Behavior of adsorbed diphenyl-sulfide on the Pd/C catalyst for o-chloronitrobenzene hydrogenation

A series of diphenyl-sulfide（Ph₂S）-immobilized Pd/C catalysts(Pd-Ph₂S_（X）/C) were prepared using the wetness-impregnation and immobilization method.Pd-Ph₂S_（x）w/C catalysts employed for the hydrogenation of o-chloronitrobenzene showed very high selectivity.The structure of Pd-Ph₂S_（x）/C with different molar ratio of ligand（x-values） was characterized by XPS and TG-DSC-MS.The results suggest a "saturated" surface ratio of Ph₂S/Pd（about 0.3） was formed on the Pd-Ph₂S_（x）/C catalysts surface.The Ph₂S immobilized on the Pd particle is quite stable,and the desorption of Ph₂S or dissociative loss of phenyl group was only found at temperatures above 500 K.The possible catalytic mechanism of the Pd-Ph₂S_（x）/C catalyst was also discussed.     

Selective hydrogenation of o-chloronitrobenzene (o-CNB) over supported Pt and Pd catalysts obtained by laser vaporization deposition of bulk metals

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), γ-alumina (γ-Al₂O₃) and silica (SiO₂) supported Pt and Pd catalysts were produced by laser vaporization deposition of respective bulk metals. The catalysts were characterized by inductive coupled plasma emission spectrometer (ICP), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The catalytic properties of the catalysts were investigated in the liquid phase hydrogenation of o-chloronitrobenzene (o-CNB) to o-chloroaniline (o-CAN) under 333 K and 1.0 MPa hydrogen pressure. The results show that the catalytic properties are greatly affected by the supports. Pt/CNTs catalyst exhibits the best catalytic performance among the Pt-based catalysts, producing o-CAN with 99.6% selectivity at complete conversion. Pd/CNTs catalyst exhibits the best catalytic performance among the Pd-based catalysts, giving o-CAN with 95.2% selectivity at complete conversion. For Pt-based catalysts, geometric effect and the textures and properties of the supports play important roles on catalytic properties. On the other hand, geometric effect, electronic effect and the textures and properties of the supports simultaneously influence the catalytic properties of the Pd-based catalysts. In addition, hydrogenolysis of the C–Cl bond can be well inhibited over all catalysts prepared by laser vaporization deposition.     

Immobilization of a cationic ruthenium(II) complex containing the hemilabile phosphaallyl ligand in hexagonal mesoporous silica (HMS) and application of this material as hydrogenation catalyst

The cationic ruthenium(II) complex [(η⁵-MeC₅H₄)Ru(η³-PPh₂CHCH₂)(η¹-PPh₂CHCH₂)]⁺ (1) containing the hemilabile phosphaallyl ligand in two different coordination modes has been immobilized inside the pores of aluminated hexagonal mesoporous silica HMS(Si/Al = 40) by direct ion exchange method. This material was characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, FTIR, solid state NMR (²⁹Si, ²⁷Al), UV-Vis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies. The textural properties were determined from nitrogen adsorption at 77 K. (1)/HMS(Si/Al = 40) was shown to be active and selective in the catalytic hydrogenation of phenylacetylene.     

Modification mechanism of Sn for hydrogenation of p-chloronitrobenzene over PVP-Pd/γ-Al2O3

PVP-Pd (1.5 wt.%)/γ-Al₂O₃ was prepared and used as a catalyst for the hydrogenation of p-chloronitrobenzene (p-CNB) to form p-chloroaniline (p-CAN), so that a serious dehalogenation reaction was happened. However, the catalytic property of this catalyst was remarkably affected by some metal cationic additives. Especially, when Sn⁴⁺ was introduced into the reaction system, the activity of the catalyst was not only promoted, but the dehalogenation reaction was also greatly suppressed. The average rate of hydrogenation increased from 1.28 mol H₂/mol Pd s on PVP-Pd/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst to 1.96 mol H₂/mol Pd s on the PVP-Pd-Sn⁴⁺/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst (molar ratio of Pd to Sn = 1:1), and the selectivity for p-CAN increased from 66.8 to 96.6%. The dehalogenation reaction was completely restrained as the molar ratio of Sn⁴⁺ to Pd was up to 5. The great promotion role of Sn⁴⁺ could be owing to the interaction between Sn⁴⁺ and −NO₂ group of the substrate. The combination of Sn⁴⁺ with oxygen in −NO₂ increased the polarity of NO bond. The increase of the polarity of NO benefited the activated dihydrogen to attack the NO bond, and the hydrogenation was accelerated. At the same time, the increase of the polarity of NO bond caused the more lone pair electron of p orbital on chlorine atom to dislocate to phenyl ring, so CCl bond was strengthened and the polarity of CCl was weakened. Furthermore, these were unfavorable for the activated dihydrogen to attack CCl bond and the hydrogenation selectivity was greatly improved.     

Mechanistic investigation on hydrogenation and hydrosilylation of ethylene catalyzed by rhenium nitrosyl complex

The mechanistic study for hydrogenation and hydrosilylation of ethylene catalyzed by a rhenium nitrosyl complex is carried out with the aid of density functional theory computations. The hydrogenation of ethylene is found to be available kinetically in which the oxidative addition of H₂ plays a role in decreasing the reaction barrier. For the case of hydrosilylation of ethylene, it is found the oxidative addition of HSiMe₃ cannot occur due to steric reasons, instead, a σ-bond metathesis process for reductive elimination of C₂H₅SiMe₃ is proposed. The major reason for the inaccessibility for the hydrosilylation is resulted from the fact that the oxidative addition of HSiMe₃ cannot give a more stable intermediate.     

Selective hydrogenation of nitrate to nitrite in water over Cu-Pd bimetallic clusters supported on active carbon

Hydrogenation of nitrate (200 ppm) in water with H₂ over Cu-Pd clusters supported on active carbon (AC) was investigated at 333 K using a gas–liquid co-current flow system. Two types of Cu-Pd bimetallic clusters, stabilized with either poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) or sodium citrate (SC), revealed that the catalysts possessed similar activity (per unit weight of Pd) and high selectivity toward nitrite when pH was 10.5 at the outlet of the reactor. The high selectivity toward nitrite on PVP-stabilized cluster/AC was minimally influenced by the atomic ratio of Cu/Pd (=0.5–4.0); activity was maximal at a ratio of 1:1. Increasing pH to 12.4 by addition of NaOH enhanced the selectivity toward nitrite to 93% over SC-stabilized Cu_0.63-Pd cluster/AC, but caused a decrease in the reaction rate. Over Cu_0.63-Pd cluster/AC, hydrogenation of nitrite as an intermediate occurred much more slowly than that of nitrate at pH 10.5, suggesting that high selectivity toward nitrite is attained by OH⁻ inhibiting adsorption of nitrite. XRD and STEM gave the size of the Cu_0.63-Pd cluster on AC as 4 nm; the structure of the cluster remained almost unchanged during the reaction. The activity and selectivity of the Cu_0.63-Pd cluster/AC was superior to those of the Cu_0.63-Pd cluster on oxides such as TiO₂, Al₂O₃, and ZrO₂. In addition, the Cu_0.63-Pd cluster/AC was more active and selective than conventionally prepared Cu_0.63-Pd/AC, indicating that the Cu-Pd cluster is an excellent precursor for selective catalysts in the hydrogenation of nitrate to nitrite.     

Water-soluble (η-arene)ruthenium(II)-phosphine complexes and their catalytic activity in the hydrogenation of bicarbonate in aqueous solution

The reactions of [(η⁶-C₆H₆)RuCl₂]₂ and [(η⁶-p-cymene)RuCl₂]₂ with hydrogen in the presence of the water-soluble phosphines tppts (meta-trisulfonated triphenylphosphine) and pta (1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane) afforded as the main species [(η⁶-C₆H₆)RuH(tppts)₂]⁺, [(η⁶-C₆H₆)RuH(pta)₂]⁺, [(η⁶-p-cymene)RuH(tppts)₂]⁺ and [(η⁶-p-cymene)RuH(pta)₂]⁺. This latter complex was also formed in the reaction of [(η⁶-p-cymene)RuCl₂(pta)] and hydrogen with a redistribution of pta. In addition, prolonged hydrogenation at elevated temperatures and in the presence of excess of pta led to the formation of the arene-free [RuH(pta)₄Cl], [RuH(pta)₄(H₂O)]⁺, [RuH₂(pta)₄] and [RuH(pta)₅]⁺ complexes. Ru-hydrides, such as [(η⁶-arene)RuH(L)₂]⁺, catalyzed the hydrogenation of bicarbonate to formate in aqueous solutions at p(H₂)=100 bar, T=50-70 °C.     

Synthesis of ruthenium/reduced graphene oxide composites and application for the selective hydrogenation of halonitroaromatics

Reduced graphene oxide （RGO） supported ruthenium （Ru） catalyst was prepared by an impregnation method using RuCI3 as a precursor and RGO as a support. The catalyst Ru/RGO was used for the selective hydrogenation ofp-chloronitrobenzene （p-CNB） to p-chloroaniline （p-CAN）, showing a selectivity of 96% at complete conversion of p-CNB at 60 ℃ and 3.0 MPa H2. The Ru/RGO catalyst was extremely active for the hydrogenation of a series of nitroarenes, which can be attributed to the small sized and the fine dispersity of the Ru nanoparticles on the RGO sheets characterized by TEM. Moreover, the catalyst also can be recycled five times without the loss of activity.     

Selectivity shifts in hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde on electron-deficient ruthenium nanoparticles

Ruthenium fulleride nanospheres were produced and decorated with small (<1.5 nm) ruthenium nanoparticles. These materials, which present a significant charge transfer from ruthenium to the electron acceptor C₆₀ fullerene, were tested in the hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde. In alcoholic solvents, very large amounts (≈90%) of acetals were formed, pointing out the high acidity of the Ru sites. The addition of a weak base and the use of methanol as a solvent allow to reach high activity and selectivity toward cinnamyl alcohol, whereas the use of an aprotic and apolar solvent decreases the activity and yields mainly hydrocinnamaldehyde. Density functional theory calculations show that this selectivity shift is not correlated to a specific precoordination of cinnamaldehyde on the ruthenium nanoparticles.     

Synthesis of substituted vinylgermanes and germylsilylethenes via ruthenium complex catalyzed germylation of olefins

A series of substituted vinylgermanes and divinylgermanes have been synthesized in moderate or high yield via two reactions of olefins and dienes catalyzed by [RuHCl(CO) (PCy₃)₂], i.e. germylative coupling with vinylgermanes and dehydrogenative germylation with hydrogermanes. While the former reaction can be a versatile way of regioselective synthesis of products (particularly useful for the stereoselective synthesis of germylsilylethenes), the latter could be used as a complement, especially in synthesis of germylate dioxol ethene and vinyl ethers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A ruthenium(II) complex of bis (1-pyrazolyl) borate

A new neutral ruthenium(II) complex of dihydro-bis(1-pyrazolyl) borate is synthesised by the reaction of RuCl₂(PPh₃)₃ with the ligand in methanol and is characterised on the basis ofir and³¹P{¹H}nmr spectra.     

新的双胺双膦钌配合物的合成、表征和催化性能

Polydentate ligands, N,N'-bis[o-(diphenylphosphino)benzylidene]-1,2-propane-diamine [P2N2Me for short] and N,N'-bis[o-(diphenylphosphino)benzy1]-1,2-propanediamine [P2N2 H4Me for short] have been synthesized. The interaction of RuCl2(DMSO)4 with one equivalent of P2N2Me or P2N2H4Me in refluxing toluene gave trans-RuCl2(P2N2Me) and trans-RuCl2(P2N4H4Me) in good yield, respectively. The ligands and the complexes have been fully characterized by elemental analysis and spectroscopic methods. The complexes act as an excellent catalyst precursor in hydrogen transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone in catalyst: acetophenone :iso-PrOK of 1: 100: 15, leading to 2-phenylethanol of 89-96% yield.     

A homogeneous catalyst made of poly(4-vinylpyridine-co-N-vinylpyrrolidone)-Pd(0) complex for hydrogenation of aromatic nitro compounds

Poly(4-vinylpyridine-co-N-vinylpyrrolidone)(VPy-co-NVP) and its palladium complex (VPy–NVP–Pd) were prepared. The palladium complex was used as catalyst for the hydrogenation of some nitroaromatics. The molar content of VPy units in VPy-co-NVP was determined as 31.25% by ¹H NMR. VPy–NVP–Pd can be easily resolved in ethanol forming a homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation system together with substrates. The optimum catalytic activity for hydrogenation of nitrobenzene appeared when VPy/Pd molar ratio was 2. The catalytic behavior of the catalyst was found to be greatly affected by the type and concentration of added alkalies. The highest hydrogenation rate for nitrobenzene was found in a 0.1 mol/l ethanol solution of potassium hydroxide. The catalytic stability was examined by using nitrobenzene and 4-nitroanisole as substrates.     

以高氯酸·三-2,2′-联吡啶合钴(Ⅲ)作为电子媒介体金纳米颗粒增强的葡萄糖生物传感器

用纳米金溶胶与聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)构成复合固酶基质,采用溶胶-凝胶法固定葡萄糖氧化酶(GOx)于铂电极表面,并在葡萄糖溶液中加入高氯酸·三-2,2′-联吡啶合钴(Ⅲ)作为电子媒介体,制成了高灵敏的葡萄糖生物传感器.葡萄糖氧化酶吸附在纳米金颗粒表面上稳定且保持其生物活性;而电子媒介体的存在,显著提高了传感器的响应灵敏度.该传感器对葡萄糖响应的线性范围为1.2×10-8～6.2×10-6 mol/L,检出限6.2×10-9 mol/L(S/N=3).该生物传感器有效消除了抗坏血酸、尿酸的干扰,可用于人体血清中葡萄糖的测定.     

水溶性Ru-TPPTS配合物催化对-氯硝基苯选择性加氢

研究了水／有机两相催化体系中,水溶性Ru-TPFrS配合物催化对-氯硝基苯中硝基的选择性加氢反应。考察了溶剂种类、水溶液的pH值、添加助剂三乙胺、水／有机两相体积、底物浓度等对对-氯硝基苯转化率和生成对-氯苯胺选择性的影响,并在90℃、4.0MPa、反应时间为6h的条件下,进行了催化剂的循环实验。     

Ionic liquids as acid/base buffers in non-aqueous solvents for homogeneous catalysis: A case of selective hydrogenation of olefins and unsaturated aldehyde catalyzed by ruthenium complexes

We present a novel approach to tune acidity/basicity in non-aqueous and low-water media by using a class of ionic liquids (ILs) with buffering characteristics, which was readily synthesized by the reaction of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium hydroxide ([RMIM]OH) base moieties with a serials of binary or polybasic acids and defined as ionic liquid-buffers (IL-buffers). We have performed controlled experiments of hydrogenation of olefins and trans-cinnamaldehyde, catalyzed by [RuCl₂(PPh₃)₃] in non-aqueous media such as DMF and ILs in the presence of IL-buffers. Remarkable buffer dependence of the formation and catalytic behavior of ruthenium hydrides were evidenced by the kinetic studies and NMR measurements. The hydride [RuHCl(PPh₃)₃], being favorably formed in the presence of the IL-buffer with lower log₁₀([Base]/[Acid]), exhibited higher activity in the reduction of the CC bond against the carbonyl functionality of trans-cinnamaldehyde. While the hydride [RuH₄(PPh₃)₃], being preponderantly formed in the presence of the IL-buffer with higher log₁₀([Base]/[Acid]) showed activity and higher selectivity towards the CO reduction. Consequently, the hydrogenation performance of olefins and trans-cinnamaldehyde in non-aqueous system could be adjusted by adding the different IL-buffers. It is envisioned that the ability of IL-buffers to alter and precisely control the catalytic active species in non-aqueous or low-water systems might find appreciable applications for both fundamental studies and syntheses where the reactions are acid/base-sensitive.     

An unexpected fluorescent probe for G-quadruplex DNA based on a nitro-substituted ruthenium (II) complex

The detection of G-quadruplex is of major interest. Nitro-substituted ruthenium (II) complexes have attracted much attention due to fluorescent sensitivity to environment change. We report here a new nitro-substituted ruthenium (II) complex, [Ru (phen)₂(hnoip)]²⁺ ( 1) (hnoip = 2-(2-hydroxyl-5-nitrophenyl)imidazo[4,5-f][1,10-phenanthroline]), which displays distinct fluorescent properties in aqueous solution and non-aqueous solvents. This complex exhibits large fluorescence enhancement after binding with G-quadruplex DNA, and displays good fluorescent selectivity over other DNAs. The limit of detection is 6 nm for 22AG in Na⁺ and 43 nm for 22AG in K⁺, respectively. The results demonstrated that nitro-substituted ruthenium (II) complexes can be utilized to design as G-quadruplex fluorescent probes by protection of the nitro group on the complex from water.     

Multi-metal complexation and partially templated synthesis of metal clusters by using triangular trisaloph ligands

On the basis of the concept of partial template, triangular trisaloph ligands 2a and 2b reacted with excess Zn^II to give heptanuclear Zn clusters with a similar geometry. The Zn complex of 2c, which was difficult to be prepared according to a previous procedure, was synthesized in high yield in a one-pot fashion. Various multi-nuclear complexes of 2a with Mn, Co, Ni, and Cu were also produced, although the trinuclear Mn^II and Co^II complexes were smoothly oxidized to the Mn^III and Co^III complexes.     

Hydrogenation of coumarin to octahydrocoumarin over a Ru/C catalyst

The production of octahydrocoumarin, which can serve as a replacement for toxic coumarin, was investigated using 5% Ru on active carbon (Ru/C) as the catalyst for the hydrogenation of couma-rin. The hydrogenation was studied by optimizing the reaction conditions (pressure, solvent and coumarin concentration). The activity and selectivity of the Ru/C catalyst were compared for dif-ferent solvents. The mechanism of coumarin hydrogenation was deduced. The formation of side products was explained. The optimal hydrogenation reaction conditions were: 130 °C, 10 MPa, 60 wt% coumarin in methanol, and 0.5 wt% (based on coumarin) of Ru/C catalyst. At the complete conversion of coumarin, the selectivity to the desired product was 90%.