菌紫质在银膜表面的共振增强Raman光谱

本文用表面共振增强Raman方法,研究了菌紫质在不同条件下吸附在镀银玻璃上的Raman光谱,结果表明菌紫质吸附在银膜上,代表菌紫质分子循环中间体M412特征谱带的1565cm-1Raman位移明显增强,说明银膜对M412态有一定表面共振增强作用。     

Automatic quantification of muscle volumes in magnetic resonance imaging scans of the lower extremities

Muscle volume measurements are essential for an array of diseases ranging from peripheral arterial disease, muscular dystrophies, neurological conditions to sport injuries and aging. In the clinical setting, muscle volume is not routinely measured due to the lack of standardized ways for its repeatable quantification. In this paper, we present magnetic resonance muscle quantification (MRMQ), a method for the automatic quantification of thigh muscle volume in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. MRMQ integrates a thigh segmentation and nonuniform image gradient correction step, followed by feature extraction and classification. The classification step leverages prior probabilities, introducing prior knowledge to a maximum a posteriori classifier. MRMQ was validated on 344 slices taken from 60 MRI scans. Experiments for the fully automatic detection of muscle volume in MRI scans demonstrated an averaged accuracy, sensitivity and specificity for leave-one-out cross-validation of 88.3%, 93.6% and 87.2%, respectively.     

利用“神光-Ⅱ”激光装置多路光束叠加直接驱动下的冲击波平面性及稳定性

 利用“神光-Ⅱ”的3路基频光输出及小透镜列阵束匀滑技术，通过优化设计和合理地选择光路组合，实现了多路叠加斜入射的驱动激光, 在靶材料中产生一个650~750μm范围内平面性良好的冲击波，有效地提高了“神光-Ⅱ”输出光束的利用率。同时，利用斜面靶进行的冲击稳定性实验表明，在靶面功率密度分别为3.26×10¹⁴及2.56×10¹⁴W/cm²时，冲击波至少在28.38~55.82和22.13~35.07μm的Al样品厚度内是稳定传播的。     

用高光谱微分指数估测条锈病胁迫下小麦冠层叶绿素密度

通过人工田间诱发不同等级条锈病,在不同生育期测定感染不同严重程度条锈病的冬小麦冠层光谱与冠层叶绿素密度(canopy chlorophyll density,CCD)。把CCD与高光谱指数进行相关性分析,选取相关系数大于0.7的指数构建反演模型,并对模型进行检验,结果表明微分指数(D750-D550)/(D750+D550)反演精度以及稳定性最好,其次是微分指数(D725-D702)/(D725+D702)。对上述两个微分指数分别进行饱和度分析,发现当CCD大于12μg.cm-2时微分指数(D750-D550)/(D750+D550)易达到饱和,因此当CCD小于12μg.cm-2时,微分指数(D750-D550)/(D750+D550)反演CCD结果较好;但当CCD大于12μg.cm-2时,利用微分指数(D725-D702)/(D725+D702)反演CCD较好,该指数不易达到饱和状态。由于CCD与小麦病情指数(diseaseindex,DI)之间存在极显著负相关性,利用高光谱遥感精确估测小麦冠层CCD,不仅可以帮助判断作物的长势,而且可为识别小麦病害提供辅助信息。因此,该研究对于农业防灾减灾也具有重要现实意义。     

Estimating localized oscillatory tissue motion for assessment of the underlying mechanical modulus

The technique of harmonic motion imaging (HMI) uses the localized stimulus of the oscillatory ultrasonic radiation force as produced by two overlapping beams of distinct frequencies, and estimates the resulting harmonic displacement in the tissue in order to assess its underlying mechanical properties. In this paper, we studied the relationship between measured displacement and stiffness in gels and tissues in vitro. Two focused ultrasound transducers with a 100 mm focal length were used at frequencies of 3.7500 MHz and either 3.7502 (or 3.7508 MHz), respectively, in order to produce an oscillatory motion at 200 Hz in the gel or tissue. A 1.1 MHz diagnostic transducer (Imasonics, Inc.) was also focused at 100 mm and acquired 5 ms RF signals (pulse repetition frequency (PRF)=3.5 kHz) at 100 MHz sampling frequency during radiation force application. First, three 50x50 mm(2) acrylamide gels were prepared at concentrations of 4%, 8% and 16%. The resulting displacement was estimated using crosscorrelation techniques between successively acquired RF signals with a 2 mm window and 80% window overlap at 1260 W/cm(2). A normal 1-D indentation instrument (TeMPeST) applied oscillatory loads at 0.1-200 Hz with a 5 mm-diameter flat indenter. Then, 12 displacement measurements in 6 porcine muscle specimens (two measurements/case, as above) were made in vitro, before and after ablation which was performed for 10 s at 1260 W/cm(2). In all gel cases, the harmonic displacement was found to linearly increase with intensity and exponentially decrease with gel concentration. The TeMPeST measurements showed that the elastic moduli for the 4%, 8% and 16% gels equaled 3.93+/-0.06, 17.1+/-0.2 and 75+/-2 kPa, respectively, demonstrating that the HMI displacement estimate depends directly on the gel stiffness. Finally, in the tissues samples, the mean displacement amplitude showed a twofold decrease between non-ablated and ablated tissue, demonstrating a correspondence between the HMI response and an increase in stiffness measured with the TeMPeST instrument.     

高功率密度软X射线在X光导管中传输效率测量

为优化软X射线聚束透镜设计参数,使之与等离子体辐射源组合来获得洁净的高功率密度宽能带的软X光束,在西北核技术研究所的强光一号加速器装置上,对高功率密度的软X射线（6×10^6～1．5×10^7W／cm^2）在X光导管中的传输特性进行研究。研究结果表明：对于DM308型号玻璃材料拉制成的X光导管,在该功率密度范围内,软X射线在X光导管中的传输没有出现非线性效应,随着入射软X射线功率密度的提高,出射软X射线功率密度基本成线性增大;当入射软X射线的功率密度为1．2×10^7W／cm^2时,实验中获得X光导管的平均传输效率达到了16．3％。在强光一号加速器装置上,使用由该规格X光导管制作的软X射线聚柬透镜与钨丝阵Z-pinch等离子体辐射源组合,获得了功率密度达2．1×10^9W／cm^2的宽能带的软X光源。     

Comparison of Telomere Length of Vocal Folds With Different Tissues: A Physiological Measurement of Vocal Senescence

The objective of this article is to determine telomere length, a measure of biological age, in true vocal fold (TVF), false vocal fold (FVF), and five other tissue types, to ascertain whether there is tissue-specific telomere shortening. The study design is that of a prospective, basic science study. Tissue samples were obtained from the TVF, FVF, skin from the back of hand, skin from thigh, aorta, blood, and bone marrow from 12 patients ages 54 to 76 years. Genomic DNA was isolated from each sample, and telomere lengths were calculated with real-time polymerase chain reaction. In our small age group, age was not significantly associated with telomere length across tissue types, nor were there any linear correlations within tissue types and age. Controlling for age, significant differences were found between the following tissues: aorta and blood (P < 0.000), aorta and bone marrow (P = 0.033), aorta and FVF (P = 0.015), aorta and hand skin (P = 0.004), blood and thigh skin (P = 0.012), and blood and TVF (P = 0.048). A significant linear correlation between telomere length and tissue type without considering donor age was established between bone marrow and hand skin (P < 0.05, R2 = 0.766), thigh skin and hand skin (P < 0.01, R2 = 0.926), TVF and blood (P < 0.01, R2 = 0.836), and thigh skin and TVF (P < 0.05, R2 = 0.624). Our findings indicate that surrogate tissue for measurement of telomere length of TVF includes FVF, bone marrow, skin, and aorta. These findings have implications for understanding vocal fold aging at the cellular level.     

氮化镓外延单晶中束缚激子辐射复合的偏振特性

研究发现,氮化镓外延单晶中束缚于中性施主中心和受主中心上的束缚激子BED°和BEA°的复合发光,具有偏振特性。这种偏振特性,会随激发光的强度发生变化。当激发光的强度在104W/cm2和106W/cm2间变化时,偏振度首先以二次方的规律随激发光强的增强而增加,而后超于饱和。本文首先用单轴晶体中介电函数的各向异性解释了荧光固有偏振度的起因,继而采用束缚激子间相互作用的电偶极子模型解释了荧光偏振度随激发光光强的变化规律。     

Beam quality improvement and focused peak intensity measurement of an intense femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser system

Micro-lens arrays were adopted to homogenize the beam profile of 532-nm pumping laser for the main amplifier of an intense femtosecond, chirped pulse amplification (CPA) Ti:sapphire laser. Experimental measurements showed a great improvement of the near-field pattern of the CPA beam after the main amplifier and the size of the focal spot was improved from 2.7 times diffraction limitation (DL) to 1.6 DL.The spot size focused by an f/4 off-axis parabola (OAP) in the target chamber was measured to be 5.8μm (full-width at half-maximum (FWHM)), and a peak intensity of 2.6 × 1020 W/cm2 was obtained at the output power of 120 TW. Peak intensity exceeding 1021 W/cm2 or even 1022 W/cm2 can be expected with smaller f-number focusing configuration and wavefront correction.     

Generation and characterization of the highest laser intensities (10(22) W/cm2)

We generated a record peak intensity of 0.7 x 10(22) W/cm2 by focusing a 45-TW laser beam with an f/0.6 off-axis paraboloid. The aberrations of the paraboloid and the low-energy reference laser beam were measured and corrected, and a focal spot size of 0.8 microm was achieved. It is shown that the peak intensity can be increased to 1.0 x 10(22) W/cm2 by correction of the wave front of a 45-TW beam relative to the reference beam. The phase and amplitude measurement provides for an efficient full characterization of the focal field.     

利用空间分辨漫反射无损测量生物组织的光学参量

利用空间分辨漫反射光确定生物组织的光学参量进行了实验研究，分别用光纤探测器和CCD无损测量了半无限大生物组织(牛脂肪和牛肉)表面的漫反射光的径向分布．由漫射方程对漫反射光强的相对分布值作非线性拟合确定了生物组织的吸收系数和约化散射系数，所得结果与国外报道的绝对测量法测量的结果相比，其差别小于9．4％．研究结果表明，光纤测量和CCD测量有较好的一致性，而CCD探测具有测量准确、简单和快捷的特点。     

Possibilities and limits of sound power measurements with a real-time intensity analyzer

The sound power of a number of test objects was determined from spatially averaged intensity measurements. The results show that the influence of room acoustics is insignificant even for rooms of widely different room constants, if the measuring surfaces are exactly defined and if a good space-averaging technique is used. The intensity integrated over a closed surface defining a source-free space compared to the sound pressure integrated over the same surface gives a measure of the capability of a specific intensity measuring system to suppress external noise. For the test arrangements measured with broad band noise, this suppression was found to be 14–18 dB(A). A similar value of 15 dB was found from sound power measurements on a source with high external sound and an analysis of the results in one-third octave bands. From these measurements an analytical function was derived which describes the average error of the spatially averaged intensity as a function of the difference between the external sound level and the source sound level. For practical measurement situations a further analytical function was derived which gives this intensity error as a function of the difference between the measured (spatially averaged) pressure and intensity levels. Thus it is possible to estimate the error of intensity measurements directly from measured intensity and pressure data.     

Magnetic reconnection and plasma dynamics in two-beam laser-solid interactions

We present measurements of a magnetic reconnection in a plasma created by two laser beams (1 ns pulse duration, 1 x 10(15) W cm(-2)) focused in close proximity on a planar solid target. Simultaneous optical probing and proton grid deflectometry reveal two high velocity, collimated outflowing jets and 0.7-1.3 MG magnetic fields at the focal spot edges. Thomson scattering measurements from the reconnection layer are consistent with high electron temperatures in this region.     

Elastic models of vocal fold tissues

Elastic properties of canine vocal fold tissue (muscle and mucosa) were obtained through a series of experiments conducted in vitro and were modeled mathematically. The elastic properties play a significant role in quantitative analysis of vocal fold vibrations and theory of pitch control. Samples of vocalis muscle and mucosa were dissected and prepared from dog larynges a few minutes premortem and kept in a Krebs solution at a temperature of 37 +/- 1 degrees C and a pH of 7.4 +/- 0.05. Samples of muscle tissue and mucosa were stretched and released in a slow, sinusoidal fashion. Force and displacement of the samples were measured with a dual-servo system (ergometer). After digitization, stress-strain data for samples of muscle tissue and cover tissue were averaged. The stress-strain data were then fitted numerically by polynomial and exponential models.     

飞秒激光惰性气体Ar原子多次电离过程的空间分辨研究

使用100飞秒、1014 W/cm2的强激光与惰性气体Ar原子相互作用,我们利用飞行时间质谱仪结合Z扫描技术获得了各次电离的Ar原子在激光焦点附近不同位置处强度分布.测量得到的各个不同电离态Ar n+(n=1～4)的产额随激光焦点位置变化关系与不同电离态的空间分布理论预言相一致.     

Recovering the acoustic Green's function from ambient noise cross correlation in an inhomogeneous moving medium

We study long-range correlation of diffuse acoustic noise fields in an arbitrary inhomogeneous, moving fluid. The flow reversal theorem is used to show that the cross-correlation function of ambient noise provides an estimate of a combination of the Green's functions corresponding to sound propagation in opposite directions between the two receivers. Measurements of the noise cross correlation allow one to quantify flow-induced acoustic nonreciprocity and evaluate both spatially averaged flow velocity and sound speed between the two points.     

石墨烯在中红外波段的光限幅效应研究

利用纳秒级脉冲量激光的Z 扫描方法对不同层数石墨烯薄膜在3 m~5 m中红外波段的光限幅效应开展了研究,获得的开孔Z扫描曲线均呈现出单一谷结构,而闭孔Z扫描曲线没有明显的峰谷对称结构。通过对开孔Z扫描实验数据进行数值模拟,分别得到3层石墨烯在3.010 m、3.522 m、4.326 m和4.880 4 m 4个中心波长处的三阶非线性吸收系数和光限幅阈值分别为11.3910-7cm/W、10.6110-7cm/W、9.7510-7cm/W、8.8110-7cm/W和3.49 J/cm2、3.75 J/cm2、4.11 J/cm2、4.55 J/cm2;3层、5层和7层石墨烯在3.522 m中心波长处的三阶非线性吸收系数和光限幅阈值分别为10.6110-7 cm/W、11.3210-7 cm/W、11.9510-7 cm/W和3.75 J/cm2、3.41 J/cm2、3.32 J/cm2。实验数据表明,石墨烯在中红外波段产生了较强的非线性反饱和吸收而具有明显的光限幅效应。     

激光加热充氖靶丸的压缩实验研究

在神光(10¹²W)激光器上,用充Ne靶丸开展了内爆压缩实验研究。结果表明:实现了激光加热靶丸的对称性内爆压缩,芯部电子密度达10²³cm^-3,平均内爆速度为3.3×10⁷cm/。 关键词：     

红外光谱结合主成分分析鉴别不同产地黄柏

利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪收集6个不同产地黄柏的红外光谱,原始光谱经过多点基线校正、五点平滑预处理后,统计各个产地黄柏的平均光谱,结果显示,6个产地黄柏的平均红外光谱整体上相似;在指纹特征区域1 800～500cm-1,选取经过归一化的红外光谱,建立主成分分析鉴别模型.建模结果表明,三个主成分能代表98%的指纹区变量信息,样本在主成分空间中聚集成为不同的类别,基本实现不同产地黄柏的鉴别,此外,在一定程度上,样本分布疏密度反映样本的亲缘关系.提取模型的载荷因子,分析显示,6个产地黄柏的差异主要在蛋白质、糖类、脂类、生物碱类、黄柏甾醇类、黄柏内酯、黄柏酮、黄柏酮酸八种物质成分上体现.因此,红外光谱结合主成分分析法可以快速、无损地鉴别不同产地黄柏,并且能反映不同产地黄柏物质成分含量的差异.     

明胶与AgBr晶体颗粒相互作用的研究

为了探讨明胶在照相乳剂中的行为 ,用红外光谱法研究了明胶与AgBr晶粒间的相互作用 ,证实了明胶 AgX照相乳剂的晶粒吸附有明胶 .红外光谱分析结果表明 ,明胶与AgBr晶粒间的作用除了明胶与Ag+ 的化学亲和力外 ,明胶与Br- 之间还存在静电作用 .而且 ,明胶的疏水侧链与AgBr晶粒疏水区之间还存在另一种作用力 ,该作用力可能是范德华力 ,它对乳剂红外光谱的影响显示在 10 0 0～ 12 0 0cm- 1.由于用鱼胶和骨胶制作的乳剂在AgBr的晶体形态和乳剂的感光性能方面都显示出明显的差异 ,因此 ,还比较了这两种明胶与AgBr的作用特性