Preparation and properties of phenolic compound/BTCA treated cotton fabrics for functional textile applications

There is currently much interest in natural phenolic compounds as bioactive components of food. The roles of many fruits and vegetables in disease prevention have been attributed, in part, to the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of their constituent polyphenols. In this study, cotton fabrics were treated by phenolic compounds, pyrogallol, phloroglucinol, pyrocatechol, and resorcinol, to assess their antibacterial and antioxidant capabilities on clothing material. The treatment was conducted via a pad-dry-cure process and 1,2,3,4,-butanetetra carboxylic acid was used as a crosslinker in the finishing process to improve the treatment efficiency. After the finishing step, the phenolic compound treated cotton fabrics were investigated by FT-IR, color spectrophotometry, an antibacterial test, and an antioxidant test. Through the investigation, it was discovered pyrogallol is the most effective phenolic compound for cotton treatment, and the treated cotton fabric shows >99.9 % antibacterial ability and >90 % antioxidant ability.     

Preparation and properties of multi-functionalized cotton fabrics treated by extracts of gromwell and gallnut

Extracts from the root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon (gromwell) have been used for many centuries as a natural red dye and crude drugs with excellent performance for wound healing. In particular, shikonin a major constituent of the gromwell colorant is reported to possess antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor activities, etc. Therefore, we tried to manufacture antimicrobial and antioxidant cotton fabrics for biocompatible clothing materials using the natural stuff and environmentally friendly process. In this study, cotton fabrics were dyed with the colorant extracted from the root of gromwell, and their properties were closely investigated. Consequently, we discovered that the cotton fabrics dyed with the extracts from the root of gromwell showed excellent antioxidant performance as well as antibacterial ability. Also, the functionalities and color fastness were improved by gallnut mordanting and cationization of the cotton fabrics.     

Buffalo Yogurt Fortified with Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and Myrrh (Commiphora Myrrha) Essential Oils: New Insights into the Functional Properties and Extended Shelf Life

Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and Myrrh (Commiphora Myrrha) essential oils (EOs) stand out for their benefits in terms of health and functionality. Buffalo set yogurt enriched with different concentrations of EOs (0.3, 0.6, and 0.9%) were investigated. The effects of addition on sensory, syneresis, antibacterial activity, and bioactive properties (total phenol content and antioxidant activity) of yogurt were studied. The most acceptable organoleptic properties of treated yogurt were those samples treated with Eucalyptus oil. The levels of syneresis were decreased by increasing the concentration of EOs. Moreover, the antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity, and total phenolic content were enhanced by increasing the concentration of EOs. Yogurt with 0.9% Eucalyptus oil showed the highest antioxidant activity and total phenolic content. The same concentration of Eucalyptus oil showed the highest antibacterial activity against S. typhimurium (the inhibition zone was 20.63 mm) then E. coli (the inhibition zone was 19.43 mm). On the other hand, the highest antibacterial effect against L. monocytogene was for Myrrh oil-enriched yogurt by 0.9% and the inhibition zone was 19.21 mm. The obtained results showed that Eucalyptus and Myrrh oils can be applied to yogurt to improve its beneficial properties in terms of physical characteristics and for human health due to their antioxidant activity and phenolic materials.     

UV-induced graft polymerization of acrylamide on cellulose by using immobilized benzophenone as a photo-initiator

Photo-active moiety, benzophenone, was incorporated onto cotton fabrics by using butyl tetracarboxylic acids (BTCA). Then, grafting of polyacrylamide on the cotton fabrics was performed by exposing the fabrics to longer UV wavelength irradiation. The chemical structure and thermal properties of the polyacrylamide grafted cotton fabrics were investigated by SEM, FTIR, XRD, and TGA, and the results verified the successful grafting of polyacrylamide on cotton fabrics. Also, it was observed that active chlorine contents were created on the polyacrylamide grafted cotton fabrics through simple chlorination process, and the chlorine treated cotton fabrics showed excellent antibacterial abilities like the powerful cyclic amide halamines.     

Potentilla erecta (L.) rhizomes as a source of phenolic acids

The aim of this study was to evaluate the content of major phenolic acids from Potentilla erecta rhiozomes. Water and ethanol-water mixture was used for extraction of these compounds. The extracts were also evaluated for the quantification of total phenolic content and the antioxidant capacity. The contents of phenolic acids and resulting antioxidant activities are dependent on the nature of extracting solvent due to the presence of different antioxidant compounds. Results showed that P. erecta rhiozomes contained high amount of gallic and p-HBA acids. The contents of chlorogenic and protocatechuic acids in the extracts of Potentilla species have not been reported yet. The results suggested that the extracts could be used as the active cosmetics ingredients and nutraceuticals.     

Phenolic Composition and Biological Properties of Wild and Commercial Dog Rose Fruits and Leaves

Rosa canina L. (dog rose) is a rich source of phenolic compounds that offer great hope for the prevention of chronic human diseases. Herein, wild and commercial samples of dog rose were chemically characterized with respect to their phenolic composition by liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detection and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-DAD-ESI/MS). Furthermore, in vitro antioxidant properties and antibacterial activity of dog rose fruits and leaves hydromethanolic extracts and infusions were also evaluated. The results revealed that wild and commercial fruits of dog rose are similar in terms of l(+)-ascorbic acid, total phenolics (TPC), total flavonoids (TFC) and total phenolic acids (TPAC) content, individual phenolic constituents and antioxidant activity. Moreover, the fruits had lower levels of phenolic compounds and also revealed lower biological activity than the leaves. On the other hands, the highest content of TPC, TFC, TPAC, individual phenolic constituents, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging activity and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) were found in the leaf’s infusions. They were also the only ones to show antibacterial activity. Overall, these finding confirmed usefulness of R. canina L. leaves and fruits as a rich source of bioactive phenolic compounds with potential use in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.     

Simultaneous crosslinking and cationization of cotton cellulose by using dialdehyde and choline chloride: comparison between the pad-dry-cure and microwave irradiation process

Simultaneous crosslinking and cationization of cotton cellulose were carried out by using two dialdehydes, glyoxal (GO) and glutaraldehyde (GA), along with choline chloride (ChCl). Two heating methods, conventional pad-dry-cure (PDC) and microwave irradiation, were investigated and compared. The results revealed that two aldehyde molecules reacted very differently in the presence of ChCl under two different heating methods. GO reacted predominantly with the cellulose molecule, stimulating the crosslinking reaction and consequently resulting in high wrinkle recovery angle (WRA) values regardless of the heating process. Contrarily, GA favored the reaction with ChCl, allowing high K/S values with acid dye under microwave irradiation. The crosslinked and cationized cotton cellulose was only obtained by treatment with GA and ChCl under the PDC process, resulting in high WRA and K/S values. Characteristics of the treated fabrics were also evaluated by Fourier transform infrared analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, water of imbibition, and tensile strength test. Additionally, the treatments with GA and ChCl also provided high antimicrobial properties of the cotton celluloses; thereby most bacteria reductions of the specimens were close or equal to 99.9 %. Therefore, economically viable yet ecofriendly crosslinking and cationization of cotton cellulose could be made by treatment with GA and ChCl.     

In Vitro Human Skin Penetration,Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Ethanol-Water Extract of Fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium L.)

Epilobium angustifolium L. is applied as an antiseptic agent in the treatment of skin diseases. However, there is a lack of information on human skin penetration of active ingredients with antioxidative potential. It seems crucial because bacterial infections of skin and subcutaneous tissue are common and partly depend on oxidative stress. Therefore, we evaluated in vitro human skin penetration of fireweed ethanol-water extracts (FEEs) by determining antioxidant activity of these extracts before and after penetration study using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and Folin–Ciocalteu methods. Microbiological tests of extracts were done. The qualitative and quantitative evaluation was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV) methods. The in vitro human skin penetration using the Franz diffusion chamber was assessed. The high antioxidant activity of FEEs was found. Gallic acid (GA), chlorogenic acid (ChA), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4-DHB), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HB), and caffeic acid (CA) were identified in the extracts. The antibacterial activities were found against Serratia lutea, S. marcescens, Bacillus subtilis, B. pseudomycoides, and B. thuringiensis and next Enterococcus faecalis, E. faecium, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and P. fluorescens strains. In vitro penetration studies showed the penetration of some phenolic acids and their accumulation in the skin. Our results confirm the importance of skin penetration studies to guarantee the efficacy of formulations containing E. angustifolium extracts.     

Phenolic Contents,Organic Acids,and the Antioxidant and Bio Activity of Wild Medicinal Berberis Plants- as Sustainable Sources of Functional Food

Wild fruits have increasingly been investigated as part of recent searches for food products with a high antioxidant activity. In this study, wild edible berberis Berberis vulgaris collected from three different provinces (Jilin, Heilongjiang, and Liaoning) were investigated for their phenolic contents, organic acid contents, mineral contents, antioxidant activity as well as their antimicrobial potential against a range of common food borne pathogens. In addition, a physiochemical and mineral analysis of the fruits was also performed. The methanol extracts of berberis fruit collected from Jilin province were highly active against all the studied food borne bacterial pathogens, i.e., S. aureus and L. monocytogenes, E. coli, P. fluorescens, V. parahaemolyticus, and A. caviae while the berberis extracts from Heilongjiang and Liaoning showed activity only against Gram-negative bacteria. The phenolic content and antioxidant activity were determined by the HPLC separation method and β-carotene bleaching methods, respectively. Four organic acids such as malic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, and succinic acid were identified while a variety of phenolic compounds were detected among which catechin, chlorogenic acid, and gallic acid were found to be the predominant phenolic compounds in all three of berberis fruit samples. The berberis fruit from Jilin was found to be superior to the Heilongjiang and Liaoning fruit regarding desired physiochemical analysis; however, there were no significant differences in the mineral contents among the three samples. Overall, the berberis fruit from Jilin was ranked as the best in term of the nutritional, physiochemical, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. This study confirms the various useful characteristics and features of berberis at a molecular level that can be used as a sustainable source for their potential nutritional applications for making functional foods in different food industries.     

The Isorhamnetin-Containing Fraction of Philippine Honey Produced by the Stingless Bee Tetragonula biroi Is an Antibiotic against Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Honey exhibits antibacterial and antioxidant activities that are ascribed to its diverse secondary metabolites. In the Philippines, the antibacterial and antioxidant activities, as well as the bioactive metabolite contents of the honey, have not been thoroughly described. In this report, we investigated the in vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activities of honey from Apis mellifera and Tetragonula biroi, identified the compound responsible for the antibacterial activity, and compared the observed bioactivities and metabolite profiles to that of Manuka honey, which is recognized for its antibacterial and antioxidant properties. The secondary metabolite contents of honey were extracted using a nonionic polymeric resin followed by antibacterial and antioxidant assays, and then spectroscopic analyses of the phenolic and flavonoid contents. Results showed that honey extracts produced by T. biroi exhibits antibiotic activity against Staphylococcal pathogens as well as high antioxidant activity, which are correlated to its high flavonoid and phenolic content as compared to honey produced by A. mellifera. The bioassay-guided fractionation paired with Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) and tandem MS analyses found the presence of the flavonoid isorhamnetin (3-methylquercetin) in T. biroi honey extract, which was demonstrated as one of the compounds with inhibitory activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC BAA-44. Our findings suggest that Philippine honey produced by T. biroi is a potential nutraceutical that possesses antibiotic and antioxidant activities.     

Preparation of antibacterial cellulose with a monochloro‐s‐triazine‐based N‐halamine biocide

A novel monochloro‐s‐triazine‐based N‐halamine precursor, 4‐(4‐(5,5‐dimethylhydantoin‐3‐ethylamino)‐6‐chloro‐1,3,5‐triazinylamino)‐benzenesulfonate (HB), was synthesized and characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance. The reactive dyes dyeing method was applied to bond HB onto cotton fabrics, and the treated fabrics were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and scanning electron microscope. The chlorinated HB‐treated fabrics showed excellent antibacterial efficacies against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli O157:H7 and inactivated all inoculated bacteria within 1 min of contact. Interestingly, it was found that the finishing process and following chlorination caused smaller tensile strength loss of cotton fabrics than the traditional pad‐dry‐cure method. Furthermore, the antimicrobial cotton fabrics exhibited good stability and regenerability. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sambucus Nigra Extracts–Natural Antioxidants and Antimicrobial Compounds

Due to the health-promoting properties of elderberry fruits, which result from their rich chemical composition, this raw material is widely used in herbal medicine and the food industry. The aim of the study was to demonstrate the antibacterial activity of the elderberry fruit extracts. The research showed that the content of phenolic acids and flavonoids in the extracts determined their antibacterial activity. The research showed that the content of phenolic acids and flavonoids in the extracts determined their antibacterial activity. The following phenolic acids were predominant: chlorogenic acid, sinapic acid, and t-cinnamic acid. Their average content was, respectively, 139.09, 72.84, 51.29 mg/g extract. Rutin and quercetin (their average content was 1105.39 and 306.6 mg/g extract, respectively) were the dominant flavonoids. The research showed that the elderberry polyphenol extracts exhibited activity against selected strains of bacteria within the concentration range of 0.5–0.05%. The following bacteria were the most sensitive to the extracts: Micrococcus luteus, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas fragii, and Escherichia coli. Of the compounds under analysis, apigenin, kaempferol and ferulic, protocatechuic, and p-coumarin acids had the greatest influence on the high antibacterial activity of elderberry extracts. The results of the microbiological and chemical analyses of the composition of the extracts were analyzed statistically to indicate the bioactive compounds of the greatest antimicrobial significance.     

Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Borago officinalis L. leaf extract growing in Algeria

The aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of borage (Borago officinalis) leaves from Annaba region (Algeria) were preliminary analyzed for their phenolic profile (total phenolics, total flavonoids, total flavonols, total tannins and total anthocyanins). These extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant properties by different methods such as DPPH radical scavenging, test NBT and total antioxidant activity. The two extracts have exhibited a high antiradical capacity. Indeed, the ethanolic extract showed the lower IC50 values and the highest amount of phenolics (94.09 ± 1.72 mg gallic acid/g dry extract). Using LC-MS/MS analysis, it was possible to identify phenolic acids, flavonoids, sterol and for the first time oleuropein was identified in the aqueous extract of the plant. The obtained results have demonstrated that phenolic compounds are the major contributor to the antioxidant activity of plants.     

Phenylalanine Increases the Production of Antioxidant Phenolic Acids in Ginkgo biloba Cell Cultures

The aims of this study were to evaluate the antioxidant properties, to investigate the content of major secondary metabolites in Ginkgo biloba cell cultures, and to determine the change in the production of phenolic acids by adding phenylalanine to the culture medium. Three in vitro methods, which depend on different mechanisms, were used for assessing the antioxidant activity of the extract: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil (DPPH), reducing power and Fe²⁺ chelating activity assays. The extract showed moderate activity both in the DPPH and in the reducing power assays (IC₅₀ = 1.966 ± 0.058 mg/mL; ASE/mL = 16.31 ± 1.20); instead, it was found to possess good chelating properties reaching approximately 70% activity at the highest tested dose. The total phenolic, total flavonoid, and condensed tannin content of G. biloba cell culture extract was spectrophotometrically determined. The phenolic acid content was investigated by RP-HPLC, and the major metabolites—protocatechuic and p-hydroxybenzoic acids—were isolated and investigated by ¹H NMR. The results showed that phenylalanine added to G. biloba cell cultures at concentrations of 100, 150, and 200 mg/150 mL increased the production of phenolic acids. Cultures that were grown for 3 weeks and collected after 4 days of phenylalanine supplementation at high concentration showed maximal content of phenolic acids (73.76 mg/100 g DW).     

Antibacterial properties of Aloe vera gel-finished cotton fabric

In this study, cotton fabrics were finished with Aloe vera gel along with 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxlic acid as a crosslinking agent using the pad-dry-cure method. The finished fabrics were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The infrared spectra confirmed that the active ingredients of A. vera gel attached to the hydroxyl groups of cotton fabric via a carboxylic acid cross-linking agent. The antibacterial activity of A. vera-finished fabrics was qualitatively evaluated by the AATCC-147 method and scanning electron microscopy. It was observed that A. vera gel-finished fabric has much less bacterial adhesion. The A. vera gel-finished [concentration ≥3 % (w/v)] cotton fabric inhibited the growth of both gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. The mechanism of cell death by A. vera gel was evaluated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM photographs suggested that the cell death is due to the destruction of the bacterial cell wall. The finished fabric was also evaluated for its performance properties such as tensile strength, crease recovery angle, bending length, etc.     

Synthesis of gold nanoparticles using herbal Acorus calamus rhizome extract and coating on cotton fabric for antibacterial and UV blocking applications

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been synthesized by greener method using chloroauric acid as precursor and extract of Acorus calamus rhizome as reducing agent. Formation of AuNP was confirmed by the presence of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) peak in UV–Visible spectral analysis. XRD and FT-IR spectral analyses were performed for characterization. SEM images show spherical morphology and HR-TEM images reveal nanosize of AuNPs. The AuNPs were then coated on cotton fabric by pad-dry-cure method and characterized by SEM with EDAX technique. The results reveal the deposition of AuNPs on the surface of cotton fabric. Uncoated cotton, neat extract coated cotton and extract containing AuNPs coated cotton fabrics were then tested for antibacterial activity against Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram negative (Escherichia coli) bacterial strains by AATCC 100 test method. It showed that the extract containing AuNPs coated cotton fabric had higher antibacterial activity than other test samples against E. coli. UV-DRS analysis performed on extract containing AuNPs coated cotton fabric showed improved UV-blocking property than uncoated cotton fabric and neat extract coated cotton fabric.     

The use of water-soluble phthalocyanines as textile dyes in nylon/elastane fabric: fastness and antibacterial effectiveness

This work reports on dyeing of nylon/elastane fabric with water-soluble phthalocyanines ( 1-4 ) bearing quinoline 5-sulfonic acid substituents on the peripheral or nonperipheral positions and determining the antibacterial efficiency of the phthalocyanine compounds and the dyed nylon/elastane fabrics. The light, washing, water, perspiration, and rubbing fastness properties of nylon/elastane fabrics dyed with phthalocyanines were also determined. The results showed that all dyed fabrics showed very good wet fastness values. The lightfastness value of the nylon/elastane fabric dyed with phthalocyanine dye ( 1 ) showed a much better value than the others. Also, the antibacterial efficiencies of the dyed nylon fabrics and the dye compounds were investigated against a gram-negative ( Escherichia coli ) and a grampositive ( Staphylococcus aureus ) bacteria by using disc diffusion method. The results showed that the dyed nylon/elastane fabrics and the compounds exhibited antibacterial activities against both bacteria.     

Rhamnus pallasii subsp. sintenisii fruit,leaf, bark and root: Phytochemical profiles and biological activities

The genus Rhamnus has received a lot of interest as a source of phenolic chemicals. There have been no reports on the phytochemicals and biological activities of R. pallasii subsp. sintenisii various morphological components (fruit, leaf, bark, and root) in Iran to yet. Two crude ether petroleum (EP) and hydro-methanolic (HM) extracts were obtained from the separate parts. The antioxidant and antibacterial capabilities of the extracts, as well as their phytochemical screening (total phenolic, flavonoid, phenolic acid, and anthocyanin concentrations), were measured. Furthermore, the phytochemical profiles of EP and HM extracts were determined using GC–MS and LC-ESI–MS, respectively. LC-ESI-MS detected 59 chemicals in HM extracts, including flavonoids (62.71 %), phenolic acids (10.16 %), and anthraquinones (16.94 %). Furthermore, the predominant group components in EP extracts examined by GC–MS were fatty acids (58.82%), phenolic compounds (49.28%), and hydrocarbons (35.15 to 59.45 %). In terms of biological testing (DPPH radical scavenging and anti-bacterial activity), all examined extracts, particularly the fruit, had the highest activities in both assays (IC₅₀: 7.52 to 22.39 µg/ml and MIC: 0.39 to 3.12 mg/ml), owing to their high phenolic content. As a result, individual morphological elements of the species might be thought of as natural antioxidant and antibacterial agents.     

Preparation and characterization of cotton fabrics with antibacterial properties treated by crosslinkable benzophenone derivative in choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents

Cotton fabrics with antibacterial properties were prepared by the treatment with 3,3′4,4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPTCD) in a combined process of shaking immersion in dyeing machine and pad-dry-cure. Environmentally-benign choline chloride (ChCl)-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were mainly examined as treatment media instead of using organic solvent. The results revealed that cotton fabrics treated with BPTCD in urea-ChCl DES showed a strong ester carbonyl peak in fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, indicating fixation of BPTCD on cotton cellulose. Detailed characterizations of the BPTCD-treated cotton were carried out by FTIR, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, dye staining, and evaluation of hydrophilicity and strength. The treated fabrics demonstrated a high level of antibacterial characteristics before and after UV irradiation. This indicated that addition of ChCl could enhance antibacterial activity of cotton before UV irradiation. Therefore, use of ChCl-based DES along with BPTCD incorporation provided environmentally-acceptable and economically-feasible treatment process for preparation of novel antibacterial cotton.     

Flame retardant finishing of cotton fleece: part VII. Polycarboxylic acids with different numbers of functional group

In our previous research, multifunctional carboxylic acids have been used as flame retardants to reduce the flammability of cotton fleece so that the garment made of cotton fleece can pass the US mandatory requirement specified by the government regulation “Standard for the Flammability of Clothing Textiles” (16 CFR 1610). In this research, we studied and compared the effectiveness of the polycarboxylic acids having different numbers of carboxylic groups as the durable flame retardants for cotton fleece. The cotton fabrics were treated with 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA), citric acid (CA), succinic acid (SUA) and malic acid (MLA). We compared the reactivity of those polycarboxylic acids to esterify cotton cellulose and their effectiveness to reduce the flammability of the cotton fleece. The data indicated that the polycarboxylic acids with higher functionalities (BTCA and CA) form more esterlinkages on cotton and are more durable to home launderings than that treated with their bifunctional counter parts (SUA and MLA, respectively). In addition, the cotton fabrics treated with BTCA and CA have higher dimensional stability and higher strength loss. All those differences can be attributed to the fact that only those acids with three or more carboxylic groups, i.e., BTCA and CA, are able to crosslink cotton cellulose whereas the bifunctional acids (SUA and MLA) only form single esterlinkage with cotton.