Synthesis, NMR characterization and reactivity of 1-silacyclohex-2-ene derivatives

The chloro functionality of allyldichlorosilane (HSiCl₂(C₃H₅)) and allyldichloromethylsilane (MeSiCl₂(C₃H₅)) were replaced by alkynyl groups and new compounds, allyldialkynylsilane 1 and allyldialkynylmethylsilane 2, were obtained. These silanes, which served as starting materials for the onward reactions, were purified by fractional distillation. They were further subjected to hydroboration with 9-BBN (9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane) and were converted into 1-silacyclohex-2-ene derivatives 5 and 6. The competition between C≡C and C=C in the reaction was studied. The hydroborating reagent 9-BBN was expected to prefer terminal C=C bonds and to leave C≡C bond untouched. This hypothesis of preferable hydroboration was experimentally proved, and hence, 1-silacyclohex-2-ene derivatives were obtained in reasonably pure form. The reaction of allyldialkynylsilane 2 with one equivalent of 9-BBN affords 1-silacyclohex-2-ene bearing Si-C≡C-function, ready to be hydroborated further with one equivalent of 9-BBN. The obtained compound bears two C-B bonds, which are attractive synthones for further transformations. This study aims to highlight the chemistry of C-B and Si-H functional groups. All new compounds obtained were colorless air and moisture sensitive oils, and they were studied by multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H, ¹³C, ¹¹B, ²⁹Si NMR) in solution.      

Unexpected beauty and diversity in the structures of three homologous 4,5‐dialkoxy‐1‐ethynyl‐2‐nitrobenzenes: the subtle interplay between intermolecular C—H…O hydrogen bonds and alkyl chain length

The synthesis, ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra, and X‐ray structures are described for three dialkoxy ethynylnitrobenzenes that differ only in the length of the alkoxy chain, namely 1‐ethynyl‐2‐nitro‐4,5‐dipropoxybenzene, C₁₄H₁₇NO₄, 1,2‐dibutoxy‐4‐ethynyl‐5‐nitrobenzene, C₁₆H₂₁NO₄, and 1‐ethynyl‐2‐nitro‐4,5‐dipentoxybenzene, C₁₈H₂₅NO₄. Despite the subtle changes in molecular structure, the crystal structures of the three compounds display great diversity. Thus, 1‐ethynyl‐2‐nitro‐4,5‐dipropoxybenzene crystallizes in the trigonal crystal system in the space group , with Z = 18, 1,2‐dibutoxy‐4‐ethynyl‐5‐nitrobenzene crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system in the space group P 2₁/c , with Z = 4, and 1‐ethynyl‐2‐nitro‐4,5‐dipentoxybenzene crystallizes in the triclinic crystal system in the space group , with Z = 2. The crystal structure of 1‐ethynyl‐2‐nitro‐4,5‐dipropoxybenzene is dominated by planar hexamers formed by a bifurcated alkoxy sp‐C—H…O,O′ interaction, while the structure of the dibutoxy analogue is dominated by planar ribbons of molecules linked by a similar bifurcated alkoxy sp‐C—H…O,O′ interaction. In contrast, the dipentoxy analogue forms ribbons of molecules alternately connected by a self‐complementary sp‐C—H…O₂N interaction and a self‐complementary sp²‐C—H…O₂N interaction. Disordered solvent was included in the crystals of 1‐ethynyl‐2‐nitro‐4,5‐dipropoxybenzene and its contribution was removed during refinement.     

The hydroboration of 3-butenyl derivatives with 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane

The hydroboration of 3-butenyl derivatives, CH₂CHCH₂CH₂X where X represents OH, OMe, OAc, Cl, as well as the related carboxylic ester, CH₂CHCH₂COOEt, and the nitrile CH₂CHCH₂CN, with 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9-BBN) proceeds with remarkably high regio-selectivity. The boron is placed essentially on the terminal carbon (?98%), yielding stable organoboranes which can be readily oxidized to alcohols or subjected to other reactions. The yields of alcohols in the hydroboration-oxidation procedure are satisfactory, in the range of 82–99%. The hydroxy group liberates hydrogen rapidly and quantitatively but no further reaction is observed and hydroboration of the carboncarbon double bond then proceeds normally. The chloro and methoxy groups are not affected by 9-BBN, whereas, the ester and nitrile groups are slightly (1.5–4.0%) reduced by the reagent at 25°C. Even this small amount of reduction can be circumvented or minimized by carrying out the hydroboration at 0°C. Although this procedure requires somewhat longer reaction times, the products are cleaner and the yields are higher.     

Phase transfer Pd(0) catalyzed polymerization reactions. III. Polymerization by cross-coupling of alkyl–boron compounds and aromatic halides catalyzed by PdCl2 (dppf) and bases

This paper describes a novel polymerization reaction which consists of a sequence of hydroboration of a diolefin with 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9-BBN) followed by the intermolecular cross-coupling of the resulting 1,1′-bis(B-alkanediyl-9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes with dihaloarenes. The reaction is performed in the presence of dichloro[1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene] palladium (II) [PdCl₂ (dppf)], a base, and a phase transfer catalyst. Both steps are performed in the same reaction flask. Alternatively, this polymerization reaction can be applied to bifunctional monomers containing an olefin and a haloarene group, for example, p-bromostyrene.     

Trigonale kristallfelder in oxidischen spinellverbindungen

Zusammenfassung Die Spektren der Spinellmischkristalle Ni_2-x Mg_xGeO₄ (0,0 x 1,2₅) und Co_2-x Mg_xGeO₄ (0,0 x 1,0) im Kristallfeldgebiet zeigen starke Unregelmäßigkeiten, die durch die kristallographisch begründete Annahme gedeutet werden können, daß Ni²⁺ und Co²⁺ sich in entlang der trigonalen Achse gestauchten Koordinationsoktaedem befinden. Es wird ein Kristallfeldformalismus entwickelt, der eine quantitative Behandlung dieser Spektren gestattet. Weiter zeigt sich, daß nicht immer, wenn eine trigonale Kristallfeldkomponente zugegen ist, Aufspaltungen der Oktaederbanden zu beobachten sind.

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The spectra of the spinel type phases Ni_2-x Mg_xGeO₄ (0,0 x 1,2₅) and Co_2-x Mg_xGeO₄ (0,0 x 1,0) in the crystal field region show remarkable band splitting effects. They can be explained by the crystallographically plausible assumption, that the coordination octahedra of Ni²⁺ and Co²⁺ are compressed along their trigonal axes. A crystal field formalism is developed which allows a quantitative treatment of the spectra. Finally examples are given showing that band splittings are not always observed in the presence of a trigonal component.

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Résumé Le spectre des phases de type spinelle Ni_2-x Mg_xGeO₄ (0,0 x 1,2₅) et Co_2-x Mg_xGeO₄ (0,0 x 1,0) dans la région du champ cristallin montre des effets remarquables de séparation de bandes. Ils peuvent être expliqués par l'hypothèse cristallographiquement plausible selon laquelle l'octaèdre de coordination de N²⁺ et de Co²⁺ est comprimé selon l'axe trigonal. Un formalisme de champ cristallin développé ici permet un traitement quantitatif des spectres. Enfin on donne des exemples qui montrent que les séparations de bandes ne sont pas toujours observées en présence d'une composante trigonale.

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Aus der Habilitationsschrift D. Reinen, Bonn 1965.

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Herrn Dr. H. H. Schmidtke habe ich für die kritische Durchsicht des Manuskripts und der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft für die Bereitstellung von Sachbeihilfen zu danken.     

Linear‐Hyperbranched Amphiphilic AB Diblock Copolymers Based on Polystyrene and Hyperbranched Polyglycerol

Summary: A convenient three‐step strategy has been developed for the preparation of well‐defined amphiphilic, linear‐hyperbranched block copolymers by hypergrafting. The synthetic procedure is based on a combination of carbanionic polymerization with the alkoxide‐based, controlled ring‐opening multibranching polymerization of glycidol. A linear AB diblock copolymer polystyrene‐block‐polybutadiene (PS‐b‐PB) with narrow polydispersity was obtained by anionic copolymerization. Subsequent hydroxylation by hydroboration led to PS₅₀₈‐b‐(PB‐OH)₅₆, used as macroinitiator for the polymerization of glycidol under slow monomer addition conditions.

Structure of the linear‐hyperbranched amphiphilic AB diblock copolymer PS₅₀₈‐b‐(PB₅₆‐hg‐PG_x) and an AFM micrograph of its micellar core–shell structure observed after solution casting.     

Regioselective hydroborations of methylvinylchlorosilanes

The regioselectivity of the hydroboration of the methylchlorovinylsilanes, Cl_nMe_3?nSiCHCH₂ (n= 0 ? 3), has been investigated using BH₃←THF, 9-BBN, disiamyl- and dicyclohexylborane. Methylation of the adducts with methylmagnesium bromide is complicated by formation of tetraalkylboronates. Alkaline hydrogen peroxide oxidation of the boronates gives reasonable yields of the corresponding α- and β-trimethylsilylethanols forn= 0 and 1. Forn= 2 and 3, conversion of the adducts to the corresponding α- and β- deuteroethylsilanes by treatment with excess sodium methoxide in methanol-0-d provides a more effective means of derivatization. Addition of the alkenes,n= 2 or 3, to excess BH₃←THF givesca. 90% of the α-boro-organo-chlorosilanes. For all of the alkenes, the dialkylboranes giveca. 80% of the β-boron adducts.     

Thermal Expansion of Mixed Zirconium Phosphates

A series of framework phosphates with varied ratio of cations Na_5-2x B _x ^IIZr(PO₄)₃, B^II = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba (0 x 2) and Na_5-3x Fe _x Zr(PO₄)₃ (0 x 1.33) were synthesized and studied under heating. The coefficients of thermal expansion along crystal axes _a and _c were calculated, and their dependences on the cationic composition (nature and concentration) and on the occupancy of out-of-framework structural positions were established.     

On the behavior of the selective oxidation by LiNiO2: Oxidative coupling of methane

The mobility of lattice oxygen and the fine structure of Li_xNi_2–xO₂ (0 x 1.0) were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and extended X-ray absorption fine structure, respectively. It was proven that the lattice oxygen of LiNiO₂ was mobilizable under reductive and oxidative atmosphere at 1033 K. The Ni–O bond lengths in NiO₆ slabs markedly changed at around x = 0.65. The results were in good agreement with the dependence of the selectivity for the OCM reaction on Li_xNi_2–xO₂ catalysts. It was suggested from these data that the formation of active lattice oxygen species in LiNiO₂ should be induced by structural distortion in NiO₆.     

Organoboranes : XXV. Hydridation of dialkylhaloboranes. New practical syntheses of dialkylboranes under mild conditions

Practical methods for the synthesis of dialkylboranes (R₂BH) via the hydridation of dialkylhaloboranes (R₂BX) have been developed. Convenient methods available for the preparation of R₂BX via the hydroboration of alkenes with monohaloborane complexes (H₂BX · SMe₂) make this approach valuable for the preparation of various dialkylboranes, R₂BH, many of which are not available by direct hydroboration of alkenes with borane itself. The suitability of various hydriding agents, such as borane derivatives, complex metal hydrides, and alkoxy metal hydrides, for the hydridation of R₂BX was examined, utilizing B-halo-9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane as a representative dialkylhaloborane. In this case, the unusual stability of the resulting dialkylborane, 9-BBN, permits direct estimation of the reaction products by ¹¹B NMR spectroscopy. The generality of the procedure has been demonstrated.     

Dendritic polyols based on carbosilanes - lipophilic dendrimers with hydrophilic skin

Carbosilane dendrimers with up to 108 end groups were prepared by a divergent synthetic route via repeated alternating Grignard-reaction with allylmagnesium bromide and hydrosilylation. Quantitative hydroboration of the dendrimers was achieved with 9-BBN/H₂O₂,OH⁻. Employing this synthetic route, rather monodisperse dendritic polyols with lipophilic carbosilane core and hydrophilic shell were prepared. All dendrimers were characterized with MALDI-TOF, showing low polydispersities. The novel dendritic polyols constitute interesting molecular scaffolds for the preparation of unusual supermolecules. As an example, reaction with cholesteryl chloro-formiate was used to prepare a series of dendrimers with 12, 36 and 108 mesogenic cholesteryl end groups.     

Synthesis and thermal decomposition of cobalt-containing oligosilanes

Oligo(phenylcobaltcarbonylsilane) was prepared from oligo(phenylsilane) and dicobalt octacarbonyl. The reaction proceeds with elimination of H₂ and CO and insertion of cobalt carbonyl fragments into the silicone backbone of oligosilane. Oligosilane containing cobalt carbonyl groups in side organic substituents was obtained from oligolmethyl(phenylethynyl)Isilane and CO₂(CO)₈. The reaction of 1,2-bis(phenylethyny1)tetramethyldisilane with Co₂(CO)₈ proceeds with the sequential attachment of cobalt carbonyl fragments to ethynyl groups to form disilane derivatives [²-CCPhCo₂(CO)₆] Thermal decomposition of cobalt-containing oligosilanes affords a mixture of paramagnets and ferromagnets.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya. No. 10, pp. 2561–2567, October, 1996.     

Manganese(II) complexes with edta-type ligands. The molecular structure of aquo-dihydrogen(1,2-propanediamine-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetate)manganese(II) trihydrate, [Mn(H21,2-pdta)(H2O)] · 3H2O

New manganese(II) complexes with ethylenediamine-N,N,N,N-tetra-3-propionate (edtp) and 1,2-propanediamine-N,N,N,N-tetraacetate (1,2-pdta) were prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, i.r. spectroscopy and magnetic measurements. The structure of [Mn(H₂1,2-pdta)(H₂O] · 3H₂O was determined by the single crystal X-ray diffraction technique. The complex crystallizes in the space group P2₁/n(#14) of the monoclinic crystal system with unit cell parameters a = 10.993(2) Å, b = 14.092(2) Å, c = 11.753(1) Å, = 96.302(9)⁰, V = 1809.7(3) ų, Z = 4 and R = 0.051. The complex contains seven-coordinated Mn^II ion with H₂1,2-pdta ion acting as hexadentate ligand and one water molecule.     

Preparation and crystal structures of an ionic triple-hydrogen-bridged derivative of 9-BBN hydroborate zirconium(IV)

An ionic dinuclear triple-hydrogen-bridged 9-BBN hydroborate zirconium complex, [K(Et₂O)₄][{(μ-H)₂BC₈H₁₄}₃Zr(μ-H)₃Zr{(μ-H)₂BC₈H₁₄}₃] (1) was formed from the reaction of Zr{(μ-H)₂BC₈H₁₄}₄ with KH and aniline in diethyl ether. The molecular structure of compound 1 was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Six 9-BBN hydroborate ligands are coordinated to two Zr atoms via two bridging H atoms, and two Zr atoms are connected by three bridging hydrogens in the anion part of this molecule. The distance of Zr?Zr is 3.1025(5) Å. The crystal structure of 1 suggests that agostic interactions between the zirconium metal center and α-C-H of the 9-BBN hydroborate ligand exist in the solid state. The Zr?H distances corresponding to the α-C-H?Zr agostic interactions are 2.579(4) Å and 2.743(4) Å.     

Magnetic properties of the spinel-type

The spinel sulphide CuCr₂S₄ is a metallic ferromagnet with a Curie temperature , while CuHf₂S₄ has no magnetic anomaly. Magnetic properties of the quaternary spinel-type Cu(Cr_1-xHf_x)₂S₄ system have been studied. With increasing x the ferromagnetic properties are weakened gradually from a predominant ferromagnetic, a spin-glass, finally to a simple paramagnetic behavior. For the composition of x0.50, a re-entrant spin-glass phase could emerge, even though the Curie temperature is ill-defined as a ferromagnetic phase boundary. Specimens with x≥0.90 remain paramagnetic down to 4.2 K. A spin crossover phenomenon is found around 160 K in the specimens of x=0.50–0.70. A step-like anomaly is manifestly detected in the magnetization, which corresponds with the change of the spin state. This crossover indicates that the spin state converts from high temperature S=2 into low temperature states. In the ordered states in , the magnetic moment originates from only Cr³⁺ ions.     

Lithium-cation Conduction and Crystallochemical Features of Solid Solutions La2/3 – x Li3x□4/3 – 2x Nb2O6 with the Structure of Fault Perovskite

Transport properties and crystallochemical features of lithium-containing lanthanum metaniobates La_{2/3 – x} Li_{3x4/3 – 2x} Nb₂O₆ with the structure of fault perovskite are studied. The materials studied have high conductivity by lithium ions. A correlation between the conductivity magnitude, chemical composition, and crystallographic parameters is found.     

Komplexboride in den Systemen Hf−Mo−B und Hf−W−B

Zusammenfassung In den Dreistoffen: Hf–{Mo, W}–B werden ternäre Boride Hf₉Mo₃B_2-x und (Hf, W)₁₂B_2-x aufgefunden und strukturell charakterisiert. Gitterparameter und Atomparameter der K (Kappa)-Carbid-ähnlichen Phasen werden bestimmt. Die Schmelzgleichgewichte im System Hf–Mo–B werden fast vollständig ermittelt. Hafnium läßt sich in Hf₉Mo₃B_2-x etwa zur Hälfte durch Zirkonium ersetzen.

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Complex borides in the systems hafnium —(molybdenum, tungsten)—boron

Complex borides of formula Hf₉Mo₃B_2-x and (Hf, W)₁₂B_2-x have been detected within the ternary systems: Hf–{Mo, W}–B. The lattice and atomic parameters of the K (Kappa) carbide like phases have been determined. Most of the reaction equilibria of the ternary system: Hf–Mo–B have been derived. Hafnium can be substituted by zirconium within Hf₉Mo₃B_2-x up to (Hf_0.5Zr_0.5)₉Mo₃B_2-x .

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Mit 3 Abbildungen     

Ferrocene compounds: methyl 1′‐aminoferrocene‐1‐carboxylate

The title compund, [Fe(C₅H₆N)(C₇H₇O₂)], features one strong intermolecular hydrogen bond of the type N—H...O=C [N...O = 3.028 (2) Å] between the amine group and the carbonyl group of a neighbouring molecule, and vice versa, to form a centrosymmetric dimer. Furthermore, the carbonyl group acts as a double H‐atom acceptor in the formation of a second, weaker, hydrogen bond of the type C—H...O=C [C...O = 3.283 (2) Å] with the methyl group of the ester group of a second neighbouring molecule at (x, −y − , z − ). The methyl group also acts as a weak hydrogen‐bond donor, symmetry‐related to the latter described C—H...O=C interaction, to a third molecule at (x, −y − , z + ) to form a two‐dimensional network. The cyclopentadienyl rings of the ferrocene unit are parallel to each other within 0.33 (3)° and show an almost eclipsed 1,1′‐conformation, with a relative twist angle of 9.32 (12)°. The ester group is twisted slightly [11.33 (8)°] relative to the cylopentadienyl plane due to the above‐mentioned intermolecular hydrogen bonds of the carbonyl group. The N atom shows pyramidal coordination geometry, with the sum of the X—N—Y angles being 340 (3)°.     

1,2-Oxazoline durch Addition von Trimethylbenzonitriloxid an 2-Hydroxyethylamino-1,4-benzochinone und deren Chinolderivate

Summary Addition of trimethylbenzonitril oxide to 2-hydroxyethylamino-1,4-quinones and 3,4-dihydro-4-alkyl-8a-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-6(8aH)-ones leads to 7,8,9a,9b-tetrahydro-3aH-1,2-oxazolo[4,5-h]-1,4-benzoxazin-4(6H)-ones. In order to determine constitution and conformation of the addition products an NMR-spectroscopic analysis and an X-ray crystal structure analysis of 6-benzyl-9a-hydroxy-3-mesityl-7,8,9a,9b-tetrahydro-3aH-1,2-oxazolo[4,5-h]-31,4-benzoxazin-4-(6H)-one3a were carried out at room temperature: C₂₅H₂₆N₂O₄,M _r=418.49, monoclinic, P2₁/n,a=13.716(6),b=19.993(6),c=15.348(6) Å, = 98.55(4)°,V=4162(1)ų,Z=8,d _x=1.336g/cm³,R=6.77%,R _w=4.55% (2994 observables, 560 parameters).

     

Electroconductivity,Nature of Conduction,Thermodynamic Stability of the BaPr1 –xYxO3 – αCeramics

The electroconductivity and the nature of conduction of vacuum-dense ceramics BaPr_{1 – x} Y _x O_{3 –} (x= 0.05–0.15) is studied at temperatures of 373 to 985°C, of 2.1 × 10⁴to 10^–11Pa, and of 40 to 2400 Pa. The coefficient of linear thermal expansion is measured. The ceramics have a perovskite structure and are practically p-type semiconductors with a maximum conductivity of 0.26 S cm^–1at x= 0.10 and 800°C, in air. The share of ionic (proton) conductivity of the ceramics does not exceed 0.2–0.4%. The conductivity is weakly dependent on the air humidity. In a hydrogen-containing atmosphere, the ceramics undergoes reduction with destruction. Boundaries of thermodynamic stability of BaPr_0.9Y_0.1O_{3 –} at 500–900°C are determined.