Asymmetric coupling in two-lane simple exclusion processes: Effect of unequal injection rates

This Letter investigates the effect of unequal injection rates on two-lane simple exclusion processes with asymmetric coupling. It is a generalization of the work of Pronina and Kolomeisky [E. Pronina, A.B. Kolomeisky, Physica A 372 (2006) 12], in which the injection rates of two lanes are equal. With the injection rate α₁ increases, the (1,LD), (1,HD), (1,MC) and (MC,MC) phase region do not change, while the (LD,0) phase regions shrink and the (HD,0) and (MC,0) phase regions expand. Interestingly, domain walls are observed in both lanes when the system is in the (MC,MC) phase. However, the unequal injection rates have little effect on the domain wall dynamics. The phase diagram and the density profiles are investigated by using Monte Carlo simulations and mean-field approximation. The analytical results are in good agreement with simulations.     

Asymmetric simple exclusion processes with complex lattice geometries: A review of models and phenomena

We summarize the findings of a large number of studies concerning the totally asymmetric simple exclusion process (TASEP) with complex lattice geometries. The TASEP has been recognized as a paradigm in modeling and analyzing non-equilibrium traffic systems. The paper surveys both the observed physical phenomena and several popular meanfield approaches used to analyze the extended TASEP models. Several interesting physical phenomena, such as phase separation, spontaneous symmetry breaking, and the finite-size effect, have been identified and explained. The future investigations of the extended TASEP with complex lattice geometries are also introduced. This paper may help to obtain a better understanding of non-equilibrium systems.     

低密度等离子体融断开关的粒子模拟研究

 采用2.5维柱坐标粒子模拟程序研究了低密度等离子体融断开关（PEOS）工作过程中的物理现象,介绍了计算模型的建立和复杂边界的算法处理。模拟结果表明,在PEOS导通电流的过程中,电流通道最初在等离子体的发生器端形成,并且随着导通时间的增大而向负载端漂移。离子的空间分布并没有明显的变化,当PEOS发生断路时,等离子体离子的密度会迅速降低,并最终导致PEOS阴极附近的等离子体的密度已接近为零,此时,阴极电子完全受磁场箍缩作用而不能到达阳极,PEOS完全断开。     

低密度等离子体融断开关的粒子模拟研究

采用2.5维柱坐标粒子模拟程序研究了低密度等离子体融断开关（PEOS）工作过程中的物理现象,介绍了计算模型的建立和复杂边界的算法处理。模拟结果表明,在PEOS导通电流的过程中,电流通道最初在等离子体的发生器端形成,并且随着导通时间的增大而向负载端漂移。离子的空间分布并没有明显的变化,当PEOS发生断路时,等离子体离子的密度会迅速降低,并最终导致PEOS阴极附近的等离子体的密度已接近为零,此时,阴极电子完全受磁场箍缩作用而不能到达阳极,PEOS完全断开。     

Luminosity of a Collider with Asymmetric Beams

A formula for the collider luminosity is derived for a head-on collision of two beams with different parameters. The formula is valid for colliding and partially separated (“merging”) beams. Three particular cases are presented: the collision of two identical axially symmetric bunches, the collision of a bunch with a disbanded beam, and the collision of two disbanded bunches. The colliding beams have coinciding longitudinal axes. The formula is valid for colliding both counter propagating and co-propagating beams.     

半导体断路开关截断过程模拟的缩比模型

在维持电路参数同比变化和通过半导体断路开关(SOS)的电流密度不变的基础上,提出了一种SOS截断特性模拟的缩比模型,并可在Silvaco ATLAS软件中应用。在以不同的缩比率选取等效SOS横截面积的情况下,将原电路中串联的100个二极管等效为若干个二极管,模拟得到了相同的二极管电流和电压波形。模拟结果表明,该模型不仅可以得到正确的SOS瞬态截断过程,而且可将计算速度提高近百倍。通过对SOS截断过程中载流子分布和电场分布变化过程的分析发现,SOS的截断过程发生在n-n+区。     

Resonant laser diagnostics of a planar plasma opening switch

The plasma opening switch (POS) is an integral part of inductive store pulsed power systems. Using flashboards coated with BaO and a dye laser tuned to the 493.4 nm ground state transition of the singly-ionized barium ion, resonant laser diagnostics have been employed to image the switch plasma and provide a measurement of the plasma density during conduction and opening. Gaps open during the conduction phase with their position in the inter-electrode region depending upon the initial fill plasma. There is little axial motion of the plasma, contrary to the predictions of analytical hydro model calculations performed using the measured switch parameters. This discrepancy may be due to a finite lifetime for ions in the switch that is less than the conduction time resulting in a larger effective mass. From a functional point of view modified bipolar model calculations best fit the data     

Improved performance of a plasma opening switch using a novel anodeconfiguration

The performance of a plasma opening switch (POS), as measured by the peak opening voltage developed, has been improved from ≈1.2 to ≈2.3 MV through a simple modification of the anode electrode. This modification was motivated by observation of electron damage to the anode in the POS region, and consisted of the removal of any metallic surfaces that exhibited significant damage and were not essential to the integrity of the switch. Because present analytic theories and PIC simulations of the switch have not yet addressed the effect modifications to the anode may have to the opening phase in depth, it is hoped that in addition to providing a technique for improving POS operation, the work reported here may also provide incentive for further theoretical investigation     

半导体断路开关截断过程模拟的缩比模型

在维持电路参数同比变化和通过半导体断路开关(SOS)的电流密度不变的基础上,提出了一种SOS截断特性模拟的缩比模型,并可在Silvaco ATLAS软件中应用。在以不同的缩比率选取等效SOS横截面积的情况下,将原电路中串联的100个二极管等效为若干个二极管,模拟得到了相同的二极管电流和电压波形。模拟结果表明,该模型不仅可以得到正确的SOS瞬态截断过程,而且可将计算速度提高近百倍。通过对SOS截断过程中载流子分布和电场分布变化过程的分析发现,SOS的截断过程发生在n-n+区。     

Asymmetric response of a jammed plastic bead raft

The successful development of an effective temperature would be an important step in the application of statistical mechanics principles to systems driven far from equilibrium. One direction that has shown promise is the use of fluctuation-dissipation relations. However, driven systems break time-reversal symmetry, and understanding the implications of this for fluctuation-dissipation relations is a critical step in developing effective temperatures. Here we study the response function in a driven system of plastic beads as a function of the density in order to elucidate the generality of the use of fluctuation-dissipation relations. We find that even when a linear response is observed, the time scale of the response is dependent on the direction of the applied stress.     

Asymmetric Landau-Zener tunneling in a periodic potential

Using a simple model for nonlinear Landau-Zener tunneling between two energy bands of a Bose-Einstein condensate in a periodic potential, we find that the tunneling rates for the two directions of tunneling are not the same. Tunneling from the ground state to the excited state is enhanced by the nonlinearity, whereas in the opposite direction it is suppressed. These findings are confirmed by numerical simulations of the condensate dynamics. Measuring the tunneling rates for a condensate of rubidium atoms in an optical lattice, we have found experimental evidence for this asymmetry.     

Study of the gas-filled injector of a plasma opening switch

A plasma injector with pulsed gas filling is investigated experimentally. Interferometric measurements of the formation dynamics of the plasma channel are carried out. Under optimal operating conditions, the injector is capable of producing a plasma channel 4 cm in diameter with an electron density of ∼10¹⁷ cm⁻³. The effect of the cathode diameter of the plasma opening switch on the conductivity of the plasma channel is studied. It is shown that the current flowing through the plasma channel of a single injector attains 400 kA.     

Cable guns as a plasma source in a plasma opening switch

The characteristics of a plasma generated by cable plasma guns have been studied by a laser interferometer. Cable plasma guns are frequently used as a plasma source in plasma opening switches. In our experiments, the plasma source consists of eight coaxial cable guns mounted on the outer electrode of concentric coaxial electrodes. The reproducibility of the gun in subsequent shots is found to be better than 10%, and the gun-to-gun difference is less than 15%. Assuming a symmetry of eight guns, the contour maps of the electron plasma density are plotted as functions of time. The plasma density becomes maximum near the gun nozzle and near the inner coaxial electrode. The plasma density is low in the area between the coaxial electrodes during the early time of the discharge. At a later time, the plasma fills the space between the two guns more uniformly. Still photographs of the plasma luminosity show a good correspondence with the plasma density plots which were taken 10 μs after the discharge initiation. The plasma gun system is designed for use in a 400-kA inductive voltage adder with the inductive energy storage system     

Effect of cathode material on the opening performance ofmicrosecond-conduction-time plasma opening switch

Experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of cathode material on the opening performance of microsecond-conduction-time plasma opening switch with cathode made of aluminum, stainless steel, molybdenum and tungsten. Remarkably different opening characteristics have been shown for these materials, with tungsten or molybdenum corresponding to better opening performance than aluminum or stainless steel. Heuristic physical explanations are proposed for understanding the switch behavior     

长导通等离子体开关断路过程的粒子模拟

 利用PIC(particle-in-cell) 粒子模拟方法对长导通等离子体断路开关的断路过程进行了模拟研究。介绍了计算模型的建立和边界的处理。模拟结果揭示了断路间隙的形成过程和机制,并据此对等离子体断路开关断路阶段的现有模型进行了定性的修正,认为断路过程中Hall融蚀和静电融蚀机制将同时存在,静电融蚀在开关最终的断路中占主导作用,且静电融蚀是由于磁场排斥引起的。     

MHD-to-PIC transition for modeling of conduction and opening in aplasma opening switch

The plasma opening switch (POS) is a critical element of some inductive-energy-storage pulsed-power generators. Detailed understanding of plasma redistribution and thinning during the POS conduction phase can be gained through magnetohydrodynamic fluid (MHD) simulations. As space-charge separation and kinetic effects become important late in the conduction phase (beginning of the opening phase), MHD methods become invalid and particle-in-cell (PIC) methods should be used. In this paper, the applicability of MHD techniques is extended into PIC-like regimes by including nonideal MHD phenomena such as the Hall effect and resistivity. The feasibility of the PIC technique is, likewise, extended into high-density, low-temperature-MHD-like regimes by using a novel numerical cooling algorithm. At an appropriate time, an MHD-to-PIC transition must be accomplished in order to accurately simulate the POS opening phase. The mechanics for converting MHD output into PIC input are introduced, as are the transition criteria determining when to perform this conversion. To establish these transition criteria, side-by-side MHD and PIC simulations are presented and compared. These separate simulations are then complemented by a proof-of-principle MHD-to-PIC transition, thereby demonstrating this MHD-to-PIC technique as a potentially viable tool for the simulation of POS plasmas. Practical limitations of the MHD-to-PIC transition method and applicability of the transition criteria to hybrid fluid-kinetic simulations are discussed     

Asymmetric passage of current through a laser-produced plasma plume

The observation of the asymmetric passage of current in a plasma interrupter under certain conditions is reported. The effect can be attributed to different temperatures of the electrodes for the laser production of plasma in the interrupter. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 69, 77–79 (March 1999)