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1.
Natural convection heat transfer in an inclined fin attached square enclosure is studied both experimentally and numerically.
Bottom wall of enclosure has higher temperature than that of top wall while vertical walls are adiabatic. Inclined fin has
also adiabatic boundary conditions. Numerical solutions have been done by writing a computer code in Fortran platform and
results are compared with Fluent commercial code and experimental method. Governing parameters are Rayleigh numbers (8.105 ≤ Ra ≤ 4 × 106) and inclination angle (30° ≤ and ≤ 120°). The temperature measurements are done by using thermocouples distributed uniformly
at the wall of the enclosure. Remarkably good agreement is obtained between the predicted results and experimental data. A
correlation is also developed including all effective parameters on heat transfer and fluid flow. It was observed that heat
transfer can be controlled by attaching an inclined fin onto wall. 相似文献
2.
Mixed convection heat transfer has been studied in vertical channels, open at the bottom and top, with protruding discrete
heaters installed on one side. The flow is assumed to be steady, laminar and two-dimensional. The Boussinesq approximation
is used to account for the density variation. Non-dimensional equations of conservation of mass, momentum and energy, with
the Boussinesq approximation are solved using the SIMPLER method. Heat transfer through the top and the right are calculated
as functions of the Rayleigh number (0≤Ra≤107), the Reynolds number (0≤Re≤200), various aspect ratios (1≤A≤6). The effect of the entrance and exit lengths and that of the position of the electronic components in the channel are
also examined. Flow and temperature fields for various cases are produced, and the temperature variations in the electronic
components are calculated.
Received on 2 March 1998 相似文献
3.
Mixed convection flow in a two-sided lid-driven cavity filled with heat-generating porous medium is numerically investigated.
The top and bottom walls are moving in opposite directions at different temperatures, while the side vertical walls are considered
adiabatic. The governing equations are solved using the finite-volume method with the SIMPLE algorithm. The numerical procedure
adopted in this study yields a consistent performance over a wide range of parameters that were 10−4 ≤ Da ≤ 10−1 and 0 ≤ Ra
I
≤ 104. The effects of the parameters involved on the heat transfer characteristics are studied in detail. It is found that the
variation of the average Nusselt number is non-linear for increasing values of the Darcy number with uniform or non-uniform
heating condition. 相似文献
4.
Natural convection in a fluid saturated porous medium has been numerically investigated using a generalized non-Darcy approach.
The governing equations are solved by using Finite Volume approach. First order upwind scheme is employed for convective formulation
and SIMPLE algorithm for pressure velocity coupling. Numerical results are presented to study the influence of parameters
such as Rayleigh number (106 ≤Ra ≤108), Darcy number (10−5 ≤ Da ≤ 10−2), porosity (0.4 ≤ ɛ ≤ 0.9) and Prandtl number (0.01 ≤ Pr ≤ 10) on the flow behavior and heat transfer. By combining the method of matched asymptotic expansions with computational
fluid dynamics (CFD), so called asymptotic computational fluid dynamics (ACFD) technique has been employed to generate correlation
for average Nusselt number. The technique is found to be an attractive option for generating correlation and also in the analysis
of natural convection in porous medium over a fairly wide range of parameters with fewer simulations for numerical solutions. 相似文献
5.
Rayleigh-Bénard convection in a cubical cavity with adiabatic or conductive sidewalls is experimentally analyzed at moderate
Rayleigh numbers (Ra ≤ 8 × 104) using silicone oil (Pr=130) as the convecting fluid. Under these conditions the flow is steady and laminar. Three single-roll-type structures and
an unstable toroidal roll have been observed inside the cavity with nearly adiabatic sidewalls. The sequence from the conductive
state consists of a toroidal roll that evolves to a diagonally oriented single roll with increasing Rayleigh number. This
diagonal roll, which is stabilized by the effect of the small but finite conductivity of the walls, shifts its axis of rotation
towards to two opposite walls, and back to the diagonal orientation to allow for the increase in circulation that occurs as
the Rayleigh number is further increased. Conduction at the sidewalls modifies this sequence in the sense that the two initial
single rolls finally evolve into a four-roll structure. Once formed, this four-roll structure remains stable when decreasing
the Rayleigh number until the initial single diagonally oriented roll is again recovered. The topology and the velocity fields
of all structures, characterized with visualization and particle image velocimetry, respectively, are in good agreement with
numerical results reported previously for the cavity with adiabatic walls, as well as with the numerical predictions obtained
in the present study for perfectly conducting lateral walls.
Received: 10 August 1998/Accepted: 1 August 2000 相似文献
6.
This paper presents the numerical study of internal free convection of Al2O3 water nanofluid in vertical annuli. Vertical walls are maintained at constant temperatures and horizontal walls are adiabatic.
Results are validated by experimental data. Effect of nanofluids on natural convection is investigated as a function of geometrical
and physical parameters and particle fractions for aspect ratio of 1 ≤ H/L ≤ 5, Grashof number of 103 ≤ Gr ≤ 105 and concentration of 0 ≤ ϕ ≤ 0.06. More than 330 different numerical cases are investigated to develop a new correlation for the Nusselt number. This
correlation is presented as a function of Nusselt number of base fluid and particle fraction which is a linear decreasing
function of particle fraction. The developed correlation for annuli is also valid for the natural convection of Al2O3 water nanofluid in a square cavity. Furthermore, the effect of the viscosity and conductivity models on the Nusselt number
of nanofluids in cylindrical cavities are discussed. 相似文献
7.
A. Baïri E. Zarco-Pernia J.-M. García de María J.-G. Bauzin N. Alilat N. Laraqi F. Gutiérrez 《Heat and Mass Transfer》2011,47(5):589-595
In the present study Nu-Ra-α correlations are proposed to calculate the steady-state natural convection heat transfer taking place in 2D air-filled cavities
of parallelogrammic section. The thermal conditions and the dimensions of the enclosures permit to cover a large range of
Rayleigh numbers, 1.7 × 103 ≤ Ra ≤ 3.0 × 109, suitable for diverse engineering applications. The two active walls of the cavities are kept vertical and isothermal at
hot and cold temperatures T
h
and T
c
respectively. Separated by a horizontal distance H, they have the same height H and are connected by a closed adiabatic channel whose upper and lower walls can be inclined at an angle α with respect to the horizontal, varying between −60° to +60°. That gives rise to a conducting or insulating cavity, in the
convective sense of the term (diode cavity). A computational model based on the finite volume method is used to solve the
governing equations. The large number of treated configurations led to propose Nu-Ra-α correlations for large ranges of Ra and α which can be applied to many engineering areas. The results of this numerical study have been successfully compared with
calculated and measured available data. 相似文献
8.
Experimental investigation of mixed convection heat transfer in a horizontal and inclined rectangular channel 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Mixed convection heat transfer in rectangular channels has been investigated experimentally under various operating conditions.
The lower surface of the channel is subjected to a uniform heat flux, sidewalls are insulated and adiabatic, and the upper
surface is exposed to the surrounding fluid. Experiments were conducted for Pr=0.7, aspect ratios AR=5 and 10, inclination
angles 0° ≤ θ ≤ 30°, Reynolds numbers 50 ≤ Re ≤ 1000, and modified Grashof numbers Gr*=7.0 × 105 to 4.0 × 107. From the parametric study, local Nusselt number distributions were obtained and effects of channel inclination, surface
heat flux and Reynolds number on the onset of instability were investigated. Results related to the buoyancy affected secondary
flow and the onset of instability have been discussed. Some of the results obtained from the experimental measurements are
also compared with the literature, and a good agreement was observed. The onset of instability was found to move upstream
for increasing Grashof number and increasing aspect ratio. On the other hand, onset of instability was delayed for increasing
Reynolds number and increasing inclination angle.
Received on 19 March 2001 / Published online: 29 November 2001 相似文献
9.
A new finite volume (FV) approach with adaptive upwind convection is used to predict the two-dimensional unsteady flow in a square cavity. The fluid is air and natural convection is induced by differentially heated vertical walls. The formulation is made in terms of the vorticity and the integral velocity (induction) law. Biquadratic interpolation formulae are used to approximate the temperature and vorticity fields over the finite volumes, to which the conservation laws are applied in integral form. Image vorticity is used to enforce the zero-penetration condition at the cavity walls. Unsteady predictions are carried sufficiently forward in time to reach a steady state. Results are presented for a Prandtl number (Pr) of 0-71 and Rayleigh numbers equal to 103, 104 and 105. Both 11 × 11 and 21 × 21 meshes are used. The steady state predictions are compared with published results obtained using a finite difference (FD) scheme for the same values of Pr and Ra and the same meshes, as well as a numerical bench-mark solution. For the most part the FV predictions are closer to the bench-mark solution than are the FD predictions. 相似文献
10.
Transient laminar natural convection over a sphere which is subjected to a constant heat flux has been studied numerically
for high Grashof numbers (105 ≤ Gr ≤ 109) and a wide range of Prandtl numbers (Pr = 0.02, 0.7, 7, and 100). A plume with a mushroom-shaped cap forms above the sphere and drifts upward continuously with time.
The size and the level of temperature of the transient cap and plume stem decrease with increasing Gr and Pr. Flow separation and an associated vortex may appear in the wake of the sphere depending on the magnitude of Gr and Pr. A recirculation vortex which appears and grows until “steady state” is attained was found only for the very high Grashof
numbers (105 ≤ Gr ≤ 109) and the lowest Prandtl number considered (Pr = 0.02). The appearance and subsequent disappearance of a vortex was observed for Gr = 109 and Pr = 0.7. Over the lower hemisphere, the thickness of both the hydrodynamic (δH) and the thermal (δT) boundary layers remain nearly constant and the sphere surface is nearly isothermal. The surface temperature presents a local
maximum in the wake of the sphere whenever a vortex is established in the wake of the sphere. The surface pressure recovery
in the wake of the sphere increases with decreasing Pr and with increasing Gr. For very small Pr, unlike forced convection, the ratio δT/δH remains close to unity. The results are in good agreement with experimental data and in excellent agreement with numerical
results available in the literature. A correlation has also been presented for the overall Nusselt number as a function of
Gr and Pr. 相似文献
11.
Turbulent wall pressure fluctuation measurements on a towed model at high Reynolds numbers 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Turbulent wall pressure fluctuation measurements were made in water on a towed model of length 129.8 (m) and diameter 3.8
(cm) for steady speeds from 6.2 (m/s) to 15.5 (m/s). The drag on the model was measured with a strut mounted load cell which
provided estimates of the momentum thickness and friction velocity. Momentum thickness Reynolds numbers Re
θ varied from 4.8 × 105 to 1.1 × 106. The ratio of momentum thickness to viscous length scale is significantly greater than for flat plate cases at comparable
Re
θ. The effectiveness of inner and outer velocity and length scales for collapsing the pressure spectra are discussed. The wavenumber–frequency
spectra show a convective ridge at higher frequencies similar to flat plate boundary layers. At low frequencies, energy broad
in wavenumber extends outside the convective ridge and acoustic cone, with no characteristic wave speed. Wall pressure cross-spectral
levels scaled with similarity variables are shown to increase with increasing tow speed, and to follow decay constants consistent
with flat plate cases. The convection velocities also display features similar to flat plate cases. 相似文献
12.
Experiments were conducted in water and wind tunnels on spheres in the Reynolds number range 6 × 103 to 6.5 × 105 to study the effect of natural ventilation on the boundary layer separation and near-wake vortex shedding characteristics.
In the subcritical range of Re (<2 × 105), ventilation caused a marginal downstream shift in the location of laminar boundary layer separation; there was only a small
change in the vortex shedding frequency. In the supercritical range (Re > 4 × 105), ventilation caused a downstream shift in the mean locations of boundary layer separation and reattachment; these lines
showed significant axisymmetry in the presence of venting. No distinct vortex shedding frequency was found. Instead, a dramatic
reduction occurred in the wake unsteadiness at all frequencies. The reduction of wake unsteadiness is consistent with the
reduction in total drag already reported. Based on the present results and those reported earlier, the effects of natural
ventilation on the flow past a sphere can be categorized in two broad regimes, viz., weak and strong interaction regimes.
In the weak interaction regime (subcritical Re), the broad features of the basic sphere are largely unaltered despite the large addition of mass in the near wake. Strong
interaction is promoted by the closer proximity of the inner and outer shear layers at supercritical Re. This results in a modified and steady near-wake flow, characterized by reduced unsteadiness and small drag.
Received: 8 September 1998 / Accepted: 1 January 2000 相似文献
13.
A. Benderradji A. Haddad R. Taher M. Médale C. Abid F. Papini 《Heat and Mass Transfer》2008,44(12):1465-1476
Two mechanisms of roll initiation are highlighted in a horizontal channel flow, uniformly heated from below, at constant heat
flux (Γ = 10, Pr = 7, 50 ≤ Re ≤ 100, 0 ≤ Ra ≤ 106). The first mechanism is the classical one, it occurs for low Rayleigh numbers and is initiated by the lateral wall effect.
The second occurs for higher Rayleigh numbers and combines the previous effect with a supercritical vertical temperature gradient
in the lower boundary layer, which simultaneously triggers pairs of rolls in the whole zone in between the two lateral rolls.
We have found that in the present configuration, the transition between the two roll initiation mechanisms occurs for Ra/Re
2 ≈ 18. Consequently, the heat transfer is significantly enhanced compared to the pure forced convection case owing to the
flow pattern responsible of the continuous flooding the heated wall with cold fluid. 相似文献
14.
This paper reports the use of the technique of combining asymptotics with computational fluid dynamics (CFD), known as asymptotic
computational fluid dynamics (ACFD), to handle the problem of combined laminar mixed convection and surface radiation from
a two dimensional, differentially heated lid driven cavity. The fluid under consideration is air, which is radiatively transparent,
and all the walls are assumed to be gray and diffuse and having the same hemispherical, total emissivity (ɛ). The computations
have been performed on FLUENT 6.2. The full radiation problem (i.e. all the walls are radiatively black corresponding to ɛ
= 1) is first taken up and the method of “perturbing and blending” is used wherein, first, limiting solutions of natural and
forced convection are perturbed, to obtain correlations for the weighted average convective Nusselt numbers for the full radiation case. These correlations are then blended suitably in order to obtain a composite
correlation for the weighted average convective Nusselt number that is valid for the entire mixed convection range, i.e., 0 ≤ Ri ≤ ∞. This correlation is then expanded in terms of ɛ to obtain an expression for the average convective Nusselt number that is valid for any ɛ in the range 0 ≤ ɛ ≤ 1. In so far as radiation heat transfer is concerned, using asymptotic
arguments, a new weighted average radiation Nusselt number is defined such that this quantity can be expanded just in terms of ɛ. Hence, by the use of ACFD, the number
of solutions required to obtain reasonably accurate correlations for both the convective and radiative heat transfer rates
and hence the total heat transfer rate (Nu
total = Nu
C + Nu
R), is substantially reduced. More importantly, the correlations for convection and radiation are asymptotically correct at
their ends. The effect of secondary variables like aspect ratio and the case of unequal wall emissivities can also be included
without significant additional effort. 相似文献
15.
Thermocapillary- and buoyancy-driven convection in open cavities with differentially heated endwalls is investigated by numerical
solutions of the two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations coupled with the energy equation. We studied the thermocapillary
and buoyancy convection in the cavities, filled with low-Prandtl-number fluids, with two aspect-ratiosA=1 and 4, Grashof number up to 105 and Reynolds number ⋎Re⋎≤104. Our results show that thermocapillary can have a quite significant effect on the stability of a primarily buoyancy-driven
flow, as well as on the flow structures and dynamic behavior for both additive effect (i.e., positiveRe) and opposing effect (i.e., negativeRe). 相似文献
16.
The present investigation deals with the numerical analysis of steady-state laminar buoyancy-driven convection in an inclined
triangular enclosure filled with fluid saturated porous media using the Darcy law equation. One wall of the enclosure is isothermally
heated and the other is cooled, while the remaining wall is adiabatic. The effect of inclination angle on natural convection
is investigated by varying the angle of inclination (φ) between 0° and 360°. The governing transformed equations are solved numerically using a finite-difference method. Obtained
results are shown in the form of streamlines, isotherms, mean Nusselt numbers and dimensionless stream function for different
values of the Rayleigh number Ra in the range 100 ≤ Ra ≤ 1,000. It is found that the values of the maximum and minimum mean Nusselt number are reached for φ = 330° and φ = 210° , respectively. However, the lowest flow strength is formed at φ = 240° for all values of Ra. 相似文献
17.
A numerical study of the steady forced convection heat transfer from an unconfined circular cylinder
Forced convection heat transfer from an unconfined circular cylinder in the steady cross-flow regime has been studied using
a finite volume method (FVM) implemented on a Cartesian grid system in the range as 10 ≤ Re ≤ 45 and 0.7 ≤ Pr ≤ 400. The numerical results are used to develop simple correlations for Nusselt number as a function of the pertinent dimensionless
variables. In addition to average Nusselt number, the effects of Re, Pr and thermal boundary conditions on the temperature field near the cylinder and on the local Nusselt number distributions
have also been presented to provide further physical insights into the nature of the flow. The rate of heat transfer increases
with an increase in the Reynolds and/or Prandtl numbers. The uniform heat flux condition always shows higher value of heat
transfer coefficient than the constant wall temperature at the surface of the cylinder for the same Reynolds and Prandtl numbers.
The maximum difference between the two values is around 15–20%. 相似文献
18.
Tomographic and time resolved PIV measurements on a finite cylinder mounted on a flat plate 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Tomographic and time resolved PIV measurements were performed to examine the 3D flow topology and the flow dynamic above the
upper surface of a low-aspect ratio cylinder at Re ≈ 1 × 105. This generic experiment is of fundamental interest because it represents flow features which are relevant to many applications
such as laminar separation bubbles and turbulent reattachment. At Re ≈ 1 × 105, laminar separation bubbles arise on the side of the cylinder. Furthermore, on the top of the cylinder a separation with
reattachment is of major interest. The tomographic PIV measurement, which allows to determine all three velocity components
in a volume instantaneously, was applied to examine the flow topology and interaction between the boundary layer and wake
structures on the top of the finite cylinder. In the instantaneous flow fields the tip vortices and the recirculation region
becomes visible. However, it is also observed that the flow is quite unsteady due to the large separation occurring on the
top of the cylinder. In order to study the temporal behaviour of the separation, time resolved PIV was applied. This technique
allows capturing the dynamic processes in detail. The development of vortices in the separated shear layer is observed and
in addition regions with different dominant frequencies are identified. 相似文献
19.
A linear stability analysis is used to study the conditions marking the onset of secondary flow in the form of longitudinal
vortices for plane Poiseuille flow of water in the thermal entrance region of a horizontal parallel-plate channel by a numerical
method. The water temperature range under consideration is 0∼30°C and the maximum density effect at 4°C is of primary interest.
The basic flow solution for temperature includes axial heat conduction effect and the entrance temperature is taken to be
uniform at far upstream location jackie=−∞ to allow for the upstream heat penetration through thermal entrance jackie=0. Numerical results for critical Rayleigh number are obtained for Peclet numbers 1, 10, 50 and thermal condition parameters
(λ
1, λ
2) in the range of −2.0≤λ
1≤−0.5 and −1.0≤λ
2≤1.4. The analysis is motivated by a desire to determine the free convection effect on freezing or thawing in channel flow
of water. 相似文献
20.
The effects of micro-rotation and vortex viscosity in micropolar fluids have been investigated numerically to determine heat
transfer by natural convection between concentric and vertically eccentric spheres with specified mixed boundary conditions.
Calculations were carried out systematically for several different eccentricities and a range of modified Rayleigh numbers
to determine the average Nusslet numbers which are affected by the micropolar parameters (F) of the flow and temperature fields. The skin friction stress on the walls has also been studied and discussed. The governing
equations, in terms of vorticity, stream function, temperature and angular momentum are expressed in a spherical polar coordinate
system. Results were obtained for steady heat-transfer in spherical annuli at a Prandtl number of 0.7, with the modified Rayleigh
number ranging from 103 to 5 × 105, for a radius ratio of 2.0 and eccentricities varying from −0.625 to +0.625. Comparisons are attempted between the Newtonian
fluid and micropolar fluid. 相似文献