钴/氮掺杂碳催化剂及其氧还原催化机理研究

以尿素做氮源、醋酸钴做金属源,用湿法合并高温热处理法合成了钴/氮共掺杂碳的非贵金属氧还原催化剂Co-N/C-T. 采用循环伏安（CV）法和线性扫描法（LSV）探究了氮源和金属源用量以及热处理温度对氧还原反应电催化活性的影响,活性最好的催化剂Co_0.13-N_0.3/C-800的峰电位达到0.829 V（vs.RHE）,接近商用Pt/C的活性,但比商用Pt/C有更好的耐甲醇性和稳定性. 同时,采用SEM,TEM,BET,XRD和XPS方法表征了催化剂结构和组分特征,并提出催化剂可能的电催化活性氧还原反应机理.     

石墨烯基氧还原催化剂在金属空气电池中的应用

随着金属空气电池技术的不断发展,氧还原催化剂成为限制其动力化的最主要瓶颈之一。近几年来,石墨烯基氧还原催化剂(GORRC)由于优异的氧还原催化活性而备受关注。本文结合石墨烯基氧还原催化剂的研究现状,将其分为三类:石墨烯作氧还原催化剂载体,氮掺杂石墨烯作为氧还原催化剂,以及氮掺杂石墨烯与其他催化剂形成的复合催化体系,并对这三种石墨烯基氧还原催化剂进行了详细的综述。石墨烯作为一种优良的催化剂载体,能够显著降低活性物质负载量,提高氧还原催化剂的催化活性和长期稳定性。氮掺杂石墨烯显示了优良的氧还原催化性能。氮掺杂石墨烯与其他催化剂复合后,由于两者之间的相互作用,可得到性能更为优异的氧还原催化剂。最后,本文还对石墨烯基氧还原催化剂及其在金属空气电池中的研究前景和发展方向进行了展望,指出了将来的研究重点。     

Bifunctional Catalysts for Reversible Oxygen Evolution Reaction and Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Metal-air batteries (MABs) and reversible fuel cells (RFCs) rely on the bifunctional oxygen catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Finding efficient bifunctional oxygen catalysts is the ultimate goal and it has attracted a great deal of attention. The dilemma is that a good ORR catalyst is not necessarily efficient for OER, and vice versa. Thus, the development of a new type of bifunctional oxygen catalysts should ensure that the catalysts exhibit high activity for both OER and ORR. Composites with multicomponents for active centers supported on highly conductive matrices could be able to meet the challenges and offering new opportunities. In this Review, the evolution of bifunctional catalysts is summarized and discussed aiming to deliver high-performance bifunctional catalysts with low overpotentials.     

Nanosheets with High-Performance Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction Reaction Revived from Green Walnut Peel

The synthesis of metal-free carbon-based electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) to replace conventional Pt-based catalysts has become a hot spot in current research. This work proposes an activation-assisted carbonization strategy, to manufacture N-doped ultra-thin carbon nanosheets (GWS180M800) with high catalytic activity, namely, melamine is used as an accelerator/nitrogen source, and walnut green peels biological waste as a carbon source. The melamine acts as a nitrogen donor in the hydrothermal process, effectively enhancing the nitrogen doping rate. The content of pyridine nitrogen groups accounts for up to 48.5% of the total nitrogen content. Electrochemical tests show that the GWS180M800 has excellent ORR electrocatalytic activity and stability, and makes a quasi-four-electron ORR pathway clear in the alkaline electrolyte. The initial potential and half slope potential are as high as 1.01 and 0.82 V vs. RHE, respectively. The GWS180M800 catalyst has a better ability to avoid methanol cross poisoning than Pt/C has. Compared with 20 wt% Pt/C, GWS180M800 has improved methanol tolerance and stability. It is a metal-free biochar ORR catalyst with great development potential and application prospects. This result provides a new space for the preparation of valuable porous nano-carbon materials based on carbonaceous solid waste and provides new ideas for catalyzing a wide range of electrochemical reactions in the future.     

双中心MOFs衍生的Co-ZnO@CN纳米材料作为电化学催化剂用于氧还原反应的研究

采用水热法合成了一系列的Co-Zn-MOF材料,随后将其在高温下热解,采用自模板的方式得到双中心MOFs衍生的Co-ZnO@CN纳米催化剂.通过调节前驱体的比例和热解温度,优化了制备Co-ZnO@CN纳米催化剂的条件.利用粉末X射线衍射(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对Co-ZnO@CN纳米催化剂的结构及表面化学性质进行表征,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能量色散谱仪(EDS)考察了Co-ZnO@CN纳米催化剂的形貌和表面化学元素的种类和组成.通过氧还原反应(ORR)测试了催化剂的催化性能.实验结果表明当热解温度为800℃,Co与Zn摩尔质量之比为1∶2时,所得到的Co-ZnO(1∶2)@CN-800纳米催化剂的催化活性最高,其起始电势和半波电势分别为0.90和0.78 V,此外,通过计算表明该纳米催化剂在氧还原反应中氧分子还原过程遵循4e-反应路径.     

Computational Assistance in the Design of Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrocatalysts

Recently, theoretical calculations have played an irreplaceable role in the discovery of electrocatalysts as a relatively time-efficient, cost-effective, and predictable method. More importantly, theoretical calculations can help screen out the best active reaction sites and modulate them accordingly, which is beneficial for the development of efficient catalysts. In this concept, we focus on the important role of theoretical calculations in determining catalytic active sites and understanding reaction mechanisms, emphasizing its importance in assisting the design and synthesis of efficient oxygen reduction reaction catalysts. Finally, we provide an outlook on the challenges and future development trend in this field.     

包覆型非贵金属氧还原催化剂的研究进展

燃料电池中广泛使用的铂基催化剂价格昂贵、储量低、容易失活,因此亟待开发廉价、高效非铂催化剂. 过渡金属(Fe、Co、Ni等)/杂原子共掺杂催化剂、杂原子掺杂（N、P、S、F等）碳材料以及碳材料包覆过渡金属复合物是目前发现的几类性能优异的非贵金属氧还原催化剂. 其中碳材料包覆过渡金属催化剂作为一类新型的高性能催化剂,对其研究还有待深入. 本文主要阐述了国内外在包覆型非贵金属氧还原催化剂方面的研究进展,从合成,性能,机理等方面对该类催化剂进行了总结,力求助益于该类催化剂的发展.     

Functional Electrospun Nanocomposites for Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Electrospinning with a simple and controllable process has extremely received considerable concerns by virtue of the fabrication and development of nanofibers. Moreover, nanofibers are playing an increasing impact on energy conversion and storage devices, especially for fuel cells based on oxygen reduction reaction(ORR), in view of the rich porosity, large surface area, excellent mass transportation and simply tunable composition, as well as good mechanical strength. In this review, we mainly introduce the primary principle of electrospinning technique, electrochemical reaction mechanism of ORR and synthetic strategies, and summarize the recent advances of unique non-noble-metal nanofibers on the basis of metal-organic framework(MOF) derivatives, single-atom catalysts(SACs) and transition metal oxides. More importantly, we emphasize on the influences of the components, morphology and architecture of advanced electrospun catalysts on their correspon-ding electrochemical performances towards ORR. Finally, the remaining puzzles and perspectives for further development of the electrospinning nanofibers involving electrocatalysis are presented. It is envisioned that this review would offer an important direction in designing novel electrocatalysts based on electrospinning nanofibrous structures and developing their potential.     

Construction of Co,N-Coordinated Carbon Dots for Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction

For the sake of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalytic performance, carbon dots (CDs) doped with metal atoms have accelerated their local electron flow for the past few years. However, the influence of CDs doped with metal atoms on binding sites and formation mechanisms is still uncertain. Herein, Co,N-doped CDs were facilely prepared by the low-temperature polymerization–solvent extraction strategy from EDTA-Co. The influence of Co doping on the catalytic performance of Co-CDs was explored, mainly in the following aspects: first, the pyridinic N atom content of Co-CDs significantly increased from 4.2 to 11.27 at% compared with the CDs, which indicates that the Co element in the precursor is advantageous in forming more pyridinic-N-active sites for boosting the ORR performance. Second, Co-CDs are uniformly distributed on the surface of carbon black (CB) to form Co-CDs@CB by the facile hydrothermal route, which can expose more active sites than the aggregation status. Third, the highest graphite N content of Co-CDs@CB was found, by limiting the current density of the catalyst towards the ORR. Composite nanomaterials formed by Co and CB are also used as air electrodes to manufacture high-performance zinc–air batteries. The battery has good cycle stability and realizes stable charges and discharges under different current densities. The outstanding catalytic activity of Co-CDs@CB is attributed to the Co,N synergistic effect induced by Co doping, which pioneer a new metal doping mechanism for gaining high-performance electrocatalysts.     

Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Nanosheets with Size‐Defined Mesopores as Highly Efficient Metal‐Free Catalyst for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Nitrogen‐doped carbon nanosheets (NDCN) with size‐defined mesopores are reported as highly efficient metal‐free catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). A uniform and tunable mesoporous structure of NDCN is prepared using a templating approach. Such controlled mesoporous structure in the NDCN exerts an essential influence on the electrocatalytic performance in both alkaline and acidic media for the ORR. The NDCN catalyst with a pore diameter of 22 nm exhibits a more positive ORR onset potential than that of Pt/C (?0.01 V vs. ?0.02 V) and a high diffusion‐limited current approaching that of Pt/C (5.45 vs. 5.78 mA cm^?2) in alkaline medium. Moreover, the catalyst shows pronounced electrocatalytic activity and long‐term stability towards the ORR under acidic conditions. The unique planar mesoporous shells of the NDCN provide exposed highly electroactive and stable catalytic sites, which boost the electrocatalytic activity of metal‐free NDCN catalyst.     

钴原子团簇用于高效氧还原反应

探索非贵金属材料作为高效氧还原反应催化剂是迫切需要的,但具有一定的挑战性。本文采用等离子体轰击和酸洗相结合的策略合成了Co原子团簇修饰的多孔碳载体催化剂(Co_AC/NC)。通过多种表征手段证实了的原子团簇特征。所得到的Co_AC/NC催化剂在三电极体系和锌-空电池方面都表现出优异的氧还原反应活性。该催化剂的氧还原反应半波电位为0.887 V,显著优于商业Pt/C催化剂,且表现出优异的稳定性。此外,该催化剂组装的锌-空电池的峰值功率密度为181.5 mW∙cm⁻²,同样远高于Pt/C催化剂。这项工作不仅合成了一种高效的氧还原反应催化剂,而且为原子团簇催化剂的理性设计和实际应用提供了新的见解。     

Hyperporous‐Carbon‐Supported Nonprecious Metal Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Highly porous carbonaceous nonprecious metal catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction are prepared by carbonization of low‐cost metalloporphyrin‐based hyper‐crosslinked polymers (MPH‐X). With high surface area (2768 m² g⁻¹), hierarchical porous structure, and high metal loading (9.97 wt %), the obtained hyperporous carbon MPH‐Fe/C catalyst exhibits high oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity with a half‐wave potential (0.816 V) that is comparable to the 0.819 V of commercial Pt/C. Stability tests reveal that MPH‐Fe/C also exhibits outstanding long‐term durability and methanol tolerance. Our findings may offer an alternative approach to produce nonprecious metal ORR catalysts on a large scale owing to the low‐cost MPH‐X precursors with diverse metal types.     

Synthesis of Non-precious N-doped Mesoporous Fe3O4/CoO@NC Materials towards Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction for Microbial Fuel Cells

N-doped transition metal oxides are strategic materials towards the efficient oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) of microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Non-precious N-doped Fe₃O₄/CoO@NC−T (T represents carbonization temperature) catalysts are prepared by an efficient two-step strategy for ORR. Fe₃O₄/CoO@NC-750 exhibits the best performance with an efficient four-electron transfer pathway. The optimal power density of MFCs by using Fe₃O₄/CoO@NC-750 as the cathode catalyst (1243.4 mW ⋅ m⁻²) is superior to that of the MFCs with commercial Pt/C catalyst (1080 mW ⋅ m⁻²), which shows an outstanding activity towards ORR. No significant decrease in output voltage results over 70 days, which shows an excellent electrochemical stability.     

金属空气电池阴极氧还原催化剂研究进展

随着能源危机加剧和生态环境恶化, 可持续发展能源受到更大的重视. 金属空气电池作为一种绿色能源是具有很大发展潜力的新一代电池. 与传统电池相比, 此类电池有着更高的理论能量密度, 尤其是锂空电池, 能量密度可达3505 Wh/kg, 然而阴极缓慢的氧还原反应成为制约其发展的关键因素之一. 在简要介绍氧还原反应机理基础上, 着重介绍了近年来氧还原催化剂如贵金属及其合金、过渡金属氧化物/硫化物、功能化碳材料和金属氮化物的研究进展, 并根据目前所存在问题指出未来研究方向, 包括深入研究氧还原反应机理, 明确催化剂活性位; 研究催化剂结构等对催化活性的影响, 优化制备条件, 以提高催化活性和稳定性; 根据氧还原机理设计开发新型氧还原催化剂.     

Control of the Interfacial Wettability to Synthesize Highly Dispersed PtPd Nanocrystals for Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Highly dispersed PtPd bimetallic nanocrystals with enhanced catalytic activity and stability were prepared by adjusting the interfacial wettability of the reaction solution on a commercial carbon support. This approach holds great promise for the development of high‐performance and low‐cost catalysts for practical applications.     

Hollow-Structure Pt-Ni Nanoparticle Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

An electrocatalyst with high oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity and high stability during start–stop operation is necessary. In this paper, hollow-structure Pt-Ni electrocatalysts are investigated as ORR catalysts. After synthesis via sacrificial SiO₂ template method, the electrocatalyst exhibits much higher specific activity (1.88 mA/cm²) than a commercial Pt/C catalyst. The mass activity (0.49 A/mg) is 7 times higher than the commercial Pt/C catalyst. The kinetics of the ORR is evaluated using Tafel and K-L plots. It also exhibits a higher durability than commercial Pt/C catalyst during accelerated durability test (ADT). Moreover, the electrocatalyst shows good resistance against accelerated durability test for start–stop, the specific activity and mass activity drops 34.6% and 40.8%, respectively, far better than the commercial catalyst.     

Pt-skin的Pt基双金属电催化的氧还原设计

过去几十年,能源储存转化领域取得重大的进展. 而Pt-skin的Pt基双金属电催化剂在调控电催化剂的电子结构具有巨大的前景,特别是对于氧还原反应而言. 本工作主要综述了最近几年关于Pt-skin的Pt 基双金属电催化剂的设计制备,以及其性能. 本文的主要重点在于系统的综述了Pt-skin的Pt 基双金属电催化剂的合成方法,以及其对于氧还原反应的机理研究.     

过渡金属氧化物氧还原催化剂的研究进展

过渡金属氧化物（TMOs）是阴离子交换膜燃料电池最有前途的氧还原催化剂之一. 目前,TMOs的氧还原活性同铂基催化剂相比仍然有一定的差距,研究如何合成具有高催化活性的TMOs催化剂非常重要. 导电性和本征活性一直被认为是开发高性能TMOs催化剂的两个关键因素,本文着重总结与评述了近年来有关TMOs氧还原催化剂在导电性和本征活性方面的研究进展,尝试提出了未来提高TMOs氧还原催化活性的努力方向.