不同惰性气氛及压强下的碳纳米管的拉曼光谱

本文比较了央弧法中在两种不同气氛和不同压强下制备出的碳纳米管的一级和二级拉曼光谱。我们用直流碳弧法分别在He气氛下和Ar气氛下，压强从11kPa到92kPa制备出碳纳米管，对它们的拉曼光谱进行了分析和比较，发现谱线的峰位置和峰宽度取决于所制备的惰性气氛种类和气体压强。在Ar气氛下制备的碳纳米管的拉曼光谱更接近于石墨的拉曼光谱，而He气氛下制备的碳纳米管，其拉曼光谱与石墨比较，差别较大。并且拉曼位移的峰位置和宽度随着压强的变化而改变，在较高压强下产生的碳纳米管的拉曼光谱更类似于石墨的拉曼光谱。     

不同惰性气氛及压强对碳纳米管电子自旋共振谱的影响

用直流碳弧法在He气氛和Ar气氛（压强为10—80 kPa）下制备碳纳米管,在770℃下将阴极深积物氧化至原重量的1％,得到纯的碳纳米管,测量不同气氛及压强下制备的碳纳米管的室温电子自旋共振（ESR)谱,讨论了不同惰性气氛及压强对所制备碳纳米管的直径分布及ESR谱线型、g因子、线宽和相对自旋浓度的影响. 关键词：     

Effect of metal oxide and oxygen on the growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes by electric arc discharge

The effect of oxygen on the growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes was studied with Ni–Co alloy powder as catalyst under helium atmosphere of 500 Torr by electric arc discharge. The oxygen included in nickel or (and) cobalt oxides was added in catalyst. The content of oxygen in atmosphere was controlled by changing vacuum degree inside furnace before inputting buffer gas. The examinations of TEM and Raman scattering showed that oxygen in metal oxide as catalyst promotes the nucleation of SWCNT by taking effect on the metal catalyst particles. However, O₂ in atmosphere has the role of oxidizing amorphous particles along with nanotubes. When its molar proportion is higher than 0.22 ppm (Parts per million), the carbon nanotubes produced are oxidized and their purity decreases. The diameter of single-walled carbon nanotube obtained under different condition has a narrow distribution around 1.28 nm.     

Production of a large area diffuse arc plasma with multiple cathode

An arc channel at atmospheric pressure tends to shrink generally. In this paper, a non-transferred DC arc plasma device with multiple cathode is introduced to produce a large area arc plasma at atmospheric pressure. This device is comprised of a 42-mm diameter tubular chamber, multiple cathode which is radially inserted into the chamber, and a tungsten anode with a nozzle in its center. In argon/helium atmosphere, a large area and circumferential homogenous diffuse arc plasma, which fills the entire cross section surrounded by the cathode tips, is observed. Results show that the uniformity and stability of diffuse arc plasma are strongly related to the plasma forming gas. Based on these experimental results, an explanation to the arc diffusion is suggested. Moreover, the electron excitation temperature and electron density measured in diffuse helium plasma are much lower than those of constricted arc column, which indicates the diffuse helium plasma probably deviates from the local thermodynamic equilibrium state. Unlike the common non-transferred arc plasma devices, this device can provide a condition for axial-fed feedstock particles. The plasma device is attempted to spheroidize alumina powders by using the central axis to send the powder. Results show that the powder produced is usually a typical hollow sphere.     

Arc discharge sputtering of schungites

The schungite structure is shown to be modified in an arc discharge in an inert gas atmosphere. As a result of the direct effect of the arc discharge, some portion of the schungite material transforms locally into rhombohedral graphite. The spectral dependence of the optical transmission of the solutions of graphite soot and schungite soot in toluene is measured. X-ray diffraction patterns of the schungite soot and graphite soot contain a broad maximum at small scattering angles, which indicates the presence of fullerene molecules.     

定向生长质密碳纳米管的拉曼光谱研究

定向生长质密碳纳米管的拉曼光谱研究张昊李文治徐丽雯刘玉龙朱恪钱露茜解思深赵铁男刘竟青（中国科学院物理研究所北京１０００８０）ＲａｍａｎＳｔｕｄｙｏｆＡｌｉｇｎｅｄａｎｄＤｅｎｓｅＣａｒｂｏｎＮａｎｏｔｕｂｅｓＺｈａｎｇＨａｏ，ＬｉＷｅｎｚｈｉ，ＸｕＬ...     

Growth of small diameter multi-walled carbon nanotubes by arc discharge process

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes （MWCNTs） are grown by arc discharge method in a controlled methane environment. The arc discharge is produced between two graphite electrodes at the ambient pressures of 100 tort, 300 torr, and 500 torr. Arc plasma parameters such as temperature and density are estimated to investigate the influences of the ambient pressure and the contributions of the ambient pressure to the growth and the structure of the nanotubes. The plasma temperature and density are observed to increase with the increase in the methane ambient pressure. The samples of MWCNT synthesized at different ambient pressures are analyzed using transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. An increase in the growth of MWCNT and a decrease in the inner tube diameter are observed with the increase in the methane ambient pressure.     

Effect of adding W to Fe catalyst on the synthesis of SWCNTs by arc discharge

Combining iron (Fe) and tungsten (W) as a bimetallic catalyst, we synthesized high-yield single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) of narrow diameter distribution by a hydrogen–argon arc discharge method. Raman spectra indicate that the diameters of SWCNTs prepared using the Fe–W catalysts are about 0.5 nm smaller than those using Fe catalyst alone. The transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction studies show that the SWCNTs prepared by the bimetallic catalyst coexist with few graphite flakes and other amorphous carbon. At the W content of 2–4 at%, tungsten cannot be found in the SWCNT samples. Thus by using a simple two-step purification process, high-purity SWCNT samples can be obtained. We have demonstrated the growth mechanism for the high melting metal (such as W, Mo)–Fe catalyst synthesis of SWCNTs by the arc discharge method.     

碳纳米管的拉曼散射

本文报道了经电弧放电产生的阴极沉积物外壳与内芯，以及石墨电极的喇曼光谱。     

Anisotropic properties of carbonaceous material produced in arc discharge

A helium-pressure influence on the structure and properties of carbonaceous material from the inner part of a deposit forming in an arc discharge has been studied. At the helium pressure of about 150 Torr and higher, the material was found to have a layered texture, which is perpendicular to the deposit growth axis. Electron microscopy measurements showed that a sample produced in He gas of 800 Torr consists of ∼80% carbon nanotubes having predominant orientation in the layers. Electric conductivity along and perpendicular to the samples’ surface have been measured from 4.2 to 500 K. The samples synthesised at higher helium pressures have significant anisotropy of conductivity, increasing with the carbon nanotubes content rise. X-ray fluorescence spectra represented the angle dependence that is caused by the anisotropy of chemical bonding in the carbon nanotubes. The valence π- and σ-bands for the carbonaceous material were separated. Received: 26 November 1999 / Accepted: 20 April 2000 / Published online: 10 January 2001     

电弧特性及其对熔池形貌影响的数值模拟

通过电弧模型与熔池模型耦合数值模拟,研究了氩弧和氦弧特性及其对SUS304不锈钢钨极惰性气体保护（TIG）焊熔池形貌的影响.通过比较氩弧和氦弧的温度轮廓线以及阳极表面电流密度和热流密度分布发现,氦弧的径向距离比氩弧收缩明显,导致更多热量传递给阳极.模拟了氩弧和氦弧下浮力、电磁力、表面张力和气体剪切力分别对熔池形貌的影响.结果表明：不论是在氩弧还是在氦弧下熔池中表面张力是影响熔池形貌的最主要驱动力.在氩弧下,影响熔池形貌的另一个重要的驱动力是气体剪切力,而氦弧下则是电磁力.由于电磁力引起的内对流运动增加了熔深,从而导致相同氧含量时氦弧下的熔深和焊缝深宽比要高于氩弧下的熔深和焊缝深宽比.随着氧含量的增加,氩弧和氦弧下的焊缝深宽比均先增加而后保持不变.焊缝深宽比的模拟结果与实验结果符合较好. 关键词： 氩弧 氦弧 电弧特性 熔池形貌     

一种新型大气压毛细管介质阻挡放电冷等离子体射流技术

介绍一种结构设计简单、操作运行方便的新型毫米量级大气压冷等离子体射流发生技术.这种射流可以在大气压条件下，利用多种工作气体(如Ar,He,N₂)，通过毛细管介质阻挡放电(DBD)的方式实现.使用频率为33kHz，峰值电压为1—12kV的双向脉冲电源，利用Ar,He,N₂等工作气体，在毛细管内形成了稳定的冷等离子体射流.放电区域的光辐射空间分布利用商用CCD摄像机记录，从中研究放电形态和空间分布，观察到了在DBD区域的流动气体放电和在毛细管出口处形成的等离子体射流 关键词： 冷等离子体射流 毛细管介质阻挡放电 射流射程 射流激发温度     

大气压氦氩混合气体介质阻挡放电电学和光谱特性研究

以聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯作为介质,在大气压下产生氦氩混合气体放电等离子体。利用电压电流探头、数字示波器和数码相机研究了聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯介质阻挡氦氩混合气体放电的电学特性和发光特性。发现随氩气含量增加,每半个电压周期出现一个或多个电流脉冲,放电由均匀放电转变为斑图放电。利用衍射光栅和CCD探测器组成的光谱系统测量了氩原子谱线（696.54, 763.13, 772.09, 811.17和911.81 nm）光谱强度。研究了氩气含量、峰值电压对氩原子谱线光谱强度的影响。实验结果表明：在峰值电压较低时,上述五条氩原子谱线光谱强度随氩气含量的增加均呈现先增强-后减弱-再增强的变化规律;在峰值电压较高时,波长为696.54, 763.13和772.09 nm三条谱线光谱强度增强,波长为811.17和911.81 nm谱线光谱强度减弱。上述情况表明：在低峰值电压下,上述五条氩原子谱线光谱强度的变化规律是由于在放电过程中放电模式发生了变化;而在髙峰值电压下,五条谱线强度变化与气体激发机制有关。在氩气含量低于30%或高于80%时,氩原子谱线光谱强度随峰值电压的增加先保持不变,再增强到稳定值;在氩气含量介于30%～80%之间时,氩原子谱线光谱强度随峰值电压的增加也呈现先增强-后减弱-再增强的变化规律;利用玻尔兹曼图形法计算了氩原子放电的电子激发温度,得到了不同峰值电压下电子激发温度随氦气/氩气比例变化的规律：高峰值电压下电子激发温度明显高于低峰值电压下电子激发温度;电子激发温度随氩气含量增加而减小。出现上述变化规律的原因主要是由于电子与氦原子碰撞截面小,电子与氩原子碰撞截面大,而氦气扩散系数大于氩气扩散系数。     

Excitation of Doubly‐Charged Ion Emission Lines from a Grimm‐Style Glow Discharge Plasma—Comparison Between Yttrium and Zirconium

Spectra of yttrium and zirconium emitted from a Grimm‐style glow discharge plasma were investigated to elucidate the excitation mechanism of doubly‐charged ionic lines when using argon–helium mixed gas as well as argon gas alone. The energy sum for exciting doubly‐charged ion species of yttrium is slightly smaller compared to the case of zirconium, which yields an interesting correlation in the excitation energy between their ionic species and excited species of helium or argon. The Y III emission lines which were assigned to the 4p⁶5p–4p⁶5s(4p⁶4d) transitions could be observed in the argon–helium mixed gas plasma, but those were hardly excited with argon gas only. The Zr III emission lines did not appear in the spectra emitted by the argon gas plasma nor by the mixed gas plasma. A possible explanation for these phenomena is that the excitation of these ionic species is caused principally by collisional energy transfer from helium species to the analyte atoms.     

碳纳米管和高取向热解石墨的拉曼光谱对比研究

同时测量了碳纳米管（Ｄ－ＣＮＴ）和高取向热解石墨（ＨＯＰＧ）的拉曼光谱，第一次分别在ＨＯＰＧ和Ｄ－ＣＮＴ中观察到了位于４２６５ｃｍ－１和４２４８ｃｍ－１的（Ｇ＋Ｄ＊）三级模的拉曼散射；拉曼谱的研究显示，Ｄ－ＣＮＴ的结构比ＨＯＰＧ的无序，同时也进一步表明此无序程度主要来源于结构的缺陷，而非石墨层卷曲成筒状之故     

Carbon linear chains inside multiwalled nanotubes

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes have been deposited on graphite cathodes by using an arc discharge technique in He atmosphere, with the insertion of a catalytic Ni-Cr mixture as well as without catalysers. The topography of such deposition has been investigated by SEM, while a parallel micro-Raman study has revealed, in particular regions of the deposited cathodes, strong bands in the range 1780-1860 cm⁻¹, assignable to linear carbon chains inside the nanotubes. The variation of intensity, frequency and bandwidth of such bands has been investigated, in relation with the spectral characters of the host multiwalled carbon nanotube. In the cathode deposited without catalyst a quite ordered configuration of multiwalled carbon nanotubes is obtained in the central zone, while the maximum concentration of linear carbon chains is found in a ring shaped zone just inside the border. In sample obtained with catalyst the deposited multiwalled carbon nanotubes appear always more disordered, and a remarkable concentration of carbon chains appears in some zones, with a more casual distribution.     

金属铈催化剂对单壁纳米碳管生长和结构的影响

研究了一种利用新型催化剂制备单壁纳米碳管（SWNTs）的工艺方法.将金属铈的氧化物（Ce O₂）与石墨粉按一定比例混合，填充到已打好孔的石墨棒中制成复合石墨电极 ，以其为阳 极在高温氦电弧中实施电弧放电.放电后的生成物经高分辨透射电子显微镜（HRTEM）和拉曼 光谱(Raman)的观察及分析表明：生成物中含有大量呈束状存在的单壁纳米碳管，管径均匀 ，平均直径为120—132nm. 关键词： 单壁纳米碳管 电弧放电 透射电镜分析     

氦氩射频容性放电发射光谱分析

光抽运亚稳态稀有气体激光器利用放电等离子体作为激光的增益介质.为掌握容性射频放电的放电参数对等离子体各项参数的影响的基本规律,利用等离子体发射光谱法研究了氦氩混合气体在不同装置、不同Ar组分、不同气压和不同射频注入功率下的等离子体参数.利用残留水蒸气产生的OH自由基A~2Σ~+→X~2Π的转动光谱分析获得气体温度;利用电子态光谱的玻尔兹曼做图法获得电子激发温度,利用Ar原子696.5 nm谱线的斯塔克展宽获得电子密度.结果表明:气体温度随气压增加略微上升,在一个大气压下改变组分和放电功率,气体温度变化不大;电子激发温度随总气压的下降而上升,且随着Ar组分的增加而略微下降;目前放电条件下的电子密度均在10~(15)cm~(-3)量级;长时间放电监测表明,残留的水蒸气会导致电子温度的下降,从而降低Ar亚稳态的产率.     

Optical Radiation of Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jets Excited by a Barrier Discharge

Optics and Spectroscopy - The luminescence spectra of plasma jets formed by a barrier discharge at atmospheric pressure in argon–air and helium–air mixtures have been studied...     

Nanoparticle production using atmospheric pressure cold plasma

A new technique is proposed for the production and coating of nanoparticles, based on the dissociation of a volatile precursor in an atmospheric pressure, non-equilibrium (cold) plasma. The plasma is produced by a dielectric barrier discharge. Using this technique, nanoparticles were successfully produced from acetylene, ferrocene and hexamethyldisiloxane, using argon and helium as carrier gasses. Carbon nanoparticles were formed from acetylene when argon was used as a carrier gas, while in helium no particles were observed. The difference between the gasses is most likely due to the plasma structure. The argon plasma is filamentary, whereas in helium a homogeneous glow is observed. Using ferrocene, iron particles were produced, which rapidly oxidized to form iron oxide when exposed to ambient air. Preliminary experiments on particle coating suggest that coating by a silicon-based compound is possible.