SiC_p/Al-Si合金梯度材料的磨损特性

采用离心铸造技术制备了 Si Cp/ Al- 8.8% Si合金梯度材料 ,并用扫描电子显微镜、HV- 5型小负荷维氏硬度计和ML- 10 0型销 -盘磨粒磨损试验机等设备研究了该梯度材料组织、硬度及耐磨性的梯度分布规律 .结果表明 :因 Si C颗粒的密度比铝合金液的大 ,其在离心力场中偏聚于试样的外侧 ,含量由外向内逐渐降低直至消失 ,呈梯度变化 ;Si Cp/Al- 8.8% Si合金梯度材料的硬度由外向内逐渐降低 ,呈梯度变化 ,与 Si C颗粒的分布规律一致 ;Si Cp/ Al- 8.8% Si合金梯度材料的耐磨性能取决于 Si C颗粒的数量及其分布 ,耐磨性能由外向内逐渐变差 ,呈梯度变化 ,与硬度的分布规律一致     

增强颗粒对铝基复合材料摩擦学性能的影响

采用自制的摩擦磨损试验机考察了增强颗粒对铝基复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明：在基体合金、陶瓷颗粒尺寸和体积分数相同的条件下,SiC增强铝基复合材料的摩擦磨损性能优于Al2O3增强铝基复合材料;增大颗粒尺寸或增加颗粒体积分数均使得SiC颗粒增强铝基复合材料的平均摩擦系数略有降低,耐磨性能提高;在与半金属摩擦材料配副时,颗粒增强铝基复合材料的摩擦系数与基体合金的相近,耐磨性能提高了3个数量级。     

三种工况下SiC/Al梯度功能材料紧凑拉伸试件的应变测试

SiC/Al梯度功能材料试件各梯度单层由不同体积浓度的铝合金和陶瓷SiC复合而成,由于材料组分梯度变化,有效缓和了双材料界面的应变跳跃问题,从而能够获得了优异的使用性能,本文从实验的角度采用激光云纹干涉法,对具有四个梯度层的SiC/Al梯度功能材料紧凑拉伸试件在三种工况下进行实验研究.通过实验采集试件在各工况下的位移场云纹图,根据位移与条纹级数的关系以及小变形条件下应变与条纹级数关系式,获得梯度功能材料紧凑拉伸试件预制裂纹区的应变分布.通过实验结果与文献对比分析,在有关梯度功能材料的裂纹扩展准则的适用性方面取得一致结论;同时,就实验获得的应变结果,讨论了梯度功能材料的材料参数变化规律,以及材料组分和梯度层结构对FGM材料整体力学性能的影响.     

纳米SiC增强CoCrMo高温抗磨复合材料及摩擦学性能

采用粉末冶金技术制备了纳米SiC陶瓷颗粒(0.0%、1.0%、2.2%和3.4%,质量分数,后面未作特殊说明,均为质量分数)强化的CoCrMo基高温抗磨复合材料,对复合材料的相组成及高温摩擦学性能进行了系统性研究.在室温至1 000℃范围内利用球-盘式高温摩擦试验机测试了材料的高温摩擦学性能.结果表明：复合材料的基体主要由γ (fcc)和ε (hcp)合金相构成,加入纳米SiC后复合材料出现了MoCr相,这有利于复合材料硬度的提高;纳米SiC提高了复合材料的硬度,同时降低了复合材料的密度;摩擦系数与纳米SiC的含量和温度相关,摩擦系数随纳米SiC含量的增加而增大,室温至800℃的摩擦系数整体呈下降趋势,1 000℃时含2.2%和3.4%SiC的复合材料具有较低的摩擦系数;高温环境下复合材料的抗磨损性能随纳米SiC含量的增加而显著提高;复合材料的磨损机理在不同温度下存在差异,随着温度升高,磨损机理逐渐由磨粒磨损和塑性变形转变为氧化磨损.室温至1 000℃范围内CoCrMo-2.2%SiC具有较优异的高温抗磨损性能,这主要归因于复合材料的高硬度和磨损表面完整的氧化物润滑层.     

SiC/Al梯度功能材料紧凑拉伸试件裂纹扩展分析

SiC/Al梯度功能材料各梯度层由不同体积浓度的陶瓷和金属组成,由于材料组分梯度变化,克服了双材料界面的应力突变问题,获得了优异的使用性能.本文首先采用激光云纹干涉法,对具有四个梯度层的SiC/Al梯度功能材料紧凑拉伸试件在机械荷载作用下的拉伸实验位移场进行记录,进而获得紧凑拉伸试件裂纹口位移P-V曲线以及材料断裂韧度实验值;然后根据层合梯度功能材料理论分析模型,建立FGM紧凑拉伸试件的渐近分网有限元平面应变模型,采用通用有限元软件的单元删除模块对试件模型进行裂纹扩展单元的应变模拟分析,从计算所得的裂纹尖端应变图像分析得出梯度材料试件的裂纹扩展规律.     

SiC增强颗粒分布规律对梯度装甲板抗侵彻过程的影响

利用LS-DYNA软件,对SiC颗粒增强铝合金复合材料的增强相体积百分含量沿厚度连续分布的梯度装甲板进行了抗侵彻过程的数值分析。给出了四种SiC体积含量连续分布的梯度板模型抗侵彻过程的数值计算结果,并与钢板材料进行比较。结果表明：改变梯度装甲板增强颗粒的体积含量沿装甲板厚度方向的分布,能极大地提高梯度装甲板的抗弹击性能,大大地降低防护装甲的自身重量。当SiC颗粒平均体积含量一定时,SiC增强颗粒在表面的体积含量越高,抗侵彻性能越好,也就是f0=0.80,参数b＝4时,具有最佳的抗侵彻能力,比同厚度的钢板要好得多。     

磨料流加工过程中介质黏温特性对金属磨损性能的影响

采用20#钢、45#钢和T8钢3种不同材料进行磨料流加工试验,测定并分析各种材料的磨损量和表面粗糙度的变化情况;通过黏度计研究磨料流加工介质的黏温关系,并基于Rabinowicz单颗粒切削模型推导出以介质黏温关系为主的磨损关系式.结果表明:在磨料流加工开始的几个循环内,材料的表面粗糙度与磨损量变化较大,随着循环次数的增加,其变化幅度逐渐降低;材料硬度越高,磨损量越小;加工介质的黏度随温度升高而急剧下降.推导出的磨损关系式表明,磨损量与介质黏度呈正比,与工件硬度呈反比,材料磨损量变化趋势与试验结果一致.     

SiC/A1梯度功能材料在机械载荷及热载下的应变测试

梯度功能材料是基于一种全新的材料设计概念而开发的新型功能材料。陶瓷-金属FGM的主要结构特点是各梯度层由不同体积浓度的陶瓷和金属组成,材料在升温和降温过程中宏观梯度层间产生热应力,每一梯度层中细观增强相和基体的热物性失配将产生单层热应力,从而导致材料整体的破坏。采用云纹干涉法,对具有四个梯度层的SiC/A1梯度功能材料分别在机载、热载及两者共同作用下进行了应变测试,分别得到了这三种情况下每梯度层同一位置的纵向应变,横向应变和剪应变值。     

梯度多孔材料单轴压缩弹塑性变形的宏微观数值分析

针对闭孔的密度梯度多孔材料,建立含球形孔洞的三维数值分析模型,研究其单轴压缩力学行为。首先,研究密度梯度对多孔材料宏观力学行为(如弹性模量和屈服强度)的影响;其次,研究密度梯度与材料局部力学性能的关系,得到了沿梯度方向弹性模量和屈服强度的分布规律;最后,讨论梯度多孔材料单轴压缩变形局部化机制。结果表明:当梯度材料与均质材料的总体相对密度相同时,梯度材料的宏观弹性模量和屈服强度均低于均质材料水平,其宏观应力-应变关系曲线降低;梯度多孔材料沿梯度方向的力学性能发生急剧变化,等效弹性模量沿梯度方向呈线性分布,屈服强度呈非线性曲线分布,导致沿梯度方向应力、应变呈现高度的不均匀性;多孔材料的变形局部化产生于孔隙率较大的薄弱位置,再逐渐向孔隙率较小的位置发展。由此可知,孔隙率的梯度变化影响多孔材料的力学性能,通过改变孔隙率的分布可实现材料预期的力学性质。     

喷射成形Zn52Al40Cu2Si6微观形貌及耐磨性能

采用喷射成形工艺制备高铝锌基合金,利用扫描电镜?金相显微镜?透射电镜及X-射线衍射等表征了合金的磨损形貌和内部组织,采用M2000摩擦试验机考察了高铝锌基合金的摩擦磨损性能.结果表明,沉积坯大部分为粗化均细的共析片层状组织,呈不均匀微观分布态,而不是通常认为的树枝晶结构.沉积过程中形成较多无规则?不均匀分布的孔洞,致密度只有60%左右;由于时效后期的四相反应α+ε→Τ′+η,合金的硬度热处理后下降.试验中,硅颗粒在合金基体中始终呈均匀分布.通过M2000摩擦试验机测试合金的摩擦磨损性能.Zn52Al40Cu2Si6合金在2000N载荷,200r/min试验条件下呈最佳耐磨性能.合金的摩擦系数随着载荷的增加而减小.     

Group properties of utt=[F(u)ux]x

The group properties and the associated Lie algebra are developed for the subject quasilinear wave equation, for arbitrary f[fεC²(R), f > 0, f ≠ 0]. From the resulting information sets of explicit invariant solutions are constructed for wave propagation in gases and for the transonic equation.     

Exact solution of the non-linear differential equation RR̈ + 32R2 − AR−4 + B = 0

The non-linear equation $\text{R}\text{R}\text{?}\text{+}\text{3}\text{2}\text{R}{}^2\text{- AR}{}^{\mathrm{?4}}\text{+ B = 0}$ is shown to represent simply periodic motion with a minimum at R₁ and a maximum at R₁R₀ or a maximum at R₁ and a minimum at R₁R₀^?1. R₀ is a function of the ratio $\text{A}\text{B}$ and is greater than 1 for $\text{A}\text{B}$ > 1 and less than 1 for $\text{A}\text{B}$ > 1. The period of the motion satisfies the simple relation T(R₀^?1) = R₀^?1T(R₀). The exact solution to the above equation is represented in terms of elliptic integrals of the first and second kinds and a simple algebraic function.     

Explicit expressions of S(v), H(v) and L(v) for anisotropic elastic materials

The three matrices L(v), S(v) and H(v), appearing frequently in the investigations of the two-dimensional steady state motions of elastic solids, are expressed explicitly in terms of the elastic stiffness for general anisotropic materials. The special cases of monoclinic materials with a plane of symmetry at x₃ = 0, x₁ = 0, and x₂ = 0 are all deduced. Results for orthotropic materials appearing in the literature may be recovered from the present explicit expressions.     

惯导／GNSS／罗兰C／航姿系统组合导航方案

为保证飞行器的导航精度及可靠性,采用了惯导/GNSS/罗兰C/航姿系统的组合导航。该组合导航采用开环组合方式,将多系统导航信息在计算机中进行综合,提高导航信息精度。仿真试验结果说明,所设计的组合导航系统是可行的,能满足任务要求。     

Phase portraits and bifurcations of the non-linear oscillator: ẍ + (α + γx2 + βx + δx3 = 0

The non-linear oscillator ? + αx + γx²x + βx + δx³ = 0 is studied using the methods of differentiable dynamics to obtain qualitative behaviour. The case x, β<0; γ, δ> 0 is considered in some detail; it has physical relevance as a simple model in certain now-induced structural vibration problems in which the structural non-linearities act to maintain overall stability. The presence of local and global bifurcations is detected and their physical significance discussed.     

Rheology/morphology/flow conditions relationships for polymethylmethacrylate/rubber blend

Viscoelastic behavior, phase morphology and flow conditions relationships in polymer/rubber blends have been investigated. The importance of such correlations is illustrated on polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)/rubber blends subjected to different flow conditions both under small and large deformations. In small-amplitude oscillatory shear (the morphology does not change during the flow) the elastic modulus G of the concentrated blends shows a secondary plateau, G _p , in the low frequency region. This solid-like behavior appears for rubber particle contents beyond the percolation threshold concentration (15%). Morphological observations revealed that for concentrations higher than 15%, the particles are dispersed in a three-dimensional network-type structure.In capillary flow it was found that the network-type structure was destroyed and replaced by an alignment of particles in the flow direction. This morphological modification resulted in a decrease in both viscosity and post-extrusion swell of the blends. Morphological observations revealed that the ordered structure in the flow direction was concentrated only in the skin region of the extrudate, where the shear stress is higher than the secondary plateau, G _p . A simple kinetic mechanism is proposed to explain the observed morphology.Similarly, steady shear measurements performed in the cone-and-plate geometry revealed alignment of particles in the flow direction for shear stress values higher than G_p.Presented in part at the Symposium Recent Developments in Structured Continua Montréal (Canada) 26–28 May 1993 and at the 45th Canadian Chemical Engineering Conference, Quebec, October 15–18 (1995)     

溅射沉积WSx/Ni/a-C/Ni多层膜的微结构及大气环境摩擦学性能

采用磁控溅射技术在硅基体上交替沉积WS₂、Ni及非晶碳(a-C)层制备出不同Ni层厚度的WS_x/Ni/a-C/Ni多层膜. 利用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、拉曼光谱仪、X射线光电子能谱仪等研究了多层膜的成分及微观结构;通过纳米压痕仪、划痕仪和球盘式摩擦磨损试验机等评价了薄膜的力学及大气环境中的摩擦学性能. 结果表明:随着Ni层厚度的增加,WS_x/Ni/a-C/Ni多层膜的致密度下降,n_s/n_w值(S与W原子百分数之比)由0.84降至0.73,WS_x层以微晶或非晶的形式存在. 多层膜的硬度和磨损率均随Ni层厚度的增加先降低后升高,但摩擦系数由0.22升至0.38,结合力先增大后减小. Ni层厚度为6 nm的多层膜的硬度可达13.4 GPa,抗氧化性能和耐磨性最优,磨损率仅为9.47×10–14 m3/(Nm).      

机翼-机身-挂架-短舱复杂流场数值模拟

本文采用分区搭接网格技术,对机翼/机身/挂架/短舱复杂组合体进行网格分布,通过分析计算网格对结果的影响,探讨了网格的划分.基于Roe的近似黎曼解的方法,采用S-A湍流模型,通过求解N-S方程,对该组合体外流场/发动机短舱内流场进行一体化数值模拟,与相应风洞实验数据进行了比较与分析,取得了与实验数据较为吻合的结果.与无发动机短舱的组合体的气动特性进行比较,分析了短舱对翼身组合体的气动干扰.     

On free energy-based formulations for kinematic hardening and the decomposition F = fpfe

Within the framework of linear plasticity, based on additive decomposition of the linear strain tensor, kinematical hardening can be described by means of extended potentials. The method is elegant and avoids the need for evolution equations. The extension of small strain formulations to the finite strain case, which is based on the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient into elastic and inelastic parts, proved not straight forward. Specifically, the symmetry of the resulting back stress remained elusive. In this paper, a free energy-based formulation incorporating the effect of kinematic hardening is proposed. The formulation is able to reproduce symmetric expressions for the back stress while incorporating the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient. Kinematic hardening is combined with isotropic hardening where an associative flow rule and von Mises yield criterion are applied. It is shown that the symmetry of the back stress is strongly related to its treatment as a truly spatial tensor, where contraction operations are to be conducted using the current metric. The latter depends naturally on the deformation gradient itself. Various numerical examples are presented.