气相色谱质谱法分析土壤中多溴联苯和多溴联苯醚类化合物

建立了气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)分析土壤中的18种多溴联苯(PBBs)和多溴联苯醚类(PBDEs)化合物的方法.利用快速溶剂萃取(ASE)技术和凝胶净化系统(GPC)进行土壤样品的前处理,(13)C标记物作为进样内标和替代标,采用电子轰击源气相色谱质谱法(GC-EI/MS )分析-溴至七溴代PBBs和PBDEs,负...     

高效液相色谱法测定电子电气产品中多溴联苯和多溴联苯醚

提出了高效液相色谱法测定电子电气产品中多溴联苯和多溴联苯醚含量的方法。普通塑料样品采用正己烷-丙酮(1+1)混合溶液作为提取溶剂进行微波萃取,含金属的塑料样品采用乙酸乙酯作为提取溶剂进行超声波萃取,提取液采用NUCLEODUR Sphinx RP C18色谱柱为分离柱分离,以不同体积比混合的水和乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,检测波长为226nm。多溴联苯和多溴联苯醚的质量浓度在0.2～50mg.L-1范围内与峰面积呈线性关系,测定下限(10S/N)在2.3～5.0mg.kg-1之间。     

气相色谱法测定牡蛎中多溴联苯醚

利用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD),建立了牡蛎中11种多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)同时测定方法。优化了气相法与质谱联用法仪器条件,考察了不同提取溶液、固相萃取柱、净化方式等前处理条件对提取和净化效果的影响。结果表明,GC-ECD对高溴组分更灵敏;牡蛎加标样品经正己烷-二氯甲烷(1:1,V/V)提取,弗洛里硅土柱-浓硫酸净化,GC-ECD测定,PBDEs各组分标准曲线线性良好(r 0. 998),二至九溴联苯醚和十溴联苯醚方法检出限分别为0. 05 ng/g和0. 1 ng/g,回收率范围为80. 3%～104%,相对标准偏差范围为3. 0%～12%。方法可用于牡蛎中二至十溴联苯醚同时检测。     

多溴联苯醚光化学降解

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是一类全球性的有机污染物,近年来由于其持久性、毒性和潜在的生物蓄积性而备受关注.光化学降解是环境中多溴联苯醚的重要归趋之一.本文综述了有机溶剂、水相和固相等不同介质中人工紫外光源和太阳光下PBDEs的光降解研究成果,不仅介绍了光源、反应介质、溴取代数目和取代型式对PBDEs光解速率和光解产物的影响,也包括了基于PBDEs光解的定量结构-性质关系,并展望了环境中PBDEs光化学行为的研究前景.     

多溴联苯醚及其环境问题

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是全球性的环境污染物,对其环境问题的研究已成为当前环境科学的一大热点,而我国PBDEs的研究刚刚起步.本文介绍了多溴联苯醚的性质、应用、污染来源、环境行为、污染水平、趋势、控制措施以及分析方法等,综述了国内外对PBDEs的研究情况,讨论了目前存在的问题,为我国开展PBDEs的研究提供参考.     

新型污染物多溴联苯醚和氰尿酸的光化学降解

由于在环境中的广泛分布和难降解特性,多澳联苯醚和氰尿酸这两种环境污染物近年来得到了广泛的关注.光化学方法能够成功降解这两种新型污染物.本文综述了使用光化学方法降解多溴联苯醚和氰尿酸的最新研究进展.介绍了在有机溶剂中和颗粒物表面多澳联苯醚的光化学分解,重点对二氧化钛光催化还原降解多溴联苯醚的反应途径及其机理,以及二氧化钛光催化分解氰尿酸的研究进行了总结,最后对光化学降解多溴联苯醚和氰尿酸的发展方向进行了展望.     

环境样品中多溴联苯醚分析方法的研究进展

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)作为一类应用广泛的溴代阻燃剂,具有持久污染性、易于从被应用产品中脱离出来进入环境介质等特性,目前已对全球环境造成了严重危害.近年来针对PBDEs分析检测技术的报道愈来愈多,然而PBDEs不仅含量极低,而且所处基体复杂,因此样品前处理技术成为分析PBDEs类化合物的一个重要步骤,受到科学工作者的广泛重视.本文作者综述了近年来分析环境样品中PBDEs的样品前处理技术和分析检测方法的研究进展,为更好的发展准确、灵敏、快速的分析方法提供重要的参考.     

气相色谱柱对多溴联苯醚分析的影响

基于气相色谱-电子捕获检测器法对11种代表性多溴联苯醚进行分析,考察不同类型气相色谱柱对多溴联苯醚分离分析的影响. 结果表明:色谱柱极性是影响分离和响应的主要因素,极性较大的固定相上多溴联苯醚各单体的保留时间变长,响应降低,尤其是高取代多溴联苯醚的响应受到的影响最大. 柱长较短、液膜较薄的色谱柱有助于高取代多溴联苯醚的分析. 不同品牌的色谱柱受生产工艺的影响,对多溴联苯醚的响应产生较大影响.     

气相色谱-负离子化学源-质谱法分析禽蛋食品中10种多溴联苯和多溴联苯醚残留

建立了气相色谱-负离子化学源-质谱法(GC-NCI-MS)同时分析禽蛋食品中10种多溴联苯(PBBs)和多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)残留的分析方法。禽蛋食品用正己烷超声提取、浓硫酸酸化、中性和酸性硅胶层析柱净化和正己烷洗脱后,以PCB209为内标物,采用GC-NCI-MS的选择离子监测方式(SIM)分析;同时探讨了目标物PBDE100 NCI-MS特征离子的断裂机理。当禽蛋食品空白的加标质量浓度为5(3.5)和50(35)μg/kg时,加标回收率为75.2%～107%,相对标准偏差为2.3%～8.8%,方法检测限为0.14～0.39μg/kg,线性范围为1～250μg/kg,相关系数皆大于0.9991,方法已用于禽蛋食品中10种痕量PPBs和PBDEs残留的同时分析。     

热解分离-气相色谱-质谱联用法测定聚苯乙烯电器外壳中20种多溴联苯和多溴联苯醚

将聚苯乙烯(PS)电器外壳样品预先加工制成能通过1mm筛的细颗粒。取此颗粒样品0.5mg置于样品杯中,在裂解仪上从100℃开始,以20℃·min~(-1)的速率升温至340℃,热解60s,使所测定的20种多溴联苯(PBBs)和多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)热解析出,随即引入DB-1色谱柱,以氦气为载气,在分流进样、程序升温的条件下进行色谱分离,并在电子轰击离子源(EI)和选择离子监测(SIM)模式下进行质谱(MS)测定。上述20种被测物均在100～2 000mg·kg~(-1)内与其对应的峰面积呈线性关系,其检出限(3S/N)均小于15mg·kg~(-1)。在3个浓度水平上进行加标回收试验,测得回收率在77.9%～119%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=7)均小于20%。按此方法分析了3件实样,并用标准方法 GB/T 26125-2011附录A进行对比,结果表明此方法的测定结果与标准方法的测定结果基本一致。     

A rapid method for the determination of brominated flame retardant concentrations in plastics and textiles entering the waste stream

Due to new European legislation, products going to waste are subject to ‘low persistent organic pollutant concentration limits’. Concentrations of restricted brominated flame retardants in waste products must be determined. A rapid extraction and clean‐up method was developed for determination of brominated flame retardants in various plastics and textiles. The optimised method used vortexing and ultrasonication in dichloromethane followed by sulfuric acid clean‐up to determine target compounds. Poly‐brominated diphenyl ethers were determined by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry and hexabromocyclododecane by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Good recoveries of target analytes were obtained after three extraction cycles. The method was validated using poly‐propylene and poly‐ethylene certified reference materials as well as previously characterised textiles, expanded and extruded poly‐styrene samples. Measured concentrations of target compounds showed good agreement with the certified values indicating good accuracy and precision. Clean extracts provided low noise levels resulting in low limits of quantification (0.8–1.5 ng/g for poly‐brominated diphenyl ethers and 0.3 ng/g for α‐, β‐ and γ‐hexabromocyclododecane). The developed method was applied successfully to real consumer products entering the waste stream and it provided various advantages over traditional methods, including reduced analysis time, solvent consumption, minimal sample contamination and high sample throughput, which is crucial to comply with the implemented legislation.     

食品中多溴联苯醚残留的气相色谱-串联质谱分析方法研究

建立了食品中8种多溴联苯醚(PBDEs) 残留的气相色谱-串联质谱分析方法,初步解析了PBDEs的电子轰击串联质谱(EI MS/MS)图,为各种目标物的准确定性分析提供依据.以BDE-28、BDE-47、BDE-66、BDE-85、BDE-99、BDE-100、BDE-153、BDE-154为研究对象,对EI MS/MS各分析参数进行了优化.用超声提取-酸性硅胶层析柱净化的前处理方法制备样品,当空白样品的加标水平为10.0、25.0 μg/kg时,8种PBDEs的平均加标回收率为82% ～112%,相对标准偏差为3.1% ～15%,方法检出限均低于1.5 μg/kg;8种PBDEs的线性范围为10.0 ～500 μg/kg,相关系数均大于0.994 7.     

贵州红枫湖溶解态稀土元素地球化学研究

以中国西南碳酸岩盐地区的红枫湖及环湖河流水体为研究对象,采用液-液萃取和ICP-MS测试方法,对水中溶解态稀土元素浓度进行了测定,借以探讨碳酸盐岩水体环境下稀土元素的地球化学行为和环境效应。研究结果表明,红枫湖湖水溶解态稀土含量相对较低,∑REE总浓度分布于14.3～27.2 ng.kg-1之间,平均含量为18.24 ng.kg-1,明显低于地表水体浓度平均值。环湖河水溶解态∑REE浓度分布于4.07～102.28 ng.kg-1,平均为24.12 ng.kg-1。湖水和河水的页岩(PAAS)标准化的溶解态稀土元素配分模式都显示了显著的重稀土富集特征以及Ce元素负异常,而水化学络合计算结果显示,水体中溶解态稀土几乎以占绝对优势的碳酸盐无机络合形态存在,其他络合方式所占比例非常微小。这些都显示与相对偏碱性的水化学环境有关。     

Study of the Photodegradation of PBDEs in Water by UV-LED Technology

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent organic pollutants that can arrive to water bodies from their use as flame retardants in a wide range of applications, such as electric and electronic devices or textiles. In this study, the photodegradation of PBDEs in water samples when applying UV-LED radiation was studied. Irradiation was applied at three different wavelengths (255 nm, 265 nm and 285 nm) and different exposure times. The best degradation conditions for spiked purified water samples were at 285 nm and 240 min, resulting in degradations between 67% and 86%. The optimized methodology was applied to real water samples from different sources: river, marine, wastewater (effluent and influent of treatment plants) and greywater samples. Real water samples were spiked and exposed to 4 hours of irradiation at 285 nm. Successful photodegradation of PBDEs ranging from 51% to 97% was achieved for all PBDE congeners in the different water samples with the exception of the marine one, in which only a 31% of degradation was achieved.     

Processes driving the degradation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in terrestrial environment

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a class of brominated flame retardants, have gained the attention of many researchers due to their persistence in various environmental matrices. Their usage in numerous consumer products has lent credence to their ability to retard flammable gas formation and brought attention to their ubiquitous occurrence in the environment. PBDEs have been described as endocrine-disrupting chemicals because of their interference with the endocrine system in aquatic and terrestrial animals. In spite of the progress in research over the decades on PBDEs, a full understanding of the environmental behavior and fate of this contaminant is still elusive. Therefore, terrestrial contamination of PBDEs has been evaluated in conjunction with their levels of toxicity, transformation, and transport in various environmental compartments. This review provides a wider perspective of the behavior of PBDEs in the terrestrial environment. Through examining the numerous studies on the environmental contamination of PBDEs, a number of mounting concerns and data gaps have been identified. Numerous methodologies have been discussed including adsorption, catalytic, photocatalytic, electrocatalytic, photo-electrocatalytic, aerobic, and anaerobic degradation. The comparative PBDE degradation analysis suggests that the oxidative degradation pathway is the most appropriate way of wastewater treatment while the role of other soil ingredients on subsurface treatments is still under investigation.     

应用分子全息QSAR预测多溴二苯醚(PBDEs)的毒性

多溴二苯醚(PBDEs)可能会激活芳香烃受体的信号传导通路, 从而对人类和野生动物的健康产生负面影响. 鉴于多溴二苯醚实验毒性数据有限, 发展基于结构的化合物毒性预测模型具有重要的实际意义. 本文基于一种新的分子结构表征方法—— 分子全息, 研究了18种多溴二苯醚结构与毒性之间的关系, 建立了相关性显著、稳健性强的QSAR模型(r²= 0.991, q²_LOO= 0.917). 随机选出14种多溴二苯醚为训练集, 其他4种化合物为测试集以验证分子全息QSAR模型的稳健性和预测能力. 结果在最佳建模条件下得到模型的统计参数如下：r² = 0.988, q²_LOO = 0.598, r²_pred = 0.955, 预测值与实验值之间的均方根误差(RMSE)为0.155. 这表明基于分子全息的QSAR模型可以对多溴二苯醚毒性进行比较准确的预测. 本文同时利用分子全息QSAR模型色码图, 探讨了影响多溴二苯醚毒性的分子结构特征及分子机理.     

Molecular Modifications and Control of Processes to Facilitate the Synergistic Degradation of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Soil by Plants and Microorganisms Based on Queuing Scoring Method

In this paper, a combination of modification of the source and regulation of the process was used to control the degradation of PBDEs by plants and microorganisms. First, the key proteins that can degrade PBDEs in plants and microorganisms were searched in the PDB (Protein Data Bank), and a molecular docking method was used to characterize the binding ability of PBDEs to two key proteins. Next, the synergistic binding ability of PBDEs to the two key proteins was evaluated based on the queuing integral method. Based on this, three groups of three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) models of plant-microbial synergistic degradation were constructed. A total of 30 PBDE derivatives were designed using BDE-3 as the template molecule. Among them, the effect on the synergistic degradation of six PBDE derivatives, including BDE-3-4, was significantly improved (increased by more than 20%) and the environment-friendly and functional evaluation parameters were improved. Subsequently, studies on the synergistic degradation of PBDEs and their derivatives by plants and microorganisms, based on the molecular docking method, found that the addition of lipophilic groups by modification is beneficial to enhance the efficiency of synergistic degradation of PBDEs by plants and microorganisms. Further, while docking PBDEs, the number of amino acids was increased and the binding bond length was decreased compared to the template molecules, i.e., PBDE derivatives could be naturally degraded more efficiently. Finally, molecular dynamics simulation by the Taguchi orthogonal experiment and a full factorial experimental design were used to simulate the effects of various regulatory schemes on the synergistic degradation of PBDEs by plants and microorganisms. It was found that optimal regulation occurred when the appropriate amount of carbon dioxide was supplied to the plant and microbial systems. This paper aims to provide theoretical support for enhancing the synergistic degradation of PBDEs by plants and microorganisms in e-waste dismantling sites and their surrounding polluted areas, as well as, realize the research and development of green alternatives to PBDE flame retardants.     

A Facile Approach to Synthesis of the Di-O-methyl Ethers of （-）-Agatharesinol, （-）-Sugiresinol, （＋）-Nyasol and （＋）-Tetrahydronyasol

The facile enantioselective synthesis of the di-O-methyl ethers of （-）-agatharesinol （1b）, （-）-sugiresionl （2b）, （＋）-nyasol （3b） and （＋）-tetrahydronyasol （4） were achieved in high yield. The absolute configuration of （＋）-3a was confirmed via first total synthesis of （＋）-3b and （＋）-4.     

State of the art of environmentally friendly sample preparation approaches for determination of PBDEs and metabolites in environmental and biological samples: A critical review

Green chemistry principles for developing methodologies have gained attention in analytical chemistry in recent decades. A growing number of analytical techniques have been proposed for determination of organic persistent pollutants in environmental and biological samples. In this light, the current review aims to present state-of-the-art sample preparation approaches based on green analytical principles proposed for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and metabolites (OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs) in environmental and biological samples. Approaches to lower the solvent consumption and accelerate the extraction, such as pressurized liquid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and ultrasound-assisted extraction, are discussed in this review. Special attention is paid to miniaturized sample preparation methodologies and strategies proposed to reduce organic solvent consumption. Additionally, extraction techniques based on alternative solvents (surfactants, supercritical fluids, or ionic liquids) are also commented in this work, even though these are scarcely used for determination of PBDEs. In addition to liquid-based extraction techniques, solid-based analytical techniques are also addressed. The development of greener, faster and simpler sample preparation approaches has increased in recent years (2003–2013). Among green extraction techniques, those based on the liquid phase predominate over those based on the solid phase (71% vs. 29%, respectively). For solid samples, solvent assisted extraction techniques are preferred for leaching of PBDEs, and liquid phase microextraction techniques are mostly used for liquid samples. Likewise, green characteristics of the instrumental analysis used after the extraction and clean-up steps are briefly discussed.     

Theoretical Study on the Photodegradation Mechanism of Nona‐BDEs in Methanol

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have received special environmental concern due to their potential toxicity to humans and wildlife worldwide, however, it is difficult to reveal their dominant photochemical degradation pathways by experiment. We explored the reaction mechanisms of photochemical degradation–debromination of three nona‐BDEs in methanol using theoretical calculations, in which time‐dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) combined with the polarizable continuum (PCM) model is applied. The selectivity of debromination was studied, and the major octa‐BDE products photochemically debrominated from nona‐BDEs were identified. We find that the debromination reaction results from the electronic transitions from π to σ* orbitals when nona‐BDEs are exposed to UV‐light in the sunlight region, at which point the two low‐lying excited states for each nona‐BDE are πσ*(5Br) and πσ*(4Br), which correlate to the σ* orbitals located on the penta‐Br and tetra‐Br substituted phenyls, respectively. Our calculations indicate that each nona‐BDE may degrade to form three kinds of octa‐BDE products via the πσ*(5Br) state, whereas only one kind of octa‐BDEs can be formed via the πσ*(4Br) state. Our calculations can interpret the recent experiments successfully.