采用ATRP合成天然橡胶接枝共聚物——Ⅰ. ATRP大分子引发剂的制备

通过环氧化反应在天然橡胶分子链上引入环氧基制得环氧化天然橡胶(2);利用环氧基的反应活性,2与2-溴-2-甲基丙酸发生开环反应合成了原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)大分子引发剂——天然橡胶-g-(2-溴-2-甲基丙酸),其结构经1H NMR和IR表征.     

聚赖氨酸为主链的牙刷状分子刷的可控合成

设计合成了溴基功能化的赖氨酸单体(Br-lys)并通过关环反应制备了对应的溴代L-赖氨酸N-羧酸酐(Br-Lys-NCA)单体.利用过渡金属引发剂Ni(COD)depe调控的NCA活性开环聚合和顺序添加单体的方法,得到了组成和结构明确的聚(ε苄氧羰基L-赖氨酸)-b-PBrLL(PZLL-PBrLL)两嵌段共聚肽.利用PZLL-b-PBrLL两嵌段共聚肽为大分子引发剂,通过ATRP引发甲基丙烯酸寡聚乙二醇酯(EGMA),合成了以聚赖氨酸为骨架的牙刷状分子刷.研究发现PZLL-PBrLL两嵌段在四氢呋喃中形成α-螺旋结构,螺旋度随着PBrLL链段的增长而降低,而PZLL-b-(PBrLL-g-PEGMA)形成部分α-螺旋构象,螺旋度随侧链PEGMA增长而减小.     

基于双锂法的炔基功能化热塑性弹性体的合成

苯乙烯-异戊二烯-苯乙烯三嵌段聚合物(SIS)是目前广泛使用的一种热塑性弹性体(TPE)材料, 建立高效、 精准、 普适的SIS功能化方法一直是提高TPE材料性能的关键. 首先, 利用双烯单体与单官能度引发剂的反应合成了双官能度的双锂引发剂; 然后采用双锂引发法, 以炔基功能化单体封端, 高效合成了α,ω-端炔基官能化SIS聚合物. 采用叔丁醇锂作为异戊二烯聚合段的调节剂, 叔丁醇钾作为苯乙烯聚合段的调节剂, 合成了低乙烯基结构含量(5.8%)、 窄分子量分布(<1.17)的SIS三嵌段聚合物; 再向SIS三嵌段聚合物中一步加入炔基官能化的1,1-二苯基乙烯(DPE)衍生物进行封端, 以高于90%的收率高效合成了α,ω-端炔基官能化SIS三嵌段模块聚合物, 借助炔基的高效点击反应, 实现了功能化及拓扑化TPE材料的制备.     

酶促缩聚和原子转移自由基聚合法合成AB型两亲性嵌段共聚物

Novozyme-435催化10-羟基癸酸进行自缩聚反应得到线性聚酯, 端基分别是羟基(—OH)和羧基(—COOH), 在三乙胺催化下, 分别用α-溴代丙酰溴和三甲基氯硅烷(TMSCL)进行端基官能化生成一个单官能度的大分子引发剂, 在CuCl/2,2'-联吡啶(bpy)催化体系中, 引发甲基丙烯酸环氧丙酯(GMA)的原子转移自由基反应(ATRP), 得到聚(10-羟基癸酸酯)/聚甲基丙烯酸环氧丙酯(PHDA-b-PGMA) AB 型两亲性嵌段共聚物, 其结构及分子量(分布)通过核磁共振和凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)确证. 此AB型两亲性嵌段共聚物在水溶液中能自组装形成纳米粒子, 用原子力显微镜(AFM)观察粒子的形状和大小.     

微波合成3,3’-双叠氮甲基环氧丁烷-3-叠氮甲基-3’-甲基环氧丁烷无规共聚物

以1,4-丁二醇/三氟化硼·乙醚为引发体系,通过阳离子开环共聚合方法合成了3,3’-双溴甲基环氧丁烷-3-溴甲基-3’-甲基环氧丁烷(BBMO-BrMMO)无规共聚物,采用13CNMR进行了结构表征.然后用微波法对BBMO-BrMMO无规共聚物进行大分子叠氮化反应,合成了3,3’-双叠氮甲基环氧丁烷-3-叠氮甲基-3’-甲基环氧丁烷(BAMO-AMMO)无规共聚物,并对叠氮化反应动力学进行了研究.结果表明,BBMO-BrMMO无规共聚物的共聚组成和微观序列分布可以通过调节单体的物质的量配比实现可控性.叠氮化反应速率由相转移催化剂四丁基溴化铵(TBAB)的用量控制,反应速率常数为k=48.85L/(mol·h)(TBAB=1%);k=51.95L/(mol·h)(TBAB=5%);k=62.72L/(mol·h)(TBAB=10%).微波法缩短了叠氮化反应时间,提高了合成过程的安全性,并且未改变共聚物的链结构.     

聚己内酯-聚铵盐抗菌材料的制备

通过开环聚合(ROP)和原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)制备了一类聚己内酯-聚阳离子酯嵌段共聚物(LPCL-b-PJDMA).聚合物的制备通过四步反应合成:(1)月桂醇引发开环引发ε-己内酯合成LPCL;(2)以2-溴异丁酰溴(BIBB)封端LPCL制备大分子引发剂;(3)用氯乙酸甲酯对甲基丙烯酸二甲氨基乙酯(DMA)进行季铵化反应制备阳离子小分子(命名为JDMA);(4)用五甲基二乙基三胺(PMDETA)/溴化亚铜为催化剂,催化不同链段数的LPCL与JDMA发生ATRP反应制得LPCL-b-PJDMA.通过核磁氢谱(1H-NMR)对聚合物的化学结构进行表征,确认合成目标产物.利用示差扫描量热仪(DSC)对其热性进行研究,并用水接触角的方法测量聚合物膜亲水性,最后通过测试细菌在聚合物膜上的存活率的方法测定其抗菌性能.结果表明,LPCL与PJDMA共聚后,随着PCL重复单元数增加,共聚物结晶温度相对于纯PCL出现明显的先降低后升高趋势.LPCL-b-PJDMA的亲水性都比纯PCL好,且与LPCL/PJDMA的比例有关.所有的LPCL-b-PJDMA膜对革兰氏阴性菌和革兰氏阳性菌都具有抗菌能力.     

(n-BuCp)_2TiCl_2/Sn/I_s引发合成梳形羟基功能化无规聚苯乙烯及聚合物结构与性能的研究

采用茂金属化合物(n-BuCp)2TiCl2,还原剂(Sn),引发剂苯基缩水甘油基醚甲醛共聚物(Is)组成的催化体系引发苯乙烯活性自由基聚合,合成梳形羟基功能化无规聚苯乙烯.考察了聚合温度、聚合时间及引发剂与单体的比例对苯乙烯聚合的影响.当聚合温度在65～95℃范围内,随着聚合温度的升高,聚合物的分子量及单体转化率增加;在一定温度下,聚合物的分子量与单体转化率之间存在线性增长关系,且聚合物的分子量分布较窄(Mw/Mn=1.6～1.9).采用GPC,WAXD,13C(1H)-NMR对聚合物(沸丁酮可溶级分)的结构与性能进行了表征.GPC结果证明(n-BuCp)2TiCl2/Sn/Is引发苯乙烯聚合为活性聚合;13C-NMR和WAXD结果说明聚苯乙烯链段为无规结构;1H-NMR结果表明聚合物分子链中含有羟基,并根据其结果计算出聚合物分子的臂数为4,与引发剂Is的环氧基团数相等.这些结果证明了其聚合机理是经环氧基团开环后形成的自由基引发苯乙烯自由基聚合.     

机理转移法合成星形梳状聚丁二烯-g-聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯共聚物的研究

结合活性负离子聚合与原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP),采用机理转移法制备了一系列窄分布且分子量可控的星形梳状聚丁二烯-g-聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯接枝共聚物(SC-(PB-g-PMMA)).首先通过阴离子聚合,制备星形聚丁二烯,后经甲酸-过氧化氢原位环氧化对链中部分双键进行环氧化,再与原位生成2-溴异丁酸发生酯化反应,得到具有链中活性溴的星形大分子引发剂(SPB-Brn).然后,利用该大分子引发剂,采用CuCl/CuCl2/PMDETA催化体系,通过ATRP聚合单体MMA,合成出星形梳状SC-(PB-g-PMMA)聚合物.通过GPC,1H-NMR和FTIR等分析手段对合成的星形大分子引发剂及星形梳状聚合物进结构表征,证实得到目标产物,并同时研究了聚合物的热力学性质与溶液性质.     

PGMA-g-EDA梳状聚合物的制备及其对量子点修饰的研究

利用2-溴代异丁酸乙酯(NA)做为引发剂,通过原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)合成聚甲基丙烯酸环氧丙酯(PGMA).乙二胺(EDA)对PGMA的环氧基团进行开环反应制备具有亲水性质的梳状聚合物PGMA-g-EDA.用核磁共振(1H-NMR),红外光谱(FTIR)及凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)表征了PGMA和PGMA-g-EDA的结构和分子量分布.PGMA-g-EDA聚合物对量子点进行修饰,通过配体交换,制备水溶性的量子点(PGMA-g-EDA-QDs).通过紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis)及荧光发射光谱(PL)对该量子点进行光学性质的研究,结果表明量子点的结构未被破坏,保持了原量子点的光学性质.用透射电镜(TEM)及动态光散色(DLS)表征,结果表明得到的水溶性量子点尺寸小,分布均匀,无团聚.通过研究量子点对光氧化,化学氧化,耐酸性的研究表明该方法得到的水溶性量子点具有很好的稳定性,并且聚合物的合成和量子点的修饰方法方便简单.     

基于氮杂环烯烃的Lewis酸碱对催化二氢香豆素基聚酯合成的机理研究

通过选用氮杂环烯烃(NHO)和三乙基硼(TEB)作为二元协同催化剂,实现了3,4-二氢香豆素(DHC)与环氧化合物在Lewis酸碱对聚合体系作用下的交替共聚.对比研究了酸碱催化剂的取代基变化对于催化活性、交替共聚的化学选择性、环氧开环的区域选择性的影响;另外,通过活性物种结构表征、MALDI-TOF MS端基分析以及核磁反应等,深入研究了NHO的环外双键不同甲基取代情况对于聚合机理的影响,从而筛选获得具有独特的非对称双头引发能力的NHO2-DHC/TEB体系,且证明了该体系同时可以实现分子内酯交换反应的完全抑制,避免了环状聚酯副产物的产生,从而实现双头引发获得DHC基线形聚酯材料可控合成,为聚酯基三嵌段聚合物、热塑性弹性体等高效合成提供基础.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.