从SiCl4合成多孔硅/碳复合材料及储锂性能研究

以Li13Si4和SiCl4为原料,通过简单的机械球磨法合成多孔硅/碳复合材料,通过控制Li13Si4颗粒的尺寸可以有效调节产物的比表面积。分别研究了包覆碳含量、多孔硅/Super P(导电碳)比表面积以及极片活性物质负载量对多孔硅/碳复合材料电化学性能的影响。结果表明:多孔硅/Super P比表面积为100.9 m2·g-1,化学气相沉积(CVD)包覆碳含量为25.3wt%(约6 nm厚)的复合材料具有最高的电化学活性,在300 mA·g-1的电流密度下,循环可逆比容量达到1 900 mAh·g-1,50次循环后容量仅衰减7.6%。     

二氧化硅/木质素多孔碳复合材料的制备及作为锂离子电池负极材料的性能

将来源于造纸黑液中的碱木质素(AL)通过水热反应与纳米二氧化硅(SiO_2)复合,制备了二氧化硅/季铵化碱木质素复合物(SiO_2/QAL),再经过碳化和酸洗后得到二氧化硅/木质素多孔碳复合材料(SiO_2/PLC).形貌与结构表征结果表明,SiO_2/PLC的比表面积达到1069 m~2/g,具有平均孔径约20 nm的介孔结构.二氧化硅纳米颗粒均匀分散在三维网络结构的木质素多孔碳内部.电化学性能测试结果表明,SiO_2/PLC作为锂离子电池负极材料具有良好的倍率性能和循环性能,在100 mA/g电流密度下经过100周循环后放电比容量为820 mA·h/g,在5 A/g大电流密度下嵌锂容量达到235 mA·h/g.     

电化学混合电容器用新型聚吡咯/介孔碳纳米复合电极

采用介孔碳CMK-3作为载体,通过化学原位聚合的方法制备出一种新型的聚吡咯/介孔碳(PPy-CMK-3)纳米复合材料.将该纳米复合材料作为正极,配以介孔碳CMK-3为负极和1.0mol·L-1NaNO3中性电解液,组装成为电化学混合电容器.电化学测试表明:在5.0mA·cm-2电流密度和1.4V充放电电位条件下,其放电比容量达57F·g-1,电容器功率密度为2.5×102W·kg-1,能量密度达17Wh·kg-1.当电流密度从5.0mA·cm-2增加至50mA·cm-2时,电容器的容量保持率在80%以上,显示高倍率充放电特性优异.此外,聚吡咯-介孔碳/介孔碳电化学混合电容器易活化,并具有优异的充放电效率和良好的循环稳定性能.     

氢键诱导的聚吡咯/苯磺酸功能化多壁碳纳米管的制备及其电化学行为

采用原位芳基重氮化反应对碳纳米管进行苯磺酸功能化, 进而制备了聚吡咯/苯磺酸化碳纳米管复合材料(PPy/f-MWCNTs), 通过透射电镜(TEM)及扫描电镜(SEM)测试发现, 氢键诱导使聚吡咯成功地包覆在碳纳米管表面. 循环伏安和恒流充放电测试结果表明, 复合材料具有良好的电化学电容性能, 当聚吡咯与苯磺酸化碳纳米管质量比为1:1时, 复合材料在1.0 A·g-1的电流密度下的比容量达266 F·g-1, 而且聚吡咯利用率比未功能化聚吡咯/碳纳米管(PPy/p-MWCNTs)和纯聚吡咯(PPy)提高了1倍以上.     

聚吡咯纳米线凝胶的模板制备及储能与电化学传感性能

以配位聚合物凝胶为模板, 构筑均一的聚吡咯纳米线网络, 聚合后经简单处理除去模板, 得到性能优异的聚吡咯凝胶. 结果表明, 模板法合成的聚吡咯凝胶为由均一纳米线组成的三维网络结构, 具有良好的力学性能、 较大的比表面积及优异的电化学特性, 在0.28 A/g电流密度下, 比电容可达450 F/g, 在2.8 A/g电流密度下充放电1000次, 比电容仍可保持88.6%. 聚吡咯纳米线网络凝胶经葡萄糖氧化酶负载后得到柔性传感电极, 对低浓度(0.2 mmol/L)的葡萄糖具有快速响应性能, 有望用于超级电容器及生物电化学传感器等领域.     

褐煤基多孔炭/CoNi_2S_4复合材料的制备及电容特性研究

以宝清褐煤为原料,使用KOH溶液萃取、活化后制得煤基多孔炭,并利用简单的水热法将褐煤基多孔碳与CoNi_2S_4复合,制备复合电容电极材料。考察了不同碳添加量对褐煤基多孔碳/CoNi_2S_4复合材料电化学性能的影响,结果表明,碳添加量过高或过低都不利于复合材料比电容的提升,而碳添加量为37%的褐煤基多孔碳/CoNi_2S_4复合材料具有较高的比电容和良好的循环性能,该复合电极在4 A/g电流密度下,比电容达到1318.2 F/g,在4000次充放电循环后电容保持率为80.9%。     

氮杂碳原位包覆Cu2O/Co3O4@C异质结构复合材料的设计构筑及高效储锂性能

通过液相法合成了Cu₂O纳米立方体, 并在其基础上利用金属有机框架化合物(MOFs)的自组装形貌调控, 进一步构建了层级多孔Co₃O₄和氮杂碳双壳层的Cu₂O/Co₃O₄@C异质结构复合材料. 利用X射线衍射(XRD)、 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、 透射电子显微镜(TEM)、 热重分析(TGA)、 BET比表面积及孔径分析、 拉曼光谱和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等表征手段证实了Cu₂O/Co₃O₄@C异质结构复合材料的成功构筑. 双壳层结构设计和丰富的层级孔道结构有效抑制了材料在充放电循环过程中的体积膨胀, 材料在循环100次后仍保持了原有的形貌和构造. 表面多孔结构对电解液的充分浸润、 异质结构的界面内建电场以及缺陷氮杂碳的表面包覆有效提升了材料的电子和离子导电能力. 异质结构设计、 形貌调控、 多孔特性和氮杂碳的协同作用, 使得Cu₂O/Co₃O₄@C复合材料呈现出优异的电化学性能, 在0.1 A/g电流密度下的首次放电比容量达到2065 mA·h/g, 在 2 A/g电流密度下的可逆放电比容量高于360 mA·h/g, 在1 A/g电流密度下循环350次后仍有530 mA·h/g的高可逆放电比容量.     

静电纺氧化锰复合碳纳米纤维柔性膜的电化学性能

采用一步法静电纺丝技术制备了具有超亲水特性的氧化锰/碳纳米纤维(MnO_x/CNFs)复合柔性膜电极材料,并通过X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜等对复合材料进行了表征.电化学性能测试结果表明,复合材料的电容性能优于单一材料,醋酸锰质量分数为40%时制得的复合纳米纤维电极(MC-4)在1 A/g电流密度下,于2 mol/L KOH电解液中的比电容高达1112.5 F/g,10 A/g电流密度下循环3000次比容量保持在93.4%,具有很好的稳定性.MnO_x/CNFs复合材料电化学性能增强一方面是由于三维超亲水纤维膜结构有利于电解液的快速浸润渗透,从而极大缩短了传输到材料基质的有效路径;另一方面是由于碳和MnO_x的协同效应,包裹在MnO_x粒子周围的碳层避免了MnO_x在充放电过程中的体积膨胀效应,这2种叠加机制促进了电化学性能的提升.     

从SiCl4合成多孔硅/碳复合材料及储锂性能研究

以Li₁₃Si₄和SiCl₄为原料,通过简单的机械球磨法合成多孔硅/碳复合材料,通过控制Li₁₃Si₄颗粒的尺寸可以有效调节产物的比表面积。分别研究了包覆碳含量、多孔硅/SuperP(导电碳)比表面积以及极片活性物质负载量对多孔硅/碳复合材料电化学性能的影响。结果表明:多孔硅/SuperP比表面积为100.9m₂·g^-1,化学气相沉积(CVD)包覆碳含量为25.3wt%(约6nm厚)的复合材料具有最高的电化学活性,在300mA·g^-1的电流密度下,循环可逆比容量达到1900mAh·g^-1,50次循环后容量仅衰减7.6%。     

碳包覆硅/石墨复合材料的制备及其电化学性能

本文以工业硅粉(600目)为原料,通过高能球磨和热解包碳方法制备了碳包覆纳米硅,在此基础上采用简单的机械球磨方法制备了碳包覆/石墨复合材料,并系统研究了碳包覆量及硅/石墨比例对碳包覆硅/石墨复合材料电化学性能的影响.与商业纳米硅粉/石墨复合材料相比,工业硅粉/石墨复合材料的循环性能及倍率性能均得到改善.通过高能球磨和热处理法得到的碳包覆材料为无定形碳和晶态硅材料的复合,所获碳包覆硅材料一次颗粒的粒径在100～200 nm左右.碳包覆量对材料的电化学性能有着重要影响,Si/C-2-1复合材料表现出高的可逆比容量、良好的倍率性能和循环稳定性,在0.1C倍率下,可逆比容量高达492.6 mA h·g~(-1),循环100周后容量保持率达85.8%,1C电流密度下放电比容量达369.7 mAh·g~(-1),为0.1C的73.9%.提高碳包覆硅/石墨复合材料中硅含量的比例可以提升其比容量,当硅含量达到20%时,Si/C-2-3复合材料在0.1C倍率下可逆比容量达到600.4 mAh·g~(-1),但材料循环性能有所下降,说明石墨在稳定硅/碳复合材料循环性能方面发挥着非常重要的作用.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Selective syntheses of 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones via temperature-dependent Rh(II)-carbenoid-mediated 2H-azirine-ring expansion

The Rh(II)-catalyzed reaction of 2-carbonyl-substituted 2H-azirines with ethyl 2-cyano-2-diazoacetate or 2-diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate provides an easy access to 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones. These compounds can be selectively prepared from the same starting material using temperature as the only varied parameter. The 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, a common precursor for both heterocyclic products, isomerizes into 2H-1,3-oxazine under kinetic control, while 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-one is the sole product of the reaction at elevated temperatures. According to DFT-calculations a one-atom oxazine ring contraction involving ring-opening to a 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, followed by a 1,5- and 1,2-prototropic shift leads to the consecutive formation of imidoylketene and azomethine ylide, which then further undergo cyclization to the pyrrole derivative.     

Copper catalyzed/mediated synthetic methodology for ebselen and related isoselenazolones

Scope of the copper catalyzed/mediated selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction has been studied for the synthesis of isoselenazolones. It is noticed that the 2-chloro, 2-bromo-, and 2-iodo-aryl amides substrates can be exploited in the selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction by employing 25-100 mol % of CuI/1,10-phenanthroline (L) and potassium carbonate as a base in DMF. Furthermore, electron rich 2-chloro-arylamides also underwent selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction to give biologically important selenium-nitrogen heterocycles. Also, copper-catalyzed selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction has been meticulously applied for the synthesis of diaryl diselenides having methoxy, amine, and amide functionality from respective aryl iodides in the presence of stoichiometric amount of succinimide as an external Se-N coupling partner.     

Knoevenagel condensation catalyzed by novel Nmm-based ionic liquids in water

A series of novel N-methyl morpholine (Nmm) based ionic liquids with 1,2-propanediol group were synthesized and used as catalysts for Knoevenagel condensation at room temperature in water. Under the effect of the catalyst, various aldehydes or aliphatic ketones could react with a wide range of activated methylene compounds well, including malononitrile, alkyl cyanoacetate, cyanoacetamide, β-diketone, barbituric acid, 2-arylacetonitrile and thiazolidinedione. Furthermore, most of the products could be separated just by filtrating and washing with water. Additionally, the catalyst is recyclable and applicable for the large-scale synthesis.     

Construction of polyheterocyclic spirotetrahydrothiophene derivatives via sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction

A series of polyheterocyclic spirotetrahydrothiophene derivatives were obtained in moderate to excellent yields via a catalyst-free sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction of chalcones 1 and commercially available 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol 2 under mild conditions. We also present the first asymmetric sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction of chalcones 1 and commercially available 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol 2 with moderate to good enantioselectivities catalyzed by readily available chiral phase-transfer catalysts (PTCs).     

Suzuki-Miyaura reactions of the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor NS2028: a non-product specific route to C-8 substituted analogues

Both soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) inhibitors ODQ 1 and NS2028 2 are synthesized via improved protocols. In the former case treating 3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one oxime 8, which can be prepared in two steps from 1,2-benzenediamine, with 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) gives the dihydro-ODQ 10 that in the presence of KMnO₄ oxidises to give ODQ 1 in an overall yield of 46% starting from 1,2-benzenediamine. In the latter case, the synthesis affords NS2028 2 from 2-amino-4-bromophenol 3 in three steps with an overall yield of 85% and avoids the need for chromatography. Furthermore, Suzuki-Miyaura reaction conditions are described that enable the preparation of 8-aryl and 8-heteroaryl derivatives of NS2028 directly from NS2028 2. Finally, demethylation of the 8-(methoxyphenyl) substituted analogues afforded the 8-(hydroxyphenyl) derivatives 40-42. All new products are fully characterised.