Relative predominance of azo and hydrazone tautomers of 4-carboxyl-2,6-dinitrophenylazohydroxynaphthalenes in binary solvent mixtures

Azo-hydrazone tautomerism is a phenomenon that occurs in azo dyes possessing substituents conjugated to the azo linkage which has labile proton that can be exchanged intramolecularly. Thus the predominance of one tautomer over another is a function of many factors among which are solvent polarity, solvent type, solute-solvent interactions and the structure of the dye molecule itself. The 4-carboxyl-2,6-dinitrophenylazohydroxynaphthalenes, previously shown to exhibit azo-hydrazone tautomerism, were studied for the relative predominance of one form over another based on interaction at the microenvironment of binary solvent mixtures containing DMF and non-hydrogen bonding (CCl(4)), hydrogen bond donor (toluene, chloroform), hydrogen bond acceptor (acetonitrile, acetone) and the alcohols; ethanol and methanol as solvent pairs. The three dyes gave two main bands in the 50:50 mixture of DMF with these solvents consisting of a high energy band at 250-382 nm while the low energy bands for the dyes occurred at 415-485 nm. Spectral shifts in the binary solvent mixtures were related to the solvent dipolarity, basicity of the less polar component relative to DMF, substituent type, molar transition energy, formation constant for the hydrogen-bonding solvated complexes and the standard free energy change for hydrogen bonding with DMF. The relative predominance of the hydrazone tautomer bears a direct relationship to the basicity of the solvent, presence of hydrogen bond donor substituent and was associated with high molar transition energies and low formation constant. The microenvironment surrounding the dye molecules played a major role in the stability of one tautomer relative to the other.     

Theoretical investigation of azo dyes adsorbed on cellulose fibers: 1. Electronic and bonding structures

Structural, bonding and electronic characteristics of complexes of anthraquinone and 1-arylazo-2-naphtol dyes and cellulose I _β are studied using B3LYP density functional method with 6-31G** basis set based on the partially and fully optimized structures. Results reveal that for both partially and fully optimized complexes, there is a stabilizing attraction between dyes and cellulose surface. The hydrazone (Hy) tautomer in anionic state (Hy–SO₃ ^?) shows the strongest interaction with the cellulose surface. Natural bond orbital (NBO) and atoms-in-molecules (AIM) analyses have been carried out to study the nature of azo dyes-cellulose bonds in detail. According to NBO analysis, a remarkable charge transfer occurs between the –SO₃ ^? and –SO₃H functional groups of the dye and the cellulose surface which can be regarded as the main source of the large dye–cellulose interaction energy. AIM analysis confirms the existence of hydrogen and van der Waals bonds between the azo dyes and cellulose. Furthermore, a very good agreement is observed between the number of hydrogen bonding sites and dye–cellulose interaction energies.     

Analysis of the structures,energetics, and vibrational frequencies for the hydrogen-bonded interaction of nucleic acid bases with Carmustine pharmaceutical agent: a detailed computational approach

In the present study, it is attempted to scrutinize the hydrogen bonding interaction between Carmustine drug and DNA pyrimidine bases by means of density functional theory calculations regarding their geometries, binding energies, vibrational frequencies, and topological features of the electron density in the gas phase and the water solution. Based on the density functional theory results, it is found that the process of intermolecular interaction between Carmustine drug and nucleobases is exothermic and all of the optimized configurations are stable. Furthermore, the negative stability energy represented by a polarizable continuum model shows the significant increase in the solubility of the nucleobase after hydrogen bonding intermolecular interaction in the presence of water solvent. It is also found that the intermolecular hydrogen bonds between drug and the nucleobases play the significant role in the stability of the physisorption configurations. Hydrogen bond energies for hydrogen-bonded complexes are obtained from Espinosa method and the atoms-in-molecules theory are also applied to get a more precise insight into the nature of the intermolecular hydrogen bond interactions.     

Quantum chemical computations and Fourier transform infrared spectral studies of a nonlinear food dye E110

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum of a well-known food dye sunset yellow FCF (E110) has been recorded and analysed. Assignments of the vibrational spectrum has been facilitated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The results of the optimized molecular structure obtained on the basis of B3LYP with 6-31G(d) along with the 'LANL2DZ' basis sets give clear evidence for the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) and strong hydrogen bonding enhancing the optical nonlinearity of the molecule. The first hyperpolarizability of the acidic monoazo dye 'E110' is computed. Azo stretching frequencies have been lowered due to conjugation and pi-electron delocalization. Hydroxyl vibrations with intramolecular H-bonding are analyzed, supported by the computed results. The natural bond orbitals (NBO) analysis confirms this strong hydrogen bond between the hydrogen of the hydroxyl group and nitrogen of the azo group of the molecule. Assignments of benzene and naphthalene ring vibrations are found to agree well with the theoretical wave numbers.     

Density functional study of the conformations and intramolecular proton transfer in thiohydroxamic acids

The conformational preferences of thiohydroxamic acids (N-hydroxythioamides) are investigated by the density functional B3LYP/6-311++G(3df,3pd)//B3LYP/6-31G(d) method in this work. Unlike hydroxamic acids, the thione and thiol forms are found to be equally stable in the gas phase, and the reaction pathways for the interconversion between the thione and thiol forms have been deduced to involve rotation about the C[double bond, length as m-dash]N bond of the thiol tautomer in the rate-determining step. The effect of aqueous solvation on the reactions has also been investigated. It is found that inclusion of a few explicit water molecules in an implicit solvent calculation is necessary in order to accurately account for hydrogen bonding effects. Thiohydroxamic acids, like their hydroxamic acid analogues, are found to be N-acids, both in the gas phase and in aqueous solution.     

Revisiting the electronic excited-state hydrogen bonding dynamics of coumarin chromophore in alcohols: Undoubtedly strengthened not cleaved

In the present work, the electronic excited-state hydrogen bonding dynamics of coumarin chromophore in alcohols is revisited. The time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) method has been performed to investigate the intermolecular hydrogen bonding between Coumarin 151 (C151) and methanol (MeOH) solvent in the electronic excited state. Three types of intermolecular hydrogen bonds can be formed in the hydrogen-bonded C151–(MeOH)₃ complex. We have demonstrated again that intermolecular hydrogen bonds between C151 and methanol molecules can be significantly strengthened upon photoexcitation to the electronically excited state of C151 chromophore. Our results are consistent with the intermolecular hydrogen bond strengthening in the electronically excited state of Coumarin 102 in alcoholic solvents, which has been demonstrated for the first time by Zhao et al. At the same time, the electronic excited-state hydrogen bond cleavage mechanism of photoexcited coumarin chromophores in alcohols proposed in some other studies about the hydrogen bonding dynamics is undoubtedly excluded. Hence, we believe that the two contrary dynamic mechanisms for intermolecular hydrogen bonding in electronically excited states of coumarin chromophores in alcohols are clarified here.     

Hydrogen bonding in 1,1'-Bi-2-naphthol within the polarizable continuum model

Intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonding of 1,1'-bi-2-naphthol in a series of solvents and in solid phase has been investigated by means of mid-IR spectroscopy and DFT reaction field calculations. The polarizable continuum model has been used to estimate the relative stability of isomers differing in the positions of the hydroxyl groups. The height of the potential barriers between them was also calculated and the corresponding transition states characterized. In hydrogen bond nonaccepting solvents, the isomer preference does not change relative to the gas phase, although the less stable isomers are more probable in solvents of higher relative permittivity. In hydrogen bond forming solvents, the least stable isomer is most probably prevalent due to the additional stabilization through intermolecular hydrogen bonds with solvent molecules. A detailed vibrational analysis revealed the spectral regions specific to the OH vibrations with the observed solvent effects concerning the redistribution of vibrational intensities rather than wavenumber shifts.     

Fluorescence quenching phenomena facilitated by excited-state hydrogen bond strengthening for fluorenone derivatives in alcohols

Spectroscopic studies on benzo[b]fluorenone (BF) solvatochromism in several aprotic and alcoholic solvents have been performed to investigate the fluorescence quenching by hydrogen bonding and proposed a weaker ability to form intermolecular hydrogen bond of BF than fluorenone (FN). In this work, the time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) method was used to study the excited-state hydrogen bonding of both FN and BF in ethanol (EtOH) solvent. As a result, it is demonstrated by our theoretical calculations that the hydrogen bond of BF–EtOH complex is almost identical with that of FN–EtOH. Moreover, the fluorescence quantum yields of FN and BF in the alcoholic solvent is efficiently dependent on the energy gap between the lowest excited singlet state (fluorescent state) and ground state, which can be used to explain the fluorescence quenching by the excited-state hydrogen bond strengthening.     

Hydrogen bonding effects on charge distribution and vibrational spectra of N-(2-carboxyphenyl)salicylidenimine tautomers

Structures of the phenol-imine and quinoid tautomers of the titled ligand have been obtained from the ab initio and hybrid density functional methods. The phenol-imine tautomer having bifurcated NH hydrogen bonds (1.799 and 1.833 Å), has been predicted to be 14.9 kJ mol⁻¹ more stable than the quinoid tautomer wherein OH hydrogen bonded interactions are present. Charge distributions in these tautomers have been calculated using the molecular electrostatic potential as a tool. Consequences of hydrogen bonding to the vibrational spectra are discussed.     

Time‐dependent density functional theory study on the electronic excited‐state hydrogen‐bonding dynamics of 4‐aminophthalimide (4AP) in aqueous solution: 4AP and 4AP–(H2O)1,2 clusters

The time‐dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) method has been carried out to investigate the excited‐state hydrogen‐bonding dynamics of 4‐aminophthalimide (4AP) in hydrogen‐donating water solvent. The infrared spectra of the hydrogen‐bonded solute?solvent complexes in electronically excited state have been calculated using the TDDFT method. We have demonstrated that the intermolecular hydrogen bond C? O···H? O and N? H···O? H in the hydrogen‐bonded 4AP?(H₂O)₂ trimer are significantly strengthened in the electronically excited state by theoretically monitoring the changes of the bond lengths of hydrogen bonds and hydrogen‐bonding groups in different electronic states. The hydrogen bonds strengthening in the electronically excited state are confirmed because the calculated stretching vibrational modes of the hydrogen bonding C?O, amino N? H, and H? O groups are markedly red‐shifted upon photoexcitation. The calculated results are consistent with the mechanism of the hydrogen bond strengthening in the electronically excited state, while contrast with mechanism of hydrogen bond cleavage. Furthermore, we believe that the transient hydrogen bond strengthening behavior in electroniclly excited state of chromophores in hydrogen‐donating solvents exists in many other systems in solution. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2010     

碱金属萃取化学的研究 III:弱酸性偶氮螯合剂化学结构对萃取锂的性能研究

The synergistic extractic extraction of lithium with a solution of o-phenylazophenols (HAX) and trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) or other trialkylphosphine oxide (TRPO, R = C8-10) in o-dichlorobenzene from aqueous solution of lithium hydroxide was reported. The structural effect of o-phenylazophenols on extraction of lithium has been examined. In the case of 1-(p-X-phenylazo)-2-naphthols, the HMO calculation shows that the charge density of azo nitrogen atom(the donor atom, denote azo N) and hydroxyl oxygen atom does not very apparently, so that the stability of their chelates with lithium has no obvious variations as well. In this case their ability to extract lithium is chiefly governed by the pKa. of the compound. The results of extraction prove that there is a linear correlation between the extraction constant Kex and pKa. However, for the second group of chelating agents, the change of their structure leads to the change of the change of both pKa and stability of chelates. The results of extraction and HMO calculation show that the stability of chelates is mainly influenced by the strength of the coordination bond, i.e. the larger the charge density of azo N (qN), the more stable the chelate will be. Therefore, their ability to extract lithium is roughly directly proportional to the stability of chelates and inversely to the pKa. the strength of coordination bond for the chelates can be experimentally measured by means of the strength of intramolecular hydrogen bond of chelating agent, ΔδOH (the diference of chemical shift of hydroxyl proton in free and bonded state). Therefore, the ratio, ΔδOH/pKa, can be used to evaluate the extraction ability of chelating agents to lithium. We find that it is approximately proportional to the distribution ratio (D).     

A systematic study of the structure and bonding of halogens on low-index transition metal surfaces

The structure and bonding of halogens on various transition metal low-index surfaces has been studied by means of density functional theory (DFT) calculations using periodic slabs to model the surface. This approach is shown to be capable of reproducing available experimental data of naked and halogen-covered surfaces. Periodic trends are discerned and discussed for several properties, including metal-halogen bond distances and vibrational frequencies, adsorption energies, and bond ionicities, which have been evaluated by a Bader population analysis of the corresponding density. A simple correlation is discerned, relating the bond ionicity to the metal work function, so that higher work function surfaces are associated with more covalent bonding. Periodic trends in bond ionicities and metal-halogen vibrational frequencies are in harmony with corresponding data derived in an electrochemical environment, indicating that the metal-halogen bonding in vacuum share some features with the electrode metal surface-halogen bonding.     

Multilinear regression and comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) of azo dye-fiber affinities. 2. Inclusion of solution-phase molecular orbital descriptors

For a data set with 30 direct azo dyes taken from literature, quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analyses have been performed to model the affinity of the dye molecules for the cellulose fiber. The electronic structure of the compounds was characterized using quantum chemical gas-phase (AM1) and continuum-solvation molecular orbital parameters. As regards the solution phase, COSMO appears to be better suited than SM2 in quantifying relative trends of the aqueous solvation energy. For the dye-fiber affinity, the leave-one-out prediction capability of multilinear regression equations is superior to CoMFA, with predictive squared correlation coefficients ranging from 0.63 (pure CoMFA) to 0.89. At the same time, solution-phase CoMFA is superior to previously derived AM1-based CoMFA models. As a general trend, the dye-fiber affinity increases with increasing electron donor capacity that corresponds to an increasing hydrogen bond acceptor strength of the azo dyes. The discussion includes the consideration of structural features that are likely to be involved in dye-fiber and dye-dye hydrogen bonding interactions, and possible links between CoMFA electrostatic results and the atomic charge distribution of the compounds.     

酸性染料在四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱中的离子化与裂解规律

采用四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱(Q-Orbitrap-HRMS),对结构性质差异大的常见18种酸性染料的分子离子峰存在形式进行研究,并在分辨率高达70 000条件下,直接采集准分子离子峰碎裂片段的高精度质量数(分辨率>70 000,m/z 200),通过元素模拟得到碎片离子的元素组成,进而探究酸性红1、酸性蓝9和酸性红18的裂解规律。结果表明:该类染料的分子离子峰是通过丢掉全部Na+离子后,自身形成带负电荷离子,以其中含有多个磺酸基(SO-3)的二价准分子离子为基峰;随着能量增加,裂解过程主要集中在化合物支链单键上,其中偶氮基团结构存在叠氮-偶氮的互变异构体,高键能的偶氮键■重排为氮氮单键(-NH-■)后,易发生C-N键和-NH-■键的断裂,同时伴随小分子的中性丢失,产生m/z 79.955 7(SO-3离子)的特征碎片离子。此外,通过直接进样确定18种酸性染料的最佳电离方式和分子离子峰存在形式,得到酸性红1、酸性蓝9和酸性红18的质谱裂解规律,可为相似染料的电喷雾质谱行为解析提供参考。     

Some measures for making halogen bonds stronger than hydrogen bonds in H2CS-HOX (X = F, Cl, and Br) complexes

The properties and applications of halogen bonds are dependent greatly on their strength. In this paper, we suggested some measures for enhancing the strength of the halogen bond relative to the hydrogen bond in the H(2)CS-HOX (X = F, Cl, and Br) system by means of quantum chemical calculations. It has been shown that with comparison to H(2)CO, the S electron donor in H(2)CS results in a smaller difference in strength for the Cl halogen bond and the corresponding hydrogen bond, and the Br halogen bond is even stronger than the hydrogen bond. The Li atom in LiHCS and methyl group in MeHCS cause an increase in the strength of halogen bonding and hydrogen bonding, but the former makes the halogen bond stronger and the latter makes the hydrogen bond stronger. In solvents, the halogen bond in the Br system is strong enough to compete with the hydrogen bond. The interaction nature and properties in these complexes have been analyzed with the natural bond orbital theory.     

Effect of solvent on absorption and fluorescence spectra of a typical fluorinated azo dye for its acidic and basic structures

The effect of 15 polar solvents on absorption and fluorescence energies of a typical fluorinated azo dye, 4-(2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-pyridin-4-yl azo)-phenol, was reported for its acidic, MH, and basic, M, structures.For MH, the absorption energy is described on the basis of multi-linear equation with Taft's π* (solvent polarity) and β (hydrogen bond acceptor) parameters while the fluorescence energy varies rectilinearly with free energy of transferring the proton to the surrounding solvent, ΔG_t°.For M, the hydrogen bonding donor ability of protic solvent, α, is a predominant factor which affects the absorption energy while in aprotic solvents, the absorption energy correlates linearly with Kirkwood function. As the ability of the solvent for hydrogen bonding increases, the absorption band width will increase in parallel with the transition energy.     

Bifurcate hydrogen bonds. Interaction of intramolecularly H-bonded systems with Lewis bases

The structure and the hydrogen bonding in the systems formed by the intramolecularly H-bonded systems, namely, maltol (3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyrone), 5, 2,4,6-trinitrophenol, 6, acetylacetone enol, 7, with Lewis bases, phosgene, 8, dioxane, 9, and DMSO, 10, have been studied by density functional theory (B3LYP) and MP2 using the 6-311G* basis set. The continuum solvent effect was simulated by IEF-PCM model. The hydrogen bond analysis using the atoms in molecules (AIM) method was applied by using the MP2(full)/6-311++G** electron density to establish the nature of the bifurcate hydrogen bond (BHB) in these systems as well as contributory factors for its stabilization. The nature of interaction in the intermolecular H-complexes formed by compounds 5- 7 with the Lewis bases 8- 10 was shown to depend on the strength of the intramolecular hydrogen bond O...H and the strength of the base. The critical values of the CO...H and NO...H angles for which the formation of BHB is possible, have been determined.     

Microsolvation of DMSO: Density functional study on the structure and polaraizabilities

The structure and stability for the association of water with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) are investigated using the density functional M06‐2X level theory. Stable complexes are formed by the formation of hydrogen bonding between water and oxygen atom of DMSO molecule, while the electrostatic force between water and DMSO plays a vital role in deciding the structure. The water‐DMSO interactions are stronger than the interwater hydrogen bonds, which can be inferred from the shorter DMSO‐water bond distance compared with the water–water bond distance. The calculated solvent association energy does not saturate, and it remains favorable to attach additional water molecules to the existing water network. The calculated IR spectra shifts supports the formation stronger hydrogen bonding, while the electrostatic potential (ESP) plot supports the existence of weaker electrostatic interaction in the studied clusters. The polarizabilities for the ground state clusters were found to increase monotonically with the cluster size. The presence of additional electrostatic bonding between water and DMSO, devastates the linear hydrogen‐bonding network. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011     

Excited-state intramolecular proton transfer molecules bearing o-hydroxy analogues of green fluorescent protein chromophore

o-Hydroxy analogues, 1a-g, of the green fluorescent protein chromophore have been synthesized. Their structures and electronic properties were investigated by X-ray single-crystal analyses, electrochemistry, and luminescence properties. In solid and nonpolar solvents 1a-g exist mainly as Z conformers that possess a seven-membered-ring hydrogen bond and undergo excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) reactions, resulting in a proton-transfer tautomer emission. Fluorescence upconversion dynamics have revealed a coherent type of ESIPT, followed by a fast vibrational/solvent relaxation (<1 ps) to a twisted (regarding exo-C(5)-C(4)-C(3) bonds) conformation, from which a fast population decay of a few to several tens of picoseconds was resolved in cyclohexane. Accordingly, the proton-transfer tautomer emission intensity is moderate (0.08 in 1e) to weak (～10(-4) in 1a) in cyclohexane. The stronger intramolecular hydrogen bonding in 1g suppresses the rotation of the aryl-alkene bond, resulting in a high yield of tautomer emission (Φ(f) ≈ 0.2). In the solid state, due to the inhibition of exo-C(5)-C(4)-C(3) rotation, intense tautomer emission with a quantum yield of 0.1-0.9 was obtained for 1a-g. Depending on the electronic donor or acceptor strength of the substituent in either the HOMO or LUMO site, a broad tuning range of the emission from 560 (1g) to 670 nm (1a) has been achieved.