Multiaxial deformation of polyethylene and polyethylene/clay nanocomposites: in situ synchrotron small angle and wide angle X‐ray scattering study

A unique in situ multiaxial deformation device has been designed and built specifically for simultaneous synchrotron small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) and wide angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS) measurements. SAXS and WAXS patterns of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) and HDPE/clay nanocomposites were measured in real time during in situ multiaxial deformation at room temperature and at 55 °C. It was observed that the morphological evolution of polyethylene is affected by the existence of clay platelets as well as the deformation temperature and strain rate. Martensitic transformation of orthorhombic into monoclinic crystal phases was observed under strain in HDPE, which is delayed and hindered in the presence of clay nanoplatelets. From the SAXS measurements, it was observed that the thickness of the interlamellar amorphous region increased with increasing strain, which is due to elongation of the amorphous chains. The increase in amorphous layer thickness is slightly higher for the nanocomposites compared to the neat polymer. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011     

Microstructure evolution during tensile loading histories of a polyurea

The evolution in the hard/soft domain microstructure of an elastomeric‐like polyurea during different tensile loading histories was studied using in situ small‐ and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS). The nonlinear stress–strain behavior is initially stiff with a rollover yield to a more compliant response; unloading is highly nonlinear showing substantial hysteresis while also exhibiting significant recovery. Reloading reveals a substantially more compliant “softened” behavior and dramatically reduced hysteresis. WAXS peaks monitor characteristic dimensions of regular features within the hard domains; the peak location remains unchanged with tensile deformation indicating no separation of the internal structure within a domain, but the peak intensity becomes anisotropic with deformation evolving in a reversible manner consistent with orientation due to stretch. The SAXS profiles provide information between major hard domains. SAXS peaks are found to shift with tensile loading in a relatively affine manner up to a tensile true strain of ～0.4, which, using a Bragg reduction to aid interpretation, reveals an axial increase and a transverse decrease in interdomain spacings; this evolution is reversible for strains less than ～0.4. Increasing axial strain beyond a true strain of ～0.4 is accompanied by a dramatic, progressive, and irreversible reduction in axial Bragg spacing, indicating a breakdown in the hard domain aggregate network structure. A four‐point pattern is seen to develop during stretching. The breakdown in networked structure during a first load cycle gives a new structure for subsequent load cycles, which is seen to evolve in a reversible manner for strains less than or equal to the prior maximum strain. However, for strains exceeding the prior maximum strain excursion, additional breakdown is found. These SAXS results show that a breakdown in the hard domain aggregate network structure is a governing mechanism for the large dissipation (hysteresis) loops of the first load cycle and are also responsible for the softened reloading response. The absence of structure breakdown during subsequent load cycles corresponds to the substantially reduced hysteresis loops as well as the stable softened behavior. DMA data on pristine and previously deformed samples show a more compliant storage modulus in the predeformed sample, supporting the softened cyclic stress–strain data and the structural breakdown observed in the SAXS; the loss modulus was unchanged with deformation, which correlates with the lossy features measured in DMA with time‐dependent viscosity rather than losses due to structural breakdown. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011     

The Role of Bi3+ in Promoting and Stabilizing Iron Oxo Clusters in Strong Acid

Metal oxo clusters and metal oxides assemble and precipitate from water in processes that depend on pH, temperature, and concentration. Other parameters that influence the structure, composition, and nuclearity of “molecular” and bulk metal oxides are poorly understood, and have thus not been exploited. Herein, we show that Bi³⁺ drives the formation of aqueous Fe³⁺ clusters, usurping the role of pH. We isolated and structurally characterized a Bi/Fe cluster, Fe₃BiO₂(CCl₃COO)₈(THF)(H₂O)₂, and demonstrated its conversion into an iron Keggin ion capped by six Bi³⁺ irons ( Bi₆Fe₁₃ ). The reaction pathway was documented by X‐ray scattering and mass spectrometry. Opposing the expected trend, increased cluster nuclearity required a pH decrease instead of a pH increase. We attribute this anomalous behavior of Bi/Fe(aq) solutions to Bi³⁺, which drives hydrolysis and condensation. Likewise, Bi³⁺ stabilizes metal oxo clusters and metal oxides in strongly acidic conditions, which is important in applications such as water oxidation for energy storage.     

Aggregation of Giant Cerium–Bismuth Tungstate Clusters into a 3D Porous Framework with High Proton Conductivity

The exploration of high nuclearity molecular metal oxide clusters and their reactivity is a challenge for chemistry and materials science. Herein, we report an unprecedented giant molecular cerium–bismuth tungstate superstructure formed by self‐assembly from simple metal oxide precursors in aqueous solution. The compound, {[W₁₄Ce^IV₆O₆₁]([W₃Bi₆Ce^III₃(H₂O)₃O₁₄][B‐α‐BiW₉O₃₃]₃)₂}^34? was identified by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and features 104 metal centers, a relative molar mass of ca. 24 000 and is ca. 3.0×2.0×1.7 nm³ in size. The cluster anion is assembled around a central {Ce₆} octahedron which is stabilized by several molecular metal oxide shells. Six trilacunary Keggin anions ([B‐α‐BiW₉O₃₃]^9?) cap the superstructure and limit its growth. In the crystal lattice, water‐filled channels with diameters of ca. 0.5 nm are observed, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy shows pronounced proton conductivity even at low temperature.     

层层自组装原位聚合聚苯胺复合膜成膜机理研究

从苯胺单体出发, 通过原位聚合、现场掺杂以及基于静电力的层层自组装制备了聚苯胺复合膜. 通过苯胺活性溶液的温度及颜色变化跟踪聚合反应进程, 同时考察不同聚合反应阶段所得聚苯胺复合膜的紫外-可见吸收, 并进一步探讨聚苯胺复合膜的成膜机理. 研究表明, 成膜机制是由聚合反应初始阶段的苯胺阳离子或苯胺阳离子自由基通过静电作用快速吸附到负电性的基片表面, 形成均匀的聚合中心, 链增长生成聚苯胺; 该聚苯胺在酸性条件下经现场掺杂显电正性, 可吸附电负性的聚苯乙烯磺酸钠(PSS), 以此循环层层组装得到多层聚苯胺复合膜.     

Impact of hygrothermal aging on structure/function relationship of perfluorosulfonic‐acid membrane

Perfluorosulfonic‐acid (PFSA) membranes are widely used as the solid electrolyte in electrochemical devices where their main functionalities are ion (proton) conduction and gas separation in a thermomechanically stable matrix. Due to prolonged operational requirements in these devices, PFSA membranes’ properties change with time due to hygrothermal aging. This paper studies the evolution of PFSA structure/property relationship changes during hygrothermal aging, including chemical changes leading to changes in ion‐exchange capacity (IEC), nanostructure, water‐uptake behavior, conductivity, and mechanical properties. Our findings demonstrate that with hygrothermal aging, the storage modulus increases, while IEC and water content decrease, consistent with the changes in nanostructure, that is, water‐ and crystalline‐domain spacings inferred from small‐ and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) experiments. In addition, the impact of aging is found to depend on the membrane's thermal prehistory and post‐treatments, although universal correlations exist between nanostructural changes and water uptake. The findings have impact on understanding lifetime, durability, and use of these and related polymers in various technologies. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016 , 54, 570–581     

Revealing the Magnesium-Storage Mechanism in Mesoporous Bismuth via Spectroscopy and Ab-Initio Simulations

We present mesoporous bismuth nanosheets as a model to study the charge-storage mechanism of Mg/Bi systems in magnesium-ion batteries (MIBs). Using a systematic spectroscopy investigation of combined synchrotron-based operando X-ray diffraction, near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure and Raman, we demonstrate a reversible two-step alloying reaction mechanism Bi↔MgBi↔Mg₃Bi₂. Ab-initio simulation methods disclose the formation of a MgBi intermediate and confirm its high electronic conductivity. This intermediate serves as a buffer for the significant volume expansion (204 %) and acts to regulate Mg storage kinetics. The mesoporous bismuth nanosheets, as an ideal material for the investigation of the Mg charge-storage mechanism, effectively alleviate volume expansion and enable significant electrochemical performance in a lithium-free electrolyte. These findings will benefit mechanistic understandings and advance material designs for MIBs.     

磷钼杂多化合物脱硫热力学可行性与硫磺生成机理研究

长期以来杂多化合物一直被用作特定反应的催化剂 ,尚无直接利用其氧化还原性能进行污染物治理研究的先例 [1] .由于磷和钼在我国均为丰产元素 ,相应的杂多化合物又具有稳定的化学性能 ,寻找其新的应用领域无疑具有特别重要的意义 .本文对与此相关的脱硫热力学可行性与硫磺生成机理问题进行研究 ,以期为应用开发奠定理论基础 .1　实验部分1 .1　仪器和试剂　 31 4型硫离子选择电极 (江苏电分析仪器厂 ) ;DSC- 7型微分量热仪 (美国 Perkin-Elmer公司 ) ;Finber 1 0 0 0型能谱分析仪 (配置 Pioneer KYKY2 80 0型扫描电镜 ) ;UJ33a型电位…     

Morphological investigation of polydisperse asymmetric block copolymer systems of poly(styrene) and poly(methacrylic acid) in the strong segregation regime

Samples of compositionally (highly) asymmetric diblock copolymers and, also, mixtures of diblock and triblock copolymers (the latter obtained as end‐coupling products of two diblock molecules of the mixture), composed of (a) monodisperse majority block(s) of poly(styrene) (PS) and a polydisperse minority block of poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA), microphase separate into spherical PMAA microdomains, either in disordered liquid‐like state or body‐centered‐cubic (BCC) arrangement, at various annealing temperatures T, in the strong segregation regime SSR. We found that (i) the microphase separated state is favored over an anticipated molecularly homogenous state, (ii) the spherical microdomain morphology (with BCC symmetry) is favored over an anticipated hexagonally packed cylindrical morphology, (iii) the extent of the dissolution of short PMAA blocks in the PS material can be quantified, (iv) the spherical microdomains are dilated, and (v) despite molecular‐weight (and architectural) polydispersity, well‐ordered BCC structures can be obtained. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013 , 51, 1657–1671     

In Situ Structural Determination of a Homogeneous Ruthenium Racemization Catalyst and Its Activated Intermediates Using X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy

The activation process of a known Ru-catalyst, dicarbonyl(pentaphenylcyclopentadienyl)ruthenium chloride, has been studied in detail using time resolved in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The data provide bond lengths of the species involved in the process as well as information about bond formation and bond breaking. On addition of potassium tert-butoxide, the catalyst is activated and an alkoxide complex is formed. The catalyst activation proceeds via a key acyl intermediate, which gives rise to a complete structural change in the coordination environment around the Ru atom. The rate of activation for the different catalysts was found to be highly dependent on the electronic properties of the cyclopentadienyl ligand. During catalytic racemization of 1-phenylethanol a fast-dynamic equilibrium was observed.     

Cysteamine-modified ZIF-8 colloidal building blocks: Direct assembly of nanoparticulate MOF films on gold surfaces via thiol chemistry

Chemical modification of metal organic framework (MOF) nanocrystal colloids was used to endow them with chemical affinity for gold substrates. Modified nanocrystals were then used as building blocks for rapid and selective self-assembly of porous films. Cysteamine (Cys, 2-aminoetanethiol) was chosen as both chemical modulator and functionalizing agent of Zeolite Imidazolate Framework-8 (ZIF-8) MOF nanocrystals. Important parameters such as the impact of the modulator on the range of nanocrystals stability, size, polydispersity, morphology, and crystalline structure were assessed via both, small and wide angle x-ray scattering (SAXS and WAXS). Cysteamine modified ZIF-8 nanocrystals were assembled into films over conductive Au substrates and film growth was followed in-situ with Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM). Thiol moieties exposed out of the ZIF-8 surface after cysteamine modification, results in the formation of thiol bonds with Au conductive substrates as shown via Cyclic Voltammetry experiments. The strategy here presented allows for the synthesis of pre-designed building blocks for MOF films on metal surfaces.     

Assembly of a Supramolecular Architecture Based on Keggin POMs and Lanthanide Coordination Cations

Two new compounds based on Keggin polyoxometalates (POMs) [SiW₁₂O₄₀]⁴⁻ (SiW₁₂), [Na(H₂O)₃(H₂L)SiW₁₂O₄₀](H₂L)₂   6H₂O (1), and [Ce(H₂O)₃(HL)₂(H₂L)]₂[SiW₁₂O₄₀]₂ 10H₂O (2) (HL = C₆H₅NO₂ = isonicotinic acid), have been conventionally synthesized and characterized by routine methods. Compound 1 possesses a 1D right-handed helical structure constructed by SiW₁₂O₄₀ ⁴⁻ {SiW₁₂} and [Na(H₂O)₃(HL)] complexes. Interestingly, these right-handed helical chains are linked together via H-bonds forming a novel chiral layer. By using the similar synthesis method to that for compound 1, except for employing Ce³⁺ cations in instead of La³⁺ cations, a 3D supramolecular compound 2 based on SiW₁₂ and Ce³⁺ coordination cations has been obtained, which contains 1D channels along a axis. Additionally, the luminescence properties of 2 were studied. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Syntheses and Structural Characterizations of a Series of Capped Keggin Derivatives

Hydrothermal reactions of Na2 Mo O2·2H2O and NH4VO3(or V2O5) with appropriate reducing agents such as organic amines, NH2OH·HCl and Mo(CO)6 gave rise to the formation of a series of capped Keggin derivatives, [N(CH3)4]2Na3(NH4)2[(VVO4)MoVI8VIV4O36(VIVO)2]·-13H2O(1), [NH4]7[(VVO4)MoVI8VIV4O36(VIVO)2]·7H2O(2), [HN(CH2CH2)3NH][(PO4)MoV3MoVI9O36(VIVO)2]·-3[N(CH2CH2)3N]·(en)·4.5H2O(3) and [HNH2OH][NH4]2[(VVO4)MoVI8VIV4O36(VIVO)4]·24H2O(4). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the anions in 1~3 are two-capped Keggin derivatives with characteristic trans vanadium-oxygen caps, whereas the heteropoly anion in 4 is a tetra-capped α-Keggin derivative with characteristic vanadium-oxygen caps on the equatorial plane.     

La和Zn掺杂铌酸铋的光催化降解性能及其机理

用化学共沉淀法制备了镧和锌掺杂的铌酸铋纳米颗粒,表征了制备样品的微观结构和光催化降解性能。结果表明制备的样品对RhB表现出良好的可见光催化降解活性,且光催化效果受各种因素的影响。其中,Bi_(0.96)La_(0.04)NbO_4用量为0.15 g时,对pH=4、50 m L浓度为5 mg·L-1 RhB溶液的光催化效果最佳。光催化机理研究表明催化剂在可见光照射下产生的电子空穴对Rh B的降解起主要作用。该催化剂的制备方法简单、光催化性能稳定,5次循环后的活性仍大于95%。     

La和Zn掺杂铌酸铋的光催化降解性能及其机理

用化学共沉淀法制备了镧和锌掺杂的铌酸铋纳米颗粒,表征了制备样品的微观结构和光催化降解性能。结果表明制备的样品对RhB表现出良好的可见光催化降解活性,且光催化效果受各种因素的影响。其中,Bi_0.96La_0.04NbO₄用量为0.15 g时,对pH=4、50 mL浓度为5 mg·L^-1 RhB溶液的光催化效果最佳。光催化机理研究表明催化剂在可见光照射下产生的电子空穴对RhB的降解起主要作用。该催化剂的制备方法简单、光催化性能稳定,5次循环后的活性仍大于95%。     

小分子级联自组装/解组装策略在精准癌症诊疗中的应用

“智能”识别及靶向癌细胞是精确诊断与高效治疗的关键。目前的策略中,使用小分子共价前体探针（或药物）存在机体代谢速度快及对其他器官毒副作用大的局限;使用纳米探针（或载药）体系则存在分子量不明确、生物穿透性低和易被网状内皮系统捕获等问题。肿瘤“原位自组装”策略兼具了小分子和纳米体系的优点,利用小分子作为前体可提高药物分子在肿瘤组织的生物穿透性,?而自组装形成的纳米结构则提供了更好的生物利用度、更高的代谢稳定性和更长的滞留时间。在此基础上,研究者们通过设计多个肿瘤特异性生物分子顺次激活分子前体,进一步开发了小分子顺次级联自组装/解组装策略,以实现肿瘤组织的精准定位和肿瘤细胞的高选择性。在癌症的诊疗应用中,该策略可有效提高诊断信号的灵敏度,时空追踪癌细胞内的系列动态生物过程,同时实现药物的有效富集,并降低对正常细胞的副作用。该文概述了当前增强型级联自组装、级联自组装/解组装策略的研究进展,为癌症诊疗提供了新见解。     

酸碱度对金纳米结构形貌的调控及其机理研究

本文通过调节环境pH酸碱度改变聚电解质膜中氨基基团的键合状态,以控制聚电解质膜表面金纳米粒子的原位还原与自组装过程中的聚集行为,发现当聚电解质膜经pH为5.40的去离子水处理后可在其表面制备出片状金纳米结构;经pH为0.65的强酸溶液处理后,可在膜表面制备出树枝状的金纳米结构,且尺寸比pH为5.40条件下增大一倍;经pH为12.77的强碱溶液处理后,金纳米粒子的聚集状态发生改变,形成了球形纳米结构;对金纳米粒子形貌的调控机理进行了初步探讨.     

Autonomic healing of a pinhole in polyethylene and photografted polyethylene‐g‐poly(hexyl methacrylate) films

The structural changes of polyethylene (PE) and photografted polyethylene‐g‐poly(hexyl methacrylate) (PE‐g‐PHMA) with the mechanical formation of pinholes were evaluated with differential scanning calorimetry, wide‐angle X‐ray scanning, and small‐angle X‐ray scanning. The crystallinity and the long period of the lamella increased with pricking under extremely high compression stress. The partial transformation of an orthorhombic crystal into a monoclinic one was also detected. The autonomic healing of pinholes in PE and PE‐g‐PHMA was studied in detail. The degree of healing increased with an increase in the grafting ratio of poly(hexyl methacrylate) (PHMA). Three mechanisms for the healing were investigated and related to the molecular motions of PE and PHMA grafted chains, which were evaluated with dynamic mechanical analyses. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 1705–1714, 2004     

新型超分子化合物[H_2N(CH_2)_6NH_2](H_3O)_4[PMo_7~(VI)Mo_5~VO_(40)(V~(IV)O)_2]晶体的水热合成与表征

在水热条件下合成了一种新型超分子化合物,通过元素分析、红外光谱、热重分析和X射线单晶衍射方法确定了其晶体结构.结构分析表明:该晶体属于单斜晶系,C2/m空间群,晶胞参数:a=1.2643(3)nm,b=2.1069(4)nm,c=1.0057(2)nm,α=90°,β=110.16(3)°,γ=90°,V=2.5149(9)nm3,Z=2,R1=0.0618,wR2=0.1794.