甲醇在CeO2担载Pd催化剂上分解机理的研究

采用原位红外(in-situFTIR)技术对甲醇在CeO₂和Pd/CeO₂催化剂上的吸附和反应进行了研究,提出一个新的甲醇分解反应机理模型.甲醇在CeO₂上容易吸附并结合其晶格氧生成甲酸盐物种,而甲醇分解的产物氢被Pd活化后,溢流到CeO₂上促进了甲酸盐物种的分解.Cl^-的存在加强了Pd/CeO₂催化剂与氢的相互作用,Pd和CeO₂通过对氢和氧物种的作用对甲醇分解反应的过程表现出协同效应.     

硅藻土负载AgO复合材料的制备及热分解非等温动力学

采用化学氧化沉淀法, 以过硫酸钾为氧化剂制备了硅藻土负载过氧化银(AgO)复合材料, 并使用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和激光粒度仪对其进行了表征, 借助热重(TG)分析研究了复合材料的热分解过程和非等温热分解动力学. 结果表明, 制备的复合材料为正方晶系方英石和单斜晶系AgO混合体, 且AgO质量分数为12.7%; 复合材料的中位径为18.53 μm, 比表面积为203.32 m²/kg, 颗粒的粒度分布在0.614~116.5 μm之间. 复合材料中AgO在171 ℃开始分解成Ag₂O, 在更高温度时Ag₂O进一步分解成Ag; 热分解反应服从以核生成和核成长为控制步骤的A1机理, 其热分解表观活化能为131.37 kJ/mol, 反应频率因子为3.19×10¹³ s^-1. 同自制的AgO粉末相比, 复合材料中AgO的热分解温度升高, 表观活化能上升约40 kJ/mol.     

超细AgO粉末:制备及热分解非等温动力学

采用化学沉淀法,以臭氧为氧化剂制备了超细AgO粉末,并用XRD、XPS、SEM和粒度分析仪对制备的粉末进行了表征,借助热重分析法(TG)和线性升温理论对超细AgO粉末的热分解过程和非等温热分解动力学机理进行了研究。结果表明,制备的AgO属于单斜晶系,形貌为片状,其粒径分布在45～551nm之间,大部分在200nm左右;AgO的热分解分两步,158℃开始分解,放出氧气形成Ag2O,413℃进一步分解形成Ag;其热分解反应服从核生成和核成长为控制步骤的A2机理,热分解表观活化能为90.26kJ·mol-1,反应频率因子为1.64×108s-1。     

Enhanced Thermal Decomposition Properties and Catalytic Mechanism of Ammonium Perchlorate over CuO/MoS2 Composite

In this report, CuO/MoS₂ composites were successfully prepared by the hydrothermal method where nano‐sized CuO was uniformly distributed on the surface of hierarchical MoS₂ substrates (CuO/MoS₂ composites). Their physicochemical properties and catalytic performance in ammonium perchlorate (AP) decomposition were investigated and characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, BET, XPS, TG/DSC and combustion measurement. The results showed that it could decrease AP decomposition temperature at high decomposition stage from 416.5 °C to 323.5 °C and increase the heat release from 378 J/g (pure AP) to 1340 J/g (AP with catalysts), which was better than pure CuO nanoparticles (345.5 °C and 1046 J/g). Meanwhile, it showed excellent performance in combustion reaction either in N₂ or air atmosphere. The results obtained by photocurrent spectra, photoluminescence spectra and time‐resolved fluorescence emission spectra indicated that loading CuO mediated the generation rate and combination rate of electrons and holes, thus tuning the catalytic performance on AP decomposition. This study proved that employing the supports that can synergistically interact with CuO is an efficient strategy to enhance the catalytic performance of CuO.     

粉状氟碳铈矿热分解反应动力学模型

用四川冕宁天然氟碳铈矿晶体为原料 ,研究其热分解过程。测定了粉状氟碳铈矿空气气氛下热分解过程的热重 差热曲线。根据Criado提出的反应动力学机制模型 ,采用热分析技术对动力学数据进行了处理和计算 ,绘制了氟碳铈矿粉末热分解反应的动力学曲线 ,与标准曲线比较 ,结合前期工作动力学参数计算的结果 ,确定了热分解过程的反应机制为形核和生长 ,其反应动力学模型的微分和积分形式的表达式分别为 :f(α) =( 1 -α)和g(α) =-ln( 1 -α)。     

3，5-二硝基水杨酸铈的制备﹑热分解机理及非等温反应动力学

用3,5-二硝基水杨酸和硝酸铈为原料,制备了3,5-二硝基水杨酸铈(CeDNS),采用元素分析、X射线荧光光谱和FTIR对其进行了表征。用TG和DSC以及变温固相原位反应池/傅立叶变换红外光谱(RS-FTIR)联用技术研究了3,5-二硝基水杨酸铈的热分解机理,对主放热反应的DSC峰进行了数学处理,计算得到了动力学参数和动力学方程。结果表明,3,5-二硝基水杨酸铈的分解反应共有3个阶段,其中包括一个脱水吸热过程和一个主放热过程,主分解反应发生在第2阶段,主分解反应的表观活化能E_a与指前因子A分别为：159.17 kJ·mol^-1 和10^11.33 s^-1,主分解阶段的反应机理服从Avrami-Erofeev方程(n=1/4),主分解反应的动力学方程为：dα/dt=10^11.33×4(1-α)[-ln(1-α)]^3/4e^-1.92×104/T。     

Preparation of Barium Titanate Nanopowder through Thermal Decomposition of Peroxide Precursor and Its Formation Mechanism

H₂TiO₃ was dissolved in the mixture of hydrogen formed peroxide and ammonia under the pH range of 8–10 with a transparent yellow solution formed. When an equivalent mole of Ba²⁺ solution was added into the yellow solution, the precipitate produced was the peroxide precursor of barium titanate. The cubic nanopowder of barium titanate was obtained when the precipitate was washed, stoved, and then calcined at 600°C for 1 h. The peroxide precursor of barium titanate and barium titanate nanopowder prepared were characterized to be BaTi(H₂O₂)₂O₃ by TGA‐DTA, XRD, TEM, SEM, and XREDS. The peroxide precursor of barium titanate was determined to be BaTi(H₂O₂)₂O₃. The particle size of the barium titanate nanopowder, the calcined product of BaTi(H₂O₂)₂O₃, was in the range of 20–40 nm. A formation mechanism of the barium titanate nanopowder through thermal decomposition of its peroxide precursor was proposed and then validated.     

N_2O在Cu_xFe_(1-x)Fe_2O_4和Ni_xFe_(1-x)Fe_2O_4复合氧化物催化剂上的分解反应

用共沉淀法制备了一组具有尖晶石结构的Cu-Fe和Ni-Fe复合氧化物,用于有氧条件下催化分解N2O,考察了催化剂组成对催化活性的影响.用N2物理吸附(BET)、X射线衍射(XRD)、H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)等技术对催化剂进行了结构表征.结果表明:在不同组成的Cu-Fe、Ni-Fe系列复合氧化物催化剂中,Cu Fe2O4和Ni Fe2O4对于N2O分解反应的初活性较高,这是因为Cu Fe2O4和Ni Fe2O4的比表面积较高、晶粒较小,而且其表面氧物种与金属(Cu2+、Fe3+)的化学作用较弱,氧物种易脱除、脱氧量较高.相比较而言,Ni Fe2O4催化剂上的N2O分解活化能低于Cu Fe2O4,Ni Fe2O4的初活性优于Cu Fe2O4.500℃连续反应100 h,Cu Fe2O4上的N2O转化率降至84.9%,而Ni Fe2O4上的N2O转化率一直保持99%,Ni Fe2O4有较高的催化稳定性.     

Ultrafast Preparation of Monodisperse Fe3O4 Nanoparticles by Microwave‐Assisted Thermal Decomposition

Thermal decomposition, as the main synthetic procedure for the synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles (NPs), is facing several problems, such as high reaction temperatures and time consumption. An improved a microwave‐assisted thermal decomposition procedure has been developed by which monodisperse Fe₃O₄ NPs could be rapidly produced at a low aging temperature with high yield (90.1 %). The as‐synthesized NPs show excellent inductive heating and MRI properties in vitro. In contrast, Fe₃O₄ NPs synthesized by classical thermal decomposition were obtained in very low yield (20.3 %) with an overall poor quality. It was found for the first time that, besides precursors and solvents, magnetic NPs themselves could be heated by microwave irradiation during the synthetic process. These findings were demonstrated by a series of microwave‐heating experiments, Raman spectroscopy and vector‐network analysis, indicating that the initially formed magnetic Fe₃O₄ particles were able to transform microwave energy into heat directly and, thus, contribute to the nanoparticle growth.     

油酸包覆纳米铝粉/黑索今复合体系的热行为及非等温分解反应动力学

在氮气气氛下,采用油酸(OA)对纳米铝粉(nmAl)进行了表面包覆处理,采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱对其形貌和结构进行了表征.用差示扫描量热(DSC)对油酸包覆前后的纳米铝粉与黑索今(RDX)构成的复合体系[nmAl/RDX和(nmAl+OA)/RDX]的热分解反应动力学进行了研究,得到了动力学参数和动力学方程.结果表明,大量油酸以物理吸附的方式吸附在纳米铝粉表面,少量油酸与纳米铝粉表面铝原子发生了化学反应,以化学键合的形式附着在纳米铝粉表面.与nmAl/RDX复合体系相比,(nmAl+OA)/RDX复合体系在不同升温速率下的分解峰峰温都相对降低,分解反应的表观活化能(Ea)和指前因子(A)分别为141.18kJ·mol-1和1012.57s-1,分解反应机理为三维扩散,服从n=1/2的Jander方程,其动力学方程为dα/dt=1013.35(1-α)2/3[1-(1-α)1/3]1/2e-16981.0/T.     

g-C_3N_4负载Co及其分解臭氧性能研究

用尿素热解合成了g-C_3N_4载体,再通过NaBH_4还原制备了g-C_3N_4负载Co(Co/g-C_3N_4)催化剂,研究了Co负载量对臭氧分解效率的影响.在臭氧的体积分数为4×10~(-5),空速600 L·L~(-1)·h~(-1),湿度为1%时,负载量为0.30%和6.00%(重量百分比)的Co/g-C_3N_4对臭氧的分解率分别为80%和60%. 0.30%×10~(-6)样品中Co主要通过Co—N键和g-C_3N_4中3-s-三嗪结构的N结合. 6.00%(重量百分比)的样品中Co团聚成粒径约20 nm的颗粒.经过6 h反应后,0.30%(重量百分比)的Co/g-C_3N_4在80℃加热30 min即可再生,经5次循环使用后,分解臭氧效率仅下降了5%,6.00%Co/g-C_3N_4不能通过此方法再生. 0.30%Co/g-C_3N_4中和N结合的Co原子簇,是其消除臭氧效率高且易再生的原因.     

Thermodynamics and Kinetics of the Thermal Decomposition of N,N,N-trimethylmethanaminium and 1-methylpyridinium Halides

The decomposition of the quaternary salts mentioned in the title was examined at the quantum mechanical Hartree-Fock level of theory employing pseudopotentials combined with a SBKJ** basis set. This enabled identification of intermediate and transition state species on the reaction pathway and prediction of the thermodynamic and kinetic barriers to the dissociation of the compounds in the gaseous phase. Application of classical methods permitted the lattice energies of salts, whose crystal structures had been established earlier, to be predicted. Combination of these latter characteristics with the heats of formation of gaseous halide ions (available from the literature) and the relevant cations (obtained at the density functional (B 3LYP)/6-31G**level of theory) provided heats of formation of the salts. On the basis of these values, the thermodynamic and kinetic barriers to the dissociation of the compounds were predicted. The characteristics thus obtained compare quite well with those available in the literature or determined in this work on the basis of TG or DSC measurements. These investigations have shed more light on the mechanism of the thermal dissociation of quaternary salts, and more generally on thermal processes involving solids. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

纳米Co3O4的制备及其对高氯酸铵热分解的催化性能

 选用CoCl2·6H2O分别与NaOH, H2C2O4·2H2O, Na2CO3·10H2O及Na2C2O4组成四个反应体系,通过室温固相反应制备了不同平均粒径的纳米Co3O4, 并用X射线衍射和透射电镜对Co3O4的物相、形貌和粒径大小进行了表征. 结果表明, Co3O4的平均粒径分别为23, 30, 35和150 nm, 大小均匀,分散性好. 还用差热分析法考察了纳米Co3O4对高氯酸铵热分解的催化性能,并与微米Co3O4进行了比较. 结果表明,纳米Co3O4可使高氯酸铵的低温放热峰消失,高温放热峰温度降至323.5 ℃, 降低了128.5 ℃, 表观分解热增加了750 J/g, 达 1265 J/g, 纳米Co3O4对高氯酸铵热分解的催化性能明显好于微米Co3O4.     

Mn_xCo_(3-x)O_4复合氧化物及改性催化剂催化分解N_2O

用共沉淀法制备了一组不同组成的MnxCo3-xO4尖晶石型复合氧化物,表面负载碱金属助剂制备改性催化剂,用于催化分解N2O.用X射线衍射(XRD)、N2物理吸附(BET)、红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等技术表征催化剂结构.考察了复合氧化物组成、碱金属助剂类型、钾前驱物等制备参数对催化剂结构和催化活性的影响.结果表明:添加助剂K、Cs降低了催化剂表面Co、Mn元素的电子结合能,弱化了Co—O和Mn—O键,有利于氧物种的脱除,提高了催化剂活性.优化出了活性较高的催化剂K/Mn0.4Co2.6O4(K2CO3),有氧无水、有氧有水气氛400℃连续反应50 h,N2O转化率分别保持100%和74.2%,催化剂稳定性较高.     

Au4团簇上甲酸分解反应机理的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论方法对Au4团簇上甲酸分解反应的反应机理进行了研究,并考察了Au4团簇的两个催化活性位点。在路径Ⅰ和路径Ⅱ中,HCOOH分解的产物是CO2和H2。在路径Ⅲ和路径Ⅳ中,HCOOH分解的最终产物为CO和H2O。此外,本文研究了CO2、H2和CO、H2O两种产物的相互转化,即路径Ⅴ和路径Ⅵ。研究结果表明,路径Ⅰ和路径Ⅱ的活化自由能垒较低,即在Au4团簇上HCOOH更易分解得到CO2和H2,此外两种产物之间不容易转化。进一步研究发现团簇的大小及CeO2载体对HCOOH分解脱氢路径的活化自由能垒有一定的影响。     

NiO/Mn3O4整体式催化剂催化分解臭氧的性能

将原料Ni(NO₃)₂·6H₂O、Mn₃O₄粉末和拟薄水铝石用球磨机球磨,以所得的浆料浸渍堇青石,经过焙烧,得到不同比例的NiO/Mn₃O₄催化剂。 通过催化分解臭氧活性测试发现,在空速为20000 h^-1时, 30NiO/Mn₃O₄(NiO占总质量的30%)催化剂的活性最高,臭氧分解率达到98%,催化剂活性稳定。 当提高空速为40000 h^-1,50NiO/Mn₃O₄(NiO占总质量的50%)催化剂的活性最高,臭氧分解率在90%左右,并且出现失活现象。 通过X射线衍射(XRD)、程序升温(TPR)、X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)、BET比表面积法等表征,发现Mn₃O₄和NiO复合催化剂的比表面积大于单一金属氧化物催化剂的比表面积并且在Mn₃O₄和NiO复合催化剂中Mn₃O₄与NiO发生电子相互作用。 催化剂中的Mn₃O₄与NiO的协同催化作用。 使得Mn₃O₄与NiO混合物催化剂的还原温度降低,分解臭氧(O₃)活性提高。     

Decomposition of NH3 on Pd and Ir Comparison with Pt and Rh

The unimolecular decompositions of NH₃ on polycrystalline wires and foils of Pd and Ir are examined and compared with the corresponding ones on Pt and Rh. The reactions were carried out in a differential flow reactor, at pressures from 0.01 to 1 Torr and temperatures from 500 to 1900 K. It was found that the rates of product formation could be fit by Langmuir-Hinshelwood unimolecular rate expressions, with an accuracy of ±20% under all conditions. Ammonia decomposes to N₂ and the rate of decomposition is fastest on Ir by several orders of magnitude when compared with that on the other metals, becoming flux limited above about 750 K. Ir appears to be the choice catalyst for dehydrogenating ammonia. The heats of adsorption of NH₃ on Pt, Rh and Pd are similar and equal to 16.7, 16.8 and 17.4 kcal/mol, respectively. The apparent activation energy for this reaction is similar on Pt and Rh and equal to 21 kcal/mol, while for Pd and Ir it is 26.2 and 31.2 kcal/mol, respectively.     

3-甲氧基二苯胺-4-重氮盐的制备及其光、热分解性质

３－甲氧基二苯胺－４－重氮盐（ＭＤＤＳ）与甲醛或４,４－二甲氧次甲基二苯醚的缩合物用作阴图ＰＳ版感光剂,Ｈｏｅｃｈｓｔ等公司［１～５］已有很多专利．可能是出于商业利益,关于ＭＤＤＳ的制备方法未见报道．我们［６］从苯胺钾与３－甲氧基氯苯出发,制备了这...     

用加速量热仪研究KClO3／CuO／S／Mg—Al／C6Cl6的热分解

本文研究固相反应系统KClO3/CuO/S/Mg-Al/C6Cl6的热分解反应。该系统又称为烟火剂,一般说,烟火剂是一种以可燃剂和氧化剂为基本成分,能够迅速燃烧,燃烧时产生光、声、烟、热等效应的多组分混合制剂,在民用及军用的烟火设计中得到广泛应用,烟火剂的特殊作用要求它在长期贮存时内部组分不发生相互反应,具有较好的化学稳定性。     

新型纳米催化剂Pd/g-C_3N_4 NSs的制备及其在Suzuki-Miyaura反应中的应用

通过一步法将纳米Pd负载于二维氮化碳纳米片(g-C3N4)上,制得一种新型的二维纳米催化剂Pd/g-C_3N_4NSs(1),其结构和形貌经TEM,XRD和XPS表征。以卤代苯与取代苯硼酸的Suzuki-Miyaura反应为探针反应,研究了1的催化性能。结果表明:1催化活性较好,TOF为53 000 h-1,部分产物收率高于99%,循环使用3次,其催化性能基本不变。