双谐波高频系统的同步加速器中发射度主导的长束团研究

在质子储存环中,长束团的长期储存要求采用比较平的 bucket 以增加纵向接收度。对于经过相空间冷却的低能散的束流,束流内部的库仑散射作用不能被忽略。本文讨论了对于处在临界能量以下的发射度主导的长束团双谐波高频系统的特性。为了保持束团长度不变,高频电压应作适当的提高以补偿空间电荷效应的作用。初始失配的束流的纵向运动也分别对于单谐波或双谐波系统进行了研究,对于前者失配度为20%时,纵向接收度太小导致经过几个同步周期后就出现明显的束流纤维化和散束。本文还引入了一种空间电荷作用因子和纵向失配度的概念来研究和分析发射度主导的长束团的纵向运动。采用ORBIT程序对FAIR-HESR加速器中的束流纵向运动进行了模拟跟踪计算,并与理论分析进行了比较。     

Emittance Dominated Long Bunches in Dual Harmonic RF Systems

The storage of long bunches for long time intervals needs flattened stationary buckets with large bucket height. In the case of small energy spread with a cooled beam, the Coulomb interaction cannot be ignored. The properties of the dual harmonic RF systems are discussed for the emittance dominated long bunches below transition. The external voltage has to be increased to compensate the Coulomb interaction to keep bunch length unchanged. The longitudinal motion of the initially mismatched beam has been studied for both single and dual harmonic RF system. Bucket height of the single harmonic system is too small even for 20 % mismatch. Halo formation and debunching can be seen after a few synchrotron periods for single particles with large amplitude. The simulation results by using ORBIT code for the FAIR-HESR synchrotron has been given together with theoretical analysis.     

Collective effects for long bunches in dual harmonic RF systems

The storage of long bunches for large time intervals needs flattened stationary buckets with a large bucket height.Collective effects from the space charge and resistive impedance are studied by looking at the incoherent particle motion for the matched and mismatched bunches.Increasing the RF amplitude with particle number provides r.m.s wise matching for modest intensities.The incoherent motion of large amplitude particles depends on the details of the RF system.The resulting debunching process is a combination of the too small full RF acceptance together with the mismatch,enhanced by the collective effects.Irregular single particle motion is not associated with the coherent dipole instability.For the stationary phase space distribution of the Hofmann-Pedersen approach and for the dual harmonic RF system,stability limits are presented,which are too low if using realistic input distributions.For single and dual harmonic RF system with d＝0.31,the tracking results are shown for intensities,by a factor of 3 above the threshold values.Small resistive impedances lead to coherent oscillations around the equilibrium phase value,as energy loss by resistive impedance is compensated by the energy gain of the RF system.     

Collective effects for long bunches in dual harmonic RF systems

The storage of long bunches for large time intervals needs flattened stationary buckets with a large bucket height. Collective effects from the space charge and resistive impedance are studied by looking at the incoherent particle motion for the matched and mismatched bunches. Increasing the RF amplitude with particle number provides r.m.s wise matching for modest intensities. The incoherent motion of large amplitude particles depends on the details of the RF system. The resulting debunching process is a combination of the too small full RF acceptance together with the mismatch, enhanced by the collective effects. Irregular single particle motion is not associated with the coherent dipole instability. For the stationary phase space distribution of the Hofmann-Pedersen approach and for the dual harmonic RF system, stability limits are presented, which are too low if using realistic input distributions. For single and dual harmonic RF system with $d$=0.31, the tracking results are shown for intensities, by a factor of 3 above the threshold values. Small resistive impedances lead to coherent oscillations around the equilibrium phase value, as energy loss by resistive impedance is compensated by the energy gain of the RF system.     

合肥光源单束团下束团长度和能散的测量

 根据同步光与储存环中的束流信号具有相同的时间结构的原理,测量同步光脉冲的半高全宽值可以计算出束团的长度。根据合肥光源的特点和实际需要,选择快速光电接收器搭配高速高带宽示波器作为在线测量束团长度和纵向分布等的主要手段。对单束团模式下束团长度随流强和高频腔腔压的变化趋势进行了测量。测量结果表明：束团长度与腔压的0.3次方成反比,比理论值0.5小;而束团长度随流强的增长率为2.0 ps/mA。通过测量纵向量子寿命进行了能散随流强变化的间接测量,结果表明,束团的拉伸是能散变化和势阱效应共同作用的结果。     

Digital methods for diagnostics of longitudinal bunch parameters in synchrotrons

Methods are discussed for processing a digital signal (proportional to a longitudinal intensity of bunches during their acceleration in the synchrotron) in order to identify the time dependences of (i) a bunch phase relative to a phase of accelerating voltage, (ii) the rms longitudinal dimension of a bunch, and (iii) the intensities of a bunch and a beam (as a batch of circulating bunches). Examples of the dependences obtained for a beam in the nuclotron at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research are presented.     

外注入式独立调谐微波电子枪的概念设计

为得到微脉冲束团长度在百fs量级且高重复频率,设计了一种紧凑型的强流电子枪结构独立调谐微波热发射电子枪。该电子腔具有双驻波加速腔,两个驻波加速腔之间相互没有耦合,可以分别独立地馈入功率、调节相位。通过优化功率与相位,可以得到较优的束流品质,同时避免了磁铁和激光系统的使用,使得结构更加紧凑。并采用外注入式结构增大流强、降低能散度,同时消除电子反轰对阴极的负面影响。对不同结构参数的腔体进行1维和3维束流动力学计算,可以得到较为理想的腔体参数。通过调节预注入器的馈入功率和粒子入射相位,可以进一步的压缩束团长度。     

Micro-bunch production with radio frequency photoinjectors

In this paper we discuss the generation of ultra-short electron bunches using laser-driven RF guns. The designs are tailored for future plasma accelerators. Second generation plasma accelerators are expected to be very demanding in terms of bunch length, since the accelerated beam is expected to be short with respect to the wavelength of the excited Langmuir space-charge plasma wave. Since the anticipated wavelength ranges from 100 to 300 μm, 10-50 μm-long bunches are required with a bunch population of the order of 10⁸ particles. The laser-driven RF gun is a promising candidate to attain such beams. The rationale for this choice as well as the main limitations in terms of minimum bunch length will be analyzed and discussed in the following. Two possible configurations are evaluated: the direct production at the photocathode surface of ultra-short electron bunches by illumination of the cathode with 160-fs-long laser pulses and the acceleration of a 1-ps electron bunch with further magnetic compression in a wiggler     

离子俘获的线性理论及其应用

从线性理论出发,研究了电子束团在储存环里均匀分布和束团串两种情况下离子俘获的条件;在离子系统里引入Twiss参量,推导出电子束团串俘获离子的阈值流强的公式;并以此讨论北京正负电子对撞机(BEPC)在同步辐射专用运行时观察到的电子束流现象,提出采用束团串运行来克服BEPC中的束流寿命下降.     

First observation of simultaneous alpha buckets in a quasi-isochronous storage ring

We present the first experimental evidence confirming the theoretical predictions of alpha buckets in an electron storage ring. By controlling both the first- and second-order momentum compaction factors, we succeeded in storing electrons simultaneously in a pair of alpha buckets or in either bucket alone. The two electron bunches are separated in energy by slightly less than 1% and the energy is tunable over a narrow range. The energy difference was directly measured using synchrotron light from an undulator. Simultaneous two-color light beams from an undulator were generated. By changing the rf voltage, we were able to vary the normally fixed longitudinal bunch separation.     

Design studies on a 500 kV DC gun photo-injector for the BXERL test facility

BXERL is a proposal for a test facility(Beijing X-ray Energy Recovery Linac),which requires its injector to provide an electron beam of 5 MeV,77 pC/ bunch at a repetition rate of 130 MHz(average current of 10 mA).In this paper,we present the design of the injector,which consists of a 500 kV photocathodeDC gun equipped with a GaAs cathode preparation device,a 1.3 GHz normal conducting RF buncher,two solenoids,and one cryomodule containing two 1.3 GHz 2-cell superconducting RF cavities as the energy booster.The detailed beam dynamics show that the injector can generate electron bunches with a RMS normalized emittance of 1.49 7rmm-mrad,a bunch length of 0.67 mm,a beam energy of 5 MeV and an energy spread of 0.72%.     

Diagnoctics development at JINR for ILC and FEL ultrashort electron bunches

Different methods for diagnostics of ultrashort electron bunches are developed at JINR-DESY collaboration within the framework of the FLASH and XFEL projects and JINR participation in the ILC project. The main peculiarity of these accelerator complexes is related to formation of ultrashort electron bunches with r.m.s. length 20–300 μm. Novel diagnostics is required to provide femtoscaie time resolution in the modem FEL like FLASH and future XFEL and ILC projects. Photon diagnostics developed at JINR-DESY collaboration for ultrashort bunches is based on calorimetric measurements and detection of undulator radiation. The MCP-based radiation detectors are effectively used at FLASH for pulse energy measurements. The infrared undulator constructed at JINR and installed at FLASH is used for longitudinal bunch shape measurements and for two-color lasing provided by the FIR and VUV undulators. Two-color lasing in pump-probe experiments permits one to investigate dynamics of atomic and molecular systems with time resolution of 100–500 fs. A special magnetic spectrometer is planning to be used at ILC for measurements of average electron energy in each bunch. The first test spectrometer measurements were performed within the JINR-DESY-SLAC collaboration. A special synchrotron radiation detector applied for measurement of bunch average electron energy was constructed at JINR.     

BEPCⅡ正电子环真空度随流强的非线性变化

 观察发现负电子环的真空度随流强呈线性变化,正电子环的真空度随流强呈非线性变化,在正电子环的弧区,真空度的非线性变化很明显。讨论了非线性变化的原因,可能是同步光电子在正电子束流横向作用下加速碰壁,发生了二次电子发射,并在一定条件下形成了束流引起的多次碰壁效应,造成了大量放气。改变正电子束流的束团填充方式来观察真空度的非线性变化,得到了与KEK-B低能环一致的实验结果,该非线性变化呈现一定的阈值性,发生非线性的条件是有足够大的单束团流强和每列足够多的连续束团。     

CSR纵向束团压缩腔研究

针对兰州重离子加速器冷却储存环的发展目标,为了满足高能量密度（涉及重离子驱动惯性约束核聚变新能源）等物理研究的需要, 使用三维电磁场计算程序MAFIA研究了一种新型的适用于CSR的纵向束团压缩腔。 此纵向束团压缩腔采用高磁导率软磁合金材料进行加载,相比于铁氧体加载的高频腔, 可以得到高的电场梯度。以250 MeV/u的238U72+离子为例进行了模拟计算, 得出了此纵向束团压缩腔的工作频率为1.15 MHz, 峰值工作电压为80 kV, 由两个1/4波长同轴谐振腔组成, 每个谐振腔峰值工作电压为40 kV,能够满足在CSR上进行纵向束团压缩的要求。 The scheme of longitudinal bunch compression cavity for the Cooling Storage Ring(CSR) is an important issue. Plasma physics experiments require high density heavy ion beam and short pulsed bunch, which can be produced by non adiabatic compression of bunch implemented by a fast compression with 90° rotation in the longitudinal phase space. The phase space rotation in fast compression is initiated by a fast jump of the RF voltage amplitude. For this purpose, the CSR longitudinal bunch compression cavity, loaded with FINEMET FT 1M is studied and simulated with MAFIA code. In this paper, the CSR longitudinal bunch compression cavity is simulated and the initial bunch length of 238U72+ with 250 MeV/u will be compressed from 200 ns to 50 ns. The construction and RF properties of the CSR longitudinal bunch compression cavity are simulated and calculated also with MAFIA code. The operation frequency of the cavity is 1.15 MHz with peak voltage of 80kV, and the cavity can be used to compress heavy ions in the CSR.     

Effect of a longitudinal magnetic field on the excitation of plasma wake waves

The effect of a longitudinal magnetic field on the linear wake fields excited by a relativistic electron bunch in a cold homogeneous plasma is considered. The obtained results prove that the presence of an external magnetic field leads to a dependence of the wake wavelength on the transverse coordinate, to a change in the wave amplitude with increasing distance from the bunch, and to the emergence of anharmonicity. It is found that a strong magnetic field reduces the wave amplitude significantly for narrow bunches and changes the amplitude insignificantly for broad bunches.     

Physical design of FEL injector based on the performance-enhanced EC-ITC RF gun

To meet the requirements of high performance THz-FEL (Free Electron Laser), a compact scheme of FEL injector was proposed. A thermionic cathode was chosen to emit electrons instead of a photo-cathode with its complex structure and high cost. The effective bunch charge was improved to ～200 pC by adopting an enhanced EC-ITC (External Cathode Independently Tunable Cells) RF gun to extract micro-bunches; back bombardment effects were almost eliminated as well. Constant gradient accelerator structures were designed to improve energy to ～14 MeV, while the focusing system was applied for emittance suppressing and bunch state maintenance. The physical design and beam dynamics of the key components for the FEL injector were analyzed. Furthermore, start-to-end simulations with multi-pulses were performed using homemade MATLAB and Parmela. The results show that continual high brightness electron bunches with a low energy spread and emittance could be obtained stably.     

Ultra-low emittance X-band photocathode RF gun

In this paper, we present the simulation results of a 1.6 cell X-band photocathode RF gun for ultra-low emittance electron beams. It will work at 9.3 GHz. The emittance, bunch length, electron energy and energy spread at the gun exit are optimized at bunch charge of 1pC using PARMELA. Electron bunches with emittance about 0.1 mm·mrad and bunch length less than 100 fs can be obtained from this gun. A PITZ type coupler is adopted in this gun and an initial simulation by MAFIA is also given in this paper.     

Electron Cloud Instability Simulation Studies for BEPCⅡ

Electron cloud instability (ECI) may take place in a storage ring when the machine is operated with multi-bunch positively charged beam. According to the actual shape of vacuum chamber in BEPCⅡ, a computer simulation program has been developed. With the code, the electron density in the chamber with the different widths of antechamber and the different secondary electron yields, respectively, can be obtained. The possibility to put clearing electrodes in the normal chamber or ante-chamber to reduce the electron density in the central region of the chamber is also investigated. In the simulation, the coherent oscillation of bunches and the formation of electron cloud (EC) are tracked simultaneously. The sideband distribution and growth rate can be obtained through tracking and dealing the bunch oscillation amplitude with FFT. Based on the head-tail model, the single bunch instability induced by EC is also studied. By the simulation, for BEPCⅡ the threshold density for the single bunch instability is estimated to be～10 12 m -3 and the restraining measures that might be adopted in BEPCⅡ can control the EC density under the threshold. According to the simulation results, a relatively big positive chromaticity should be used to suppress the bunch blow up.     

Calculations of operating schemes for a passive harmonic cavity in HLS-Ⅱ

A passive higher harmonic cavity (HHC) will be used in the Hefei Light Source II Project (HLS-Ⅱ) to lengthen the bunch and consequently increase the beam lifetime dominated by Touschek scattering. The effects of constant voltage and constant detuning have been calculated and compared over the operating current from 0.4 to 0.2 A on the bunch lengthening for the passive normal conducting harmonic cavity system in HLS-Ⅱ. The results show that the bunch shape has less change and the lifetime improvement factors are not less than 2.7 over the beam currents for the constant voltage case. The constant voltage operating scheme may be applied to our machine.