Transversely pumped laser using F 3 + and F2 mixed color centers in a LiF crystal at room temperature

A stable laser with F₃⁺ and F₂ mixed color centers in LiF crystal is constructed using a transversely pumped cavity at room temperature. The mixed color center laser is pumped with a nitrogen-laser-pumped dye laser. A pulse output of the laser is 0.23 mJ. The pulse widths of the F₃⁺ and F₂ color center lasers are about 12 and 8.5 ns, respectively. The optical–optical conversion efficiency is about 5.0%. The divergence of the F₃⁺ color center laser beam is about 2.2 mrad and that of the F₂ color center laser beam about 3.5 mrad. The polarization of the mixed color center laser is about 0.97. The output of the F₃⁺ color center laser extends from 515 to 575 nm and peaks at 540 nm, while that of the F₂ color center laser extends from 633 to 705 nm and peaks at 667 nm.     

Generation of CdS clusters using laser ablation: the role of wavelength and fluence

The formation of cationic clusters in the laser ablation of CdS targets has been investigated as a function of wavelength and fluence by mass spectrometric analysis of the plume. Ablation was carried out at the laser wavelengths of 1064, 532, 355, and 266 nm in order to scan the interaction regimes below and above the energy band gap of the material. In all cases, the mass spectra showed stoichiometric Cd _n S _n ⁺ and nonstoichiometric Cd _n S _n−1⁺, Cd _n S _n+1⁺, and Cd _n S _n+2⁺ clusters up to 4900 amu. Cluster size distributions were well represented by a log-normal function, although larger relative abundance for clusters with n=13, 16, 19, 34 was observed (magic numbers). The laser threshold fluence for cluster observation was strongly dependent on wavelength, ranging from around 16 mJ/cm² at 266 nm to more than 300 mJ/cm² at 532 and 1064 nm. According to the behavior of the detected species as a function of fluence, two distinct families were identified: the “light” family containing S₂⁺ and Cd⁺ and the “heavy” clusterized family grouping Cd₂⁺ and Cd _n S _m ⁺. In terms of fluence, it has been determined that the best ratio for clusterization is achieved close to the threshold of appearance of clusters at all wavelengths. At 1064, 532, and 355 nm, the production of “heavy” cations as a function of fluence showed a maximum, indicating the participation of competitive effects, whereas saturation is observed at 266 nm. In terms of relative production, the contribution of the “heavy” family to the total cation signal was significantly lower for 266 nm than for the longer wavelengths. Irradiation at 355 nm in the fluence region of 200 mJ/cm² has been identified as the optimum for the generation of large clusters in CdS.     

Observation of alignment of the ground state of NO<Subscript>2</Subscript> under laser excitation

A Hanle signal is observed in the absorption of a cell filled with nitrogen dioxide NO₂ at room temperature. The excitation was performed by an Ar⁺ laser at a wavelength of 476.4 nm.     

Time-of-flight investigation of the intensity dependence of laser-desorbed positive ions from SrF2

The intensity dependence of the total and specific yields of positive ions desorbed from SrF₂ under 193 nm and 308 nm excimer-laser irradiation has been investigated by the time-of-flight method. The following positive ion species have been detected: F⁺, Sr⁺, Sr⁺⁺, SrF⁺⁺ and SrF ₂ ⁺ . The Sr⁺ and SrF⁺ emission yields are found to increase as E ⁿ, where E represents the laser energy per pulse. The exponent n is related to defect-initiated neutral particle emission and gas-phase ionization. The influence of surface damage on this power dependence is investigated. The F⁺ emission yield showed a quite different behaviour compared to that of the Sr⁺ and SrF⁺ emission. At both wavelengths the total positive ion emission yields saturate at a certain laser energy. In the saturation regime the SrF⁺ emission vanishes and alternative emission of F⁺ and Sr⁺ was observed at both wavelengths, but the total emission yield in the saturation regime (F⁺ + Sr⁺) remained constant. A Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to investigate the damage spots after laser irradiation for thermal effects.     

Upconversion CW laser at 284 nm in a Nd:YAG-pumped double-cladding thulium-doped ZBLAN fiber laser

A successful continuous-wave (CW) ultraviolet (UV) laser in a Tm⁺³-doped ZBLAN fiber, operated at 284 nm (¹ I ₆ → ³ H ₆ transition of Tm⁺³) is demonstrated. The excitation uses a four-step upconversion scheme. The pump source is a Nd:YAG laser operated at 1.064 μm. A laser output power of 42 μW continuous wave was obtained for 590 mW of the launched pump power. The slope efficiency with respect to the launched pump power was measured to be 9%. Ultraviolet (at 365 nm) and visible (at 453 and 480 nm) radiation was also observed.     

Improved lasing properties of the HêN 2 + system at 391 nm and 428 nm by H2 admixture

The He/N₂ system lasing on the N ₂ ⁺ (B)N ₂ ⁺ (X, 0) transition at 391 nm and on the N ₂ ⁺ (B)N ₂ ⁺ (X, 1) transition at 428 nm was investigated by e-beam excitation. By adding H₂ the lower laser state is efficiently quenched, which leads to a drastic improvement of the laser properties. A kinetic model is proposed which accounts for the experimental results. For a laser amplifier operated at 5 bar total efficiencies of 0.6% and 0.7% are predicted for the 391 nm and the 428 nm transitions respectively.     

共掺Na+的Yb3+∶CaF2晶体的荧光分析与低阈值激光运转

基于975nm激发的室温下荧光光谱测量，系统地研究了在新型钠、镱共掺的氟化钙晶体中钠离子的作用机理，分析了掺钠离子浓度与激光阈值的关系，获得了具有最低激光阈值的掺杂浓度优化配比. 激光实验表明对于2%Yb³⁺离子浓度的氟化钙，掺入3%的钠离子能够获得最低阈值的激光运转，这与理论和荧光分析完全一致. 关键词： 镱、钠共掺氟化钙 荧光光谱 激光阈值     

Optically pumped continuous I2 molecular laser

Continuous laser oscillation was observed for various B ³Π_0⁺u → X ¹Σ_0⁺g transitions of molecular iodine in the wavelength range of 583.0 nm to 1338 nm excited by a single frequency 514.5 nm argon laser. For pump powers of 3W output powers up to 250 mW were obtained. Some properties of the laser system are discussed.     

Photopolymerization of C<Subscript>60</Subscript> and Li@C<Subscript>60</Subscript> studied by second-harmonic generation and infrared spectroscopy

The photopolymerization of C₆₀ and Li@C₆₀ films was investigated by means of optical second-harmonic generation. The films were deposited under ultra-high-vacuum conditions and irradiated in situ with an Ar⁺ laser at 514 nm. The second harmonic generated by a Nd:YAG laser working at 1064 nm was monitored after different steps of irradiation. Photopolymerization was observed after very low irradiation doses, of the order of 10²⁰ photons/cm², and confirmed with infrared absorption spectroscopy. Similar kinetics for C₆₀ and Li@C₆₀ were observed. The measurements give evidence for photopolymerization of the endohedral fullerene Li@C₆₀. PACS 78.30.Na; 82.50.Hp; 81.05.Tp     

Tunable KrF laser-induced fluorescence of C2 in a sooting flame

2 in a flame, excited by a tunable KrF laser near 248 nm. The first comprises several P and R lines of the (1,0) band of the e ³Π_g-a ³Π_u Fox–Herzberg system, with fluorescence bands extending past 350 nm. The second is the band head region of the (7,1) band of the D ¹Σ_u ⁺←B^′ 1Σ_g ⁺ system, with fluorescence at 232 nm from D to the X ¹Σ_g ⁺ ground state. Neither band has been previously observed in any environment. The flame in these experiments is highly sooting, and the C₂ seen here is likely produced by laser vaporization of the soot with subsequent laser photolysis of a C₂ precursor. In a rich flame, this fluorescence could cause interferences in other studies such as KrF laser Raman scattering. Moreover, signal level calculations suggest native C₂ near 10 ppm could be readily observed using the Fox–Herzberg excitation. Raman measurements of major species (X≥0.01) in the same flame, using the KrF laser, are in good agreement with a model prediction. Received: 2 April 1998/Revised version: 8 June 1998     

Laser-ionization mass-spectrometric studies on laser ablation of a nitrogen-rich polymer at 532 nm and 1064 nm

Laser-ionization Time-Of-Flight (TOF) mass-spectrometric studies have been carried out on the 532 nm and 1064 nm laser ablation products from a nitrogen-rich polymer. The polymer used had an elemental composition of C_6.0N_8.9H_3.4 and consisted of C=N, C-N, and N-H chemical bonds. The TOF mass spectra observed were composed of various peaks (150 amu) depending on the ablation laser wavelength. The primary peaks were assigned to C⁺, CN⁺, CHnN⁺ ₂ (n=1–3) and C₂H₂N⁺ ₃ for 532 nm ablation, and C⁺, C⁺ ₃, HCN⁺, HCCN⁺, CH₂NH⁺, HNCN⁺, H₃NCN⁺, and C₄H₄N⁺ ₇ for 1064 nm ablation. The flight velocity distributions with peak velocities ranging from 8.6×10³ cm/s to 3.8×10⁴ cm/s were measured for these products. The distinct velocity distributions observed between small and large products indicate the presence of two origins in the fragment ejection process from the polymer for both 532 nm and 1064 nm ablation. Furthermore, we suggest an importance of the translational energy of the fragments for the product generation in the laser plume.     

Effect of the excimer laser irradiation on sol–gel derived tungsten–titanium dioxide thin films

A novel technique based on the excimer laser induced crystallization and modification of TiO₂ thin films is being reported. W⁺⁶ ions loaded TiO₂ (WTO) precursor films were prepared by a modified sol–gel method and spin-coated onto microscopic glass slides. Pulsed KrF (248 nm, 13 ns) excimer laser was used to irradiate the WTO amorphous films at various laser parameters. Mesoporous and nanostructured films consisting of anatase and rutile were obtained after laser irradiation at room temperature. The effect of varying W⁺⁶ ions concentrations on structural and optical properties the WTO films was analyzed by X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscope, UV-Vis spectrophotometer and transmission electron microscope before and after laser treatment. Films irradiated for 10 pulses at 65–75 mJ/cm² laser fluence, exhibited anatase whereas higher parameters promoted the formation of rutile. XPS results revealed WO₃ along with minor proportion of WO₂ compounds after laser irradiation. Photo-absorbance of the WTO films was increased with increase in W⁺⁶ ions concentration in the film. TEM results exhibited a crystallite size of 15 nm which was confirmed from SEM results as well.     

纳秒激光诱导C60分子碎裂中轻碎片离子C+n(n＜30)的产生机理研究

采用飞行时间质谱计测量了纳秒激光诱导C₆₀分子碎裂中轻碎片离子C⁺_n(n≤11)的初始平均动能,结果显示轻碎片离子具有相同的初始平均动能(约为0.34eV),并且该动能在一定范围内不随激光通量的变化而明显改变.结合前人的实验结果,对纳秒激光诱导C₆₀分子碎裂中轻碎片离子C⁺_n(n＜30)的主要产生模式作了新的阐述,即C< 关键词： 飞行时间质谱计 轻碎片离子 笼形结构塌陷 初始动能     

光学泵浦的锂分子激光

以可见染料激光泵浦锂分子,在高于900℃的蒸气温度下,获得了由理分子A¹∑_u⁺态跃迁到基态X¹∑_g⁺的位于874—912nm区的许多光泵激光输出。谐振腔使输出信号增强约9倍。对部分激光跃迁的振转量子数作了标识。 关键词：     

Laser-induced chemical etching of silicon in chlorine atmosphere

Laser-induced chemical etching of single-crystalline (100) Si in Cl₂ atmosphere has been investigated for continuous Ar⁺ and Kr⁺ laser irradiation at around 351 nm, and at 457.9, 488.0, 514.5, and 647.1 nm. For laser irradiances below 10⁵ W/cm² the etching mechanism is non-thermal, and is based on photo-generated electron-hole pairs within the Si surface and Cl atoms produced within the gas phase. The experimental results are compared with model calculations.     

Spectroscopy of Te2 with modulation transfer: Reference lines for precision spectroscopy in Yb+ at 467 nm

Modulation-transfer spectroscopy is used to observe resonances in ¹³⁰Te₂ near 467 nm. A signal-to-noise ratio of 500 is obtained with 1 mW laser power and with a time constant of 10 ms; the lineshapes are investigated in detail for different demodulation phases. The signal can be used to servolock a blue dye ring laser at 467 nm on a ¹³⁰Te₂ resonance which serves as reference line for precision spectroscopy on single, trapped Yb⁺ ions at 467 nm.     

镱、钠共掺的氟化钙晶体在1050nm的可饱和吸收作用

通过在稳定连续波运转的Yb:YAG 激光器中插入不同掺杂浓度的新型钠、镱共掺的氟化钙晶体的对比性实验,证明了镱、钠共掺的氟化钙晶体在1050nm具有明显的可饱和吸收作用,从而解释了该晶体作为增益介质在该波段总是趋于自调Q运转的原因.Yb³⁺离子是该晶体可饱和吸收作用的主要因素,但是共掺入适当的Na离子可以明显改善晶体的调Q效果.优化共掺镱、钠离子的浓度和比例后的氟化钙晶体能够作为1050nm波段激光器的被动Q开关. 关键词： 镱、钠共掺氟化钙 可饱和吸收体 调Q     

XeCl-laser-generated ablation products from a nitrogen-rich polymer studied by laser-ionization mass spectrometry

Laser-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry has been used to probe laser-ablation products from a nitrogen-rich polymer at a wavelength of 308 nm. The ablation products at a laser fluence of 150 mJ/cm² showed, similar to 532 nm ablation studied previously [18], two strong peaks due to neutral species that were assigned to C⁺ and CN⁺, as well as several weak peaks that were assigned to CH⁺, HCN⁺, HCNH⁺, H_nN–CN⁺ (n=1–3), and H₂N–C=N–CN⁺ or H₂N–C=N–CN⁺. The ablation products at 870 mJ/cm² revealed, in addition to a broad signal due to ionic products generated directly by the ablation laser, several peaks due to neutral products that were assigned to C⁺, C ₂ ⁺ , C ₃ ⁺ , CN⁺, HCN⁺, HCNH⁺, and NCCN⁺. The most probable flight velocities for major neutral products are 5.7×10⁴ cm/s at 150 mJ/cm² and 2.3–2.7×10⁴ cm/s at 870 mJ/cm². The results at a laser fluence of 150 mJ/cm² support the finding that the translational energy of the tragments has importance for the collision-induced product generation in the laser plume, as suggested earlier [18]. Furthermore, the product generation at 870 mJ/cm² is interpreted by the ejection of small neutral and ionic fragments, and subsequent reactions among the fragments.     

Wavelength stabilization of an Ar+ laser with an external129I2 absorption cell

Wavelength stabilization of the green Ar⁺ laser line at 514.5 nm by¹²⁹I₂ absorption was found to be more favourable than by¹²⁷I₂ absorption because the maximum of¹²⁹I₂ absorption is closer to the center of the 514.5 nm gain curve. A simple method for stabilizing a short air cooled laser with only one servo loop is given, yielding a stability of 10⁻⁸ λ.     

N2O+离子A2Σ+电子态高振动能级的转动结构分析

利用一束波长为36055nm的激光,通过(3+1)共振多光子电离方法制备纯净的且处于X²Π_1/2,3/2(000)态的N₂O⁺离子,用另一束激光激发所制备的离子到第一电子激发态A²Σ⁺的不同振动能级,然后解离,通过检测解离碎片NO⁺强度随光解光波长的变化,得到了转动分辨的N₂ 关键词： 2O⁺离子A²Σ⁺电子态')" href="#">N₂O⁺离子A²Σ⁺电子态 共振增强多光子电离 光解碎片激发光谱 光谱常数