Click chemistry inspired synthesis of ferrocene amino acids and other derivatives

This work reports the synthesis of a wide range of ferrocenyl-amino acids and other derivatives in excellent yield. Diverse amino acid containing azides were synthesized and ligated to ferrocene employing click reaction to access ferrocenyl amino acids. Chiral alcohols, esters, diols, amines containing azido group were tagged to ferrocene via click reaction to generate ferrocene derived chiral derivatives. A novel strategy for direct incorporation of ferrocene into a peptide and a new route to 1, 1′disubstituted ferrocene amino acid derivative are reported.     

"Click chemistry"en route to pseudo-starch

Rapid assembly of starch fragment analogues was achieved using "click chemistry". Specifically, two hexadecasaccharide mimics containing two parallel maltoheptaosyl chains linked via [1,2,3]-triazoles to a maltose core were synthesized using Cu(i)-catalyzed [3 + 2] dipolar cycloaddition of azido saccharides and 6,6'- and 4',6'-dipropargylated p-methoxyphenyl maltoside.     

Click chemistry strategies for the accelerated synthesis of functional macromolecules

Click chemistry is one of the most powerful strategies for constructing polymeric soft materials with precise control over architecture and functionality. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the state-of-the art for synthesizing functional polymers and their expanding range of applications. The synthetic and mechanistic aspects are discussed for key reactions that fulfill “click” requirements and their applications in construction of macromolecules with linear, branched, and other complex architectures are described.     

"Click" synthesis and properties of carborane-appended large dendrimers

Large dendrimers, noted G(n)-3(n+2)cage, containing 3(n+2) o-carborane cluster cages MeC(2)B(10)H(10) at their peripheries (n = number of generation noted G(n)) have been synthesized by Huisgen-type azide alkyne Cu(I)-catalyzed dipolar "click" cycloaddition reactions (CuAAC) between an o-carborane monomeric cluster containing an ethynyl group and arene-centered azido-terminated dendrimers G(n)-3(n+2)N(3) of generations 0, 1, and 2. Attempts to synthesize higher-generation dendrimers of this family yielded insoluble materials. The carborane dendrimers G(0)-9cage, G(1)-27cage, and G(2)-81cage have been characterized by (1)H, (13)C, (11)B NMR, elemental analysis, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectroscopy, and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) showing low polydispersities, dynamic light scattering (DLS) showing hydrodynamic diameters of 5.7 nm for the G(1)-27cage and the 12.9 nm for the G(2)-81cage. These dendrimers are extremely robust thermally, with 10% mass loss temperatures of 411 °C for the G(0)-9cage, 371 °C for the G(1)-27cage, and 392 °C for the G(2)-81cage. They all showed a strong absorption in the UV region peaking at 258 nm, whereas emission spectra of low intensities were observed between 280 and 480 nm.     

Total synthesis of exiguamines A and B inspired by catecholamine chemistry

The evolution of a total synthesis of the exiguamines, two structurally unusual natural products that are highly active inhibitors of indolamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), is described. The ultimately successful strategy involves advanced cross-coupling methodology and features a potentially biosynthetic tautomerization/electrocyclization cascade reaction that forms two heterocycles and installs a quaternary ammonium ion in a single synthetic operation.     

"Click" synthesis of small-molecule inhibitors targeting caspases

A panel of 198 P4-diversified aldehyde (reversible) and vinyl sulfone (irreversible) inhibitors is successfully synthesized via an efficient "click chemistry" platform and directly screened against caspase-3 and -7 for inhibition.     

Piperidone synthesis using amino acid: A promising scope for green chemistry

Piperidone is a family of organic chemicals characterized by a 6-carbon ring substituted with nitrogen and a double-bonded oxygen atom. Piperidones are named by the location of the nitrogen or amine group on the ring. It differs from piperidine by the presence of oxygen molecule (from ketone). It is used in pharmaceutical companies and chemical manufacturers as intermediates having anti microbial activity. It is usually synthesized using ammonia both in laboratory and industry. In present study, amino acid namely aspartic acid is used instead of ammonia. The amino acid incorporated piperidones is purified and analyzed using NMR spectroscopy. It has antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella aboni.     

Structural chemistry of amino acid complexes

Summary Complex formation between Co^II, Ni^II and Cu^II and the amino acids (cysteine, cystine and methionine) in the solid state were investigated by elemental analyses, i.r. and electronic spectra, and magnetic susceptibilities     

Facile synthesis of polymer–peptide conjugates via direct amino acid coupling chemistry

Polymer–peptide conjugates (also known as biohybrids) are attracting considerable attention as injectable materials owing to the self‐assembling behavior of the peptide and the ability to control the material properties using the polymer component. To this end, a simple method for preparing poly(ethylene oxide)‐oligophenylalanine polymer–peptide conjugates (mPEO_m‐F_n‐OEt) using isobutylchloroformate as the activating reagent has been identified and developed. The synthetic approach reported employs an industrially viable route to produce conjugates with high yield and purity. Moreover, the approach allows judicious selection of the precursor building blocks to produce libraries of polymer–peptide conjugates with complete control over the molecular composition. Control over the molecular make‐up of the conjugates allows fine control of the physicochemical properties, which will be exploited in future studies into the prominent self‐assembling behavior of such materials. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013 , 51, 4853–4859     

Click chemistry methodology in the synthesis of anabasine and cytisine conjugates with isoxazole derivatives

Cytisine and anabasine derivatives containing an acetylenic fragment were used as building blocks in 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions with substituted N-hydroxybenzenecarboximidoyl chlorides, catalyzed by copper(I) salt. The reactions with N-propargylcytisine were not selective, and the products were mixtures of 3,5-disubstituted isoxazoles and small amounts (5–8%) of 3,4-disubstituted isomers. 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition with N-propargylanabasine afforded 3,5-disubstituted isoxazole derivatives with high regioselectivity.     

Click chemistry as a macrocyclization tool in the solid-phase synthesis of small cyclic peptides

Despite the vast number of techniques developed for the cyclization of small peptides, cyclization efficiency remains problematic in peptides that lack turn-promoting structures. Here we demonstrate the utility of click chemistry as a macrocyclization tool in the solid-phase synthesis of cyclic tetra-, penta-, hexa-, and heptapeptides. On-resin cyclization is completed at room temperature within 6 h, resulting in predominantly monomer with small amounts of cyclomultimer byproducts.     

Click chemistry for the synthesis of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles from boron-azides and nitriles

A novel and metal free catalysis of synthesizing 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles through 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of boron-azides and nitriles is reported with broad substrate scope and excellent yields.     

"Click" synthesis of small molecule probes for activity-based fingerprinting of matrix metalloproteases

By using "Click Chemistry", we achieved the facile synthesis of various affinity-based hydroxamate probes that enable generation of activity-based fingerprints of a variety of metalloproteases, including matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), in proteomics experiments.     

One-pot synthesis of triazole-linked glycoconjugates

Highly efficient one-pot synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole-linked glycoconjugates was presented involving a Cu(I) catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition as the key step. It offers a convenient route to prepare neoglycoconjugates derived from unprotected saccharides or peracetylated saccharides.     

拓扑结构高分子的高效“点击”合成

树枝状、梳形、超枝化、星形、及H形等支链结构和环形、多环形等结构的拓扑高分子具有不同于直链结构高分子的独特性能,是一类在材料改性、纳米科技和生物医药等领域有着重要应用前景的新型功能性聚合物材料,日益受到人们的重视,但其复杂的结构导致它们的合成非常繁琐并因此束缚其实际应用.具有定量、快速、高效和高选择性、反应条件温和、产物单一、易于分离等特点的点击反应(click reaction)的应用极大地推动了拓扑结构高分子合成方法的发展.本文就炔/叠氮1,3-偶极环加成反应(CuAAC)、硫醇-烯/炔、胺-丙烯酸酯、Diels-Alder环加成等点击反应应用于树枝状、超枝化、环形、星型等拓扑结构高分子的合成做一简要介绍,并提出了进一步的研究方向.     

Click chemistry for high-density biofunctionalization of mesoporous silica

The applicability of click chemistry for high-density functionalization of mesoporous silica is demonstrated. The mild conditions of the copper(I)-catalyzed Huisgen reaction allow for a surface functionalization with intact biomolecules. The high covalent enzyme functionalization density under simultaneous retention of enzyme activity and the absence of leaching demonstrate the promising potential of this approach.     

Efficient synthesis of enantiopure pyrrolizidinone amino acid

Enantiopure (3S,5R,8S)-3-[N-(Boc)amino]-1-azabicyclo[3.3.0]octan-2-one 8-carboxylic acid (1) was synthesized in nine steps and 16% overall yield from aspartate beta-aldehyde 7. Carbene-catalyzed acyloin condensation of 7, followed by acetylation and samarium iodide reduction, gave linear precursor (2S,7S)-alpha,omega-diamino-4-oxosuberate 11, which was converted to N-(Boc)aminopyrrolizidin-2-one carboxylic acid 1 by a reductive amination/lactam cyclization sequence. X-ray analysis of (3S,5R,8S)-methyl N-(Boc)aminopyrrolizidin-2-one carboxylate 21 showed that its internal backbone dihedral angles (psi = -149 degrees, phi = -49 degrees ) were in good agreement with the ideal values for a type II' beta-turn. Proton NMR experiments on N'-methyl-N-(Boc)aminopyrrolizidin-2-one carboxamide 23 demonstrated significantly different NH chemical displacements and temperature coefficients suggestive of solvent shielded and exposed hydrogens indicative of a turn conformation. Because pyrrolizidinone amino acids can serve as conformationally rigid dipeptide surrogates, this synthesis should facilitate their application in the exploration of conformation-activity relationships of various biologically active peptides.     

"Click" synthesis of small molecule-peptide conjugates for organelle-specific delivery and inhibition of lysosomal cysteine proteases

A click chemistry approach for the synthesis of small molecule inhibitor-peptide conjugates to achieve organelle-specific delivery has been developed. Biological testing showed that the inhibitor-Tat conjugate was successfully delivered to the lysosomes, leading to potent inhibition of lysosomal cysteine proteases in cultured cells.