Ce/ZSM-5样品活性最佳的原因.     

Cu、Mn、Ce改性V2O5-WO3/TiO2/堇青石催化剂Urea-SCR脱除NO

采用硅胶为黏结剂,在堇青石蜂窝陶瓷上以涂覆法依次负载Cu、Mn、Ce改性的纳米TiO₂粉末、W改性的V₂O₅粉末得到复合催化剂,在120～550 ℃用尿素选择性催化还原(Urea-SCR)氮氧化物时显示良好活性。与商业催化剂V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂相比,添加Cu、Mn、Ce后,催化剂脱硝活性显著提高,活性温度窗口明显拓宽。结果表明,催化剂的高活性与催化剂表面适度的酸碱性、高比值的V⁴⁺/V⁵⁺以及良好的氧化还原性能和锐钛矿相的TiO₂、丰富的表面裂纹的存在等因素有关。     

Catalytic Combustion of Methane over High Copper-Loading ZSM-5 Catalysts

Two series of Cu/ZSM-5 catalysts,loading from 5 to 20 wt% CuO,were prepared by the deposition-precipitation and impregnation methods,respectively.The catalysts prepared by the impreg- nation method showed better catalytic performances than those prepared by the deposition-precipitation method and the increase of copper loading favored methane conversion.20Cu(I)/ZSM-5 had the highest activity with T_(90%)of 746 K,and for 20Cu(D)/ZSM-5,T_(90%)was as high as 804 K.The characteriza- tion of X-ray diffraction(XRD),temperature-programmed reduction(TPR),temperature-programmed desorption(TPD),and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)revealed that the dispersion of cop- per species could be improved by using the deposition-precipitation method instead of the impregnation method,but the fraction of surface CuO,corresponding to active sites for methane oxidation,was larger on 20Cu(I)/ZSM-5 than 20Cu(D)/ZSM-5.The results of Pyridine-Fourier transform infrared spectrum (Py-FT-IR)showed that a majority of Lewis acidity and a minority of Brφnsted acidity were present on Cu/ZSM-5 catalysts.20Cu(I)/ZSM-5 presented more Lewis acid sites.The number of Lewis acid sites changed significantly with preadsorption of oxygen.Adsorption of methane and oxygen on acid sites was observed.The properties of Cu/ZSM-5 catalysts were correlated with the activity for methane oxidation.     

Control of nitrogen insertion during the growth of nitrogen-containing carbon nanofibers on cordierite monolith walls

A well attached coating of nitrogen-functionalised carbon nanofibers (N-CNFs) has been prepared on the walls of cordierite monolith channels. It is formed via concurrent decomposition of ethane and ammonia catalysed by nickel nanoparticles dispersed on alumina coated cordierite monolith. N-CNF/monoliths synthesis employing several growth temperatures and NH(3) compositions was exhaustively characterised by Raman, XPS, elemental analysis and TEM. Synthesis conditions affected profoundly content and type of nitrogen functionality, enabling its fine tuning. N-CNFs surface chemistry and microstructure differed remarkably from its N-free counterparts.     

Effect of copper precursors on the catalytic activity of Cu/ZSM-5 catalysts for selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH<Subscript>3</Subscript>

The Cu/ZSM-5 catalysts prepared by different copper precursors were used for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO _x with NH₃. The Cu/ZSM-5 catalyst prepared by the copper nitrate (Cu/ZSM-5-N) presented the best performance among the Cu/ZSM-5 catalysts and showed above 90 % NO _x conversion at 225–405 °C. The average particle size of CuO was 5.82, 9.20, and 11.01 nm over Cu/ZSM-5-N, Cu/ZSM-5-S (prepared by copper sulfate), and Cu/ZSM-5-C (prepared by copper chloride), respectively. The Cu/ZSM-5-N catalyst showed the highly dispersed copper species, the strong surface acidity, and the excellent redox ability compared with the Cu/ZSM-5-C and Cu/ZSM-5-S catalysts. The Cu⁺ and Cu²⁺ existed in the Cu/ZSM-5 catalysts and the abundant Cu⁺ over Cu/ZSM-5-N might be responsible for the superior SCR activity.     

铜锰复合低温NH3-SCR整体催化剂的制备及其性能研究

以堇青石蜂窝陶瓷为载体,采用溶胶-凝胶法在其表面不同质量比交替负载Mn-Ce-O/TiO₂和Cu-Ce-O/TiO₂得到多层复合催化剂,用于NH₃选择性催化还原NO。活性测试表明,在两种活性层的共同作用下,复合催化剂有很好的低温活性和很宽的活性温度窗口。以氨气为还原剂,NO浓度为1025mg/m³,空速12600h^-1时,在250℃下NO的转化率就可以达到95%;200℃~300℃下,NO的转化率高于80%。对比实验表明,在此条件下复合催化剂的催化效果明显优于Mn-Ce-O/TiO₂/CC和Cu-Ce-O/TiO₂/CC单活性相催化剂。BET、XRD、XPS及TPR测试表明,催化剂的高活性与其较大的比表面积、较高含量的无定形分布活性组分、锐钛矿型TiO₂、丰富的表面裂纹及良好的氧化还原性能有关。     

Monolithic catalysts for hydrogenation of nitrobenzene to aniline: influence of aluminum suspension properties

Aluminum suspensions with different properties were prepared and characterized by UV–Vis spectra, BET, XRD and NH₃-TPD. A layer of Al₂O₃ was coated onto the cordierite monolith by sol–gel method. Pd/Al₂O₃/cordierite monolith catalysts with the same Pd loading and particle size were prepared, and tested by nitrobenzene hydrogenation under solvent-free conditions. The adsorption of nitrobenzene on acid sites might be the primary effect under the reaction conditions, and a good linear relationship between hydrogenation rate and the acid content of the Al₂O₃ layer was observed. Furthermore, the stronger acid sites were responsible for the lower aniline selectivity.

     

菲加氢裂解制BTX的催化剂研究

采用等体积浸渍法制备了Ni/ZSM-5、Ni/HY、Ni/Al₂O₃和Ni/USY四个系列Ni含量不同的催化剂,在固定床反应器中考察了四类催化剂对菲的加氢裂化制BTX反应的催化性能。借助BET、SEM、热重和差热分析对催化剂的形貌、比表面积、平均孔径及积炭情况进行了表征,结合其结果对催化剂性能进行了分析。结果表明,Ni/HY和Ni/USY催化剂中Ni含量为12%时性能最优,收率可达52%。Al₂O₃催化剂的最佳Ni含量为6%,该系催化剂初始性能尚可,但失活较快;ZSM-5型分子筛催化剂性能较差。     

Co-Ni2P/SBA-15/Cordierite整体式催化剂的制备及其二苯并噻吩加氢脱硫性能

用共浸渍法制备了Co-Ni2P/SBA-15前躯体,将其调制成活性胶后均匀涂覆到预处理后的堇青石载体上,程序升温还原后制备了一系列Co-Ni2P/SBA-15/堇青石整体式催化剂。采用XRD、N2吸脱附和XPS等对催化剂进行了表征,以1 wt%二苯并噻吩(DBT)/十氢萘溶液为模型化合物,在微型固定床反应器上对催化剂的加氢脱硫(HDS)性能进行了评价。结果表明,不同Co含量的Co-Ni2P/SBA-15/堇青石整体式催化剂中都形成了Ni2P相。Co的加入提高Ni2P/SBA-15/堇青石催化剂的比表面积和孔体积。Co含量为0.55wt%的Co-Ni2P/SBA-15/堇青石整体式催化剂有最好的二苯并噻吩加氢脱硫活性,在380℃,二苯并噻吩转化率能够达到98.8%。Co的加入能够提高二苯并噻吩直接加氢脱硫产物联苯的选择性。     

芬顿试剂改性ZSM-5分子筛上丙烯齐聚反应研究

采用浸渍法分别制备了芬顿试剂及其原料FeSO₄和H₂O₂改性的ZSM-5分子筛，并与未改性的母体ZSM-5分子筛进行了对比实验。通过一系列表征手段及丙烯齐聚反应考察了各催化剂的理化性质和催化性能。结果表明，芬顿试剂、FeSO₄、H₂O₂的改性处理均会引起ZSM-5分子筛脱铝，从而导致其硅铝比升高。但与FeSO₄改性相比，芬顿试剂由于其产生的大量羟基自由基更容易将Fe引入分子筛，形成新的活性中心，同时芬顿试剂改性还能使分子筛的比表面积和介孔的体积增大，调节催化剂的酸性。与母体ZSM-5相比，Fenton-ZSM-5催化剂具有优异的催化活性和稳定性。初始丙烯转化率和柴油选择性分别高达98.3%和92.4%，24 h内转化率和选择性维持在80%和82%以上。