Anomalous diffraction approximation method for retrieval of spherical and spheroidal particle size distributions in total light scattering

Using total light scattering technique to measure the particle size distribution has advantages of simplicity in measurement principle and convenience in the optical arrangement. However, the calculation of extinction efficiency based on Mie theory for a spherical particle is expensive in both time and resources. Thus, a simple but accurate approximation formula for the exact extinction efficiency may be very desirable. The accuracy and limitations of using the anomalous diffraction approximation (ADA) method for calculating the extinction efficiency of a spherical particle are investigated. Meanwhile, the monomodal and bimodal particle size distributions of spherical particles are retrieved using the genetic algorithm in the dependent model. Furthermore, the spheroidal model in the retrieval of non-spherical particle size distribution is also discussed, which verifies the non-sphericity has a significant effect on the retrieval of particle size distribution compared with the assumed homogeneous isotropic sphere. Both numerical computer simulations and experimental results illustrate that the ADA can be successfully applied to retrieve the particle size distributions for spherical and spheroidal particles with high stability even in the presence of random noise. The method has advantages of simplicity, rapidity, and suitability for in-line particle size measurement.     

结构光编码的MATLAB程序优化设计

结构光编码在光学非接触三维测量中是一种重要的图像编码方法。因为它要对多幅图像中的对应像素点进行处理,数据量很大,循环运算次数很多,因而通常是在代码执行效率较高的VisualC++上实现。由于VisualC++编程和调试都比较困难,所以不是一种理想的研究平台。由于MATLAB具有很强的矩阵运算、信号处理、数据分析、图像处理和显示等功能,应用和扩展方便简单,因而MATLAB是理想的结构光编码研究平台。尝试在MATLAB中实现高效的结构光编码算法,用向量化代替常规的循环判断,使程序运行效率提高较大,进而与其它部分一起组合成为统一、方便、快速和灵活的与结构光编码相关的光学无接触三维测量研究平台。     

基于单目视觉和圆结构光的目标姿态测量方法

为解决实际工程中无法在被测目标表面设置固定特征来配合单目视觉系统实现目标姿态测量的难题,将圆结构光源引入单目视觉系统中。通过建立圆结构光的视觉姿态测量模型,提出了一种基于单目视觉和圆结构光的目标姿态测量方法。利用图像处理获取不同姿态下目标表面的结构光光条图像的数学参数;然后将其输入到姿态测量算法中,得到目标表面结构光光条的法向量;最后利用目标表面的参考点与结构光光条中心之间的距离约束关系确定唯一解。实验结果表明,该方法有效可行,测量误差平均在0.5°以内,更便于机器人抓取等工程领域的应用。     

空间太阳望远镜偏振光测量技术

在空间天文望远镜上,由于需要用科学仪器采集太阳偏振图像,所以引出了对偏振光测量问题的研究。利用Stockes参数进行偏振光测量,可以使得原本需要对两个方向的振幅(a1,a2)和相位差进行测量的问题转化为对三个都是强度量纲的Stockes参数进行测量,这就使得测量和实现起来变得简单和容易多了。利用Stockes参数讨论了偏振光测量的原理和方法,并描述了它在空间天文望远镜(SST)中的实现方案。     

用多波长消光法测量大颗粒的尺寸分布

基于Mie光散射理论,提出一种用多波长消光原理(light extinction)测量大颗粒的尺寸分布的方法.理论分析及计算机数值模拟表明,采用可见光波段的多波长消光法可将测粒上限扩展至300μm以上.文中给出了数值模拟结果和对几种大尺寸标准颗粒的实测结果.     

同轴X射线相位衬度计算机X射线断层摄影术研究

基于北京同步辐射装置(BSRF)开展了同轴X射线相位衬度计算机X射线断层摄影术(CT)研究.利用北京同步辐射的14 keV单色X射线作为光源,以高分辨能力的X射线胶片作为探测器,分别开展吸收衬度和同轴相位衬度成像的比较研究以及相位衬度计算机X射线断层摄影术研究.相位衬度计算机X射线断层摄影术重建采用Bronnikov提出的算法.结果显示,与传统的吸收衬度图像相比,相位衬度图像具有更好的衬度和更高的空间分辨力;实验获得人工样品和蝗虫的相位衬度计算机X射线断层摄影术重建图像.重建图像中可见样品的一些结构细节.实验结果表明,相位衬度X射线成像更适合于研究弱吸收或吸收差异很小的材料;利用北京同步辐射开展同轴X射线相位衬度计算机X射线断层摄影术研究是可行的.     

Measurement of the light pressure and energy of a laser pulse

A method is described for measuring the light pressure and energy of a laser pulse. The method is based on a transformation of the kinetic energy acquired by a suspended object from the laser pulse into the potential energy of a twisted elastic filament. Comparative measurements are made of the energy radiated by a pulsed ruby laser ( = 6943 Å) by a calorimetric method and by a method based on measurement of the light pressure. This latter method essentially eliminates the influence of the radiometric effect on the measured results. It permits a quite accurate measurement of the light pressure and energy of a laser pulse at pressures of the order of 10^–5 torr and below.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, Vol.12, No. 6, pp. 48–54, June, 1969.     

Multi-wavelength phase-shifting interferometry for micro-structures measurement based on color image processing in white light interference

Conventional multi-wavelength phase-shifting interferometry utilizes two or three monochromatic light sources, such as lasers, to realize the measurement of the surface topography with large discontinuity. In this paper, the white light source, with a single-chip CCD color camera, is used to accomplish multi-wavelength phase-shifting interferometry. In addition, we propose an algorithm which combines white light phase-shifting algorithm, equivalent wavelength method and fringe order method to achieve measuring and calibrating the micro-structures ranging from nanometer scale to micrometer scale. Finally, the proposed method is validated by a traceable step height standard.     

Sinusoidal phase-modulating laser diode interferometer insensitive to the intensity modulation of the light source

In a conventional sinusoidal phase-modulating laser-diode (SPM-LD) interferometer, the wavelength of the LD is sinusoidally modulated by varying its injection current. However, the intensity modulation is associated with the wavelength modulation, which affects the measurement accuracy. We propose an SPM-LD interferometer insensitive to the intensity modulation of the light source, in which the influence of the intensity modulation is eliminated by choosing the appropriate sinusoidal phase modulation depth. Computer simulations and experiments are performed for real-time displacement measurement with the proposed SPM-LD interferometer. The measurement accuracy has been improved and the measurement repeatability is less than 1 nm. No additional components are required in our proposed method that leads to a simple system compared with the other previously proposed methods.     

KDP晶体折射率非均匀性检测系统

基于正交偏振干涉法,建立了KDP晶体折射率非均匀性的检测系统,并可实现晶体相位失谐角的间接检测.波前检测系统实现了测试光偏振态的精密控制与切换,采用波长调谐相移的方法去除了测试过程中参考面倾斜引入的误差,优化了抗振动相移算法,提高了波前测试的测量准确度及重复性.通过折射率非均匀性分析算法的设计,解决了晶体厚度变化引入的误差等.小口径晶体元件的测试结果表明系统的折射率非均匀性检测准确度(均方根值)优于10~(-6).     

星载超光谱成像仪杂散光及其测量

超光谱成像仪比一般光谱仪器具有更多的光谱通道和更高的光谱分辨率,而杂散光是影响超光谱成像仪光谱测节精度的重要因素之一,当前光谱仪器的杂散光测量方法尚不能满足超光谱成像仪杂散光检测的需要.作者探讨了此类成像光谱仪杂散光的定义、来源和危害,论述了使用杂散光影响因子di,j描述光谱仪杂散光的可行性和优越性,并给出了杂散光受扰系数fi(λ)和杂散光干扰系数Fi(λ)的定义、物理意义和工程应用价值.最后,介绍了使用窄带滤光片测量星载超光谱成像仪杂散光的测量系统组成、测量步骤和测量结果.结果表明:杂散光影响因子di,j能正确表示光谱仪的杂散光特性,与光源、滤光片、探测器等测量条件无关,而测量效率比谱杂散光系数法至少提高1倍,满足星载超光谱成像仪杂散光测量的工程需要.     

光笔式双目视觉测量系统标定技术研究

针对光笔式双目视觉测量系统的标定问题,讨论了关于相机内参、双相机外参以及测量笔的相关标定理论,开发了一整套基于LabVIEW的标定系统。运用张氏平面标定法实现了相机内参标定。结合基于标准长度的外部参数标定方法,实现了双相机外参数标定。运用粒子群算法和LM算法相结合,加快了目标函数高维寻优速度。在测量笔标定环节,提出了一种基于最小二乘法的现场校准方法。标定系统完成了后期开展相关测量前的所有准备工作,具有较高的精度和实用性。在测量系统标定结果基础上对直径25 mm标准陶瓷球进行测量,测量结果标准差达到0.019 mm。     

KDP晶体折射率非均匀性检测系统

基于正交偏振干涉法,建立了KDP晶体折射率非均匀性的检测系统,并可实现晶体相位失谐角的间接检测.波前检测系统实现了测试光偏振态的精密控制与切换,采用波长调谐相移的方法去除了测试过程中参考面倾斜引入的误差,优化了抗振动相移算法,提高了波前测试的测量准确度及重复性.通过折射率非均匀性分析算法的设计,解决了晶体厚度变化引入的误差等.小口径晶体元件的测试结果表明系统的折射率非均匀性检测准确度(均方根值)优于10-6.     

光笔式单目视觉测量系统的关键技术

为了对机械加工部件进行高精度、大尺寸、三维立体空间的现场实时测量,建立了光笔式单目视觉测量系统。对该系统中的新型光笔工艺、算法转换模型、摄像机焦距的优化、光笔笔尖位置的标定进行了研究。首先提出了一种利用光刻工艺设计制作的新型光笔,其次,基于近景摄影测量学中的单像空间后方交会原理,建立了一种新的光笔坐标系与摄像机坐标系之间的转换模型,通过最小二乘平差法循环迭代求解最优的单像空间外方位元素,从而确定了转换模型基本参数。最后,分析了摄像机焦距对光笔式单目视觉测量系统结果的影响,并提出了一种确定相对准确焦距和光笔测头在光笔坐标系下的位置的方法。实验结果表明：摄像机坐标系下x轴、y轴、z轴方向的稳定性误差分别为0.042、0.048、0.066 mm;测量最大误差为0.173 mm,较大程度上满足了光笔式单目测量系统稳定性强和精度高的要求。     

Simple and fast rail wear measurement method based on structured light

In this paper, a fast and accurate rail wear measurement method based on simple equipments is presented. The inner rail profile is measured by a line structured light vision sensor. Using the centers of the big and small circle from the rail waist profile as control points, the measured rail profile is registered to the reference profile. The rail wear, including the vertical and horizontal rail wear, is computed by comparing the registered measured profile with the reference profile. The method has three key contributions: (1) the rail waist light stripe center points in the images are located fast and accurately by first tracking the region containing the rail waist light stripe using the Kalman filter and then computing the sub-pixel precision image coordinates by Hessian matrix at pixels. (2) The rail waist profile is segmented automatically into arcs of big and small circles by thresholding the normal angle curve of the measured rail waist profile. The centers of the two circles are used as control points for registering the measured rail profile to the reference profile. (3) The fast location of rail wear points in the images is realized by projecting the rail wear constraint points to the image, which simplifies the problem of computing rail wear from 2d image processing to 1d searching along the line segment connecting two rail wear constraint points. Experiments show that the proposed method can achieve 500 fps measurement frequency. At a train speed of 350 km/h, the interval between two consecutive measurements is about 190 mm. The system is tested on a real running train, and the measurement results are compared with those rail wear measured manually by special gage. The RMS errors of vertical and horizontal rail wears are 0.34 and 0.30 mm, respectively.     

利用相干光照明的纹影成像装置研究飞秒激光脉冲烧蚀铝靶喷射物相位的超快时间演化

本文提出了一种基于纹影成像装置的新型相位检测方法, 并使用该方法对飞秒激光烧蚀铝靶产生的喷射物的超快相位演化过程进行了实验研究. 与传统的纹影法不同, 本文的相位检测方法使用相干光作为成像照明光, 利用未透过样品的背景光作为参考光, 借助透过样品后在纹影装置刀口处衍射的照明光与背景照明光的干涉, 检测样品的相位; 其最显著的优点是能够清晰反映被测样品mπ或2mπ (m为整数) 的相位改变. 利用该方法, 结合抽运-探测技术, 研究了激光流量为5.4 J/cm²的50 fs脉冲激光烧蚀铝靶产生的喷射物的超快相位演化. 实验发现, 烧蚀过程中形成的喷射物可分为三个相位不同的区域, 分别对应等离子体态的喷射物、后续的垂直靶面喷射的物质和冲击波. 其中, 等离子体态的喷射物在0–9.0 ns的时间延迟内, 由于膨胀和电子复合作用, 相位变化超过π; 而后续的垂直靶面的喷射物在此时间内的相位变化没有超过π. 关键词： 相位检测方法 纹影成像技术 相干光照明 抽运-探测技术     

Line structured light vision sensor calibration using parallel straight lines features

Line structured light vision sensor (LSLVS) calibration is to establish the relation between the camera and the light plane projector. This paper proposes a geometrical calibration method for LSLVS via three parallel straight lines on a 2D target. The approach is based on the properties of vanishing points and lines. During the calibration, one important aspect is to determine the normal vector of the light plane, another critical step is to obtain the distance parameter d of the light plane. In this paper, we put the emphasis on the later one. The distance constraint of parallel straight lines is used to compute a 3D feature point on the light plane, resulting in the acquisition of the parameter d. Thus, the equation of the light plane in the camera coordinate frame (CCF) can be solved out. To evaluate the performance of the algorithm, possible factors affecting the calibration accuracy are taken into account. Furthermore, mathematical formulations for error propagation are derived. Both computer simulations and real experiments have been carried out to validate our method, and the RMS error of the real calibration reaches 0.134 mm within the field of view 500 mm × 500 mm.     

Four-element division algorithm to focus coherent light through a turbid medium

Aiming to overcome the low converging rate and susceptibility to the environment in focusing the coherent light through the turbid medium, four-element division algorithm(FEDA) optimization is proposed. Full levels of comparisons with the currently employed element-based algorithms, stepwise sequential algorithm(SSA), and continuous sequential algorithm(CSA) show that FEDA only takes one third of the measurement time to find the optimized solution, which means that FEDA is promising in practical applications, such as for deep tissue imaging.     

核爆炸光辐射探测中的大气传输性能研究

从核爆炸光辐射特点出发, 结合我国中纬度地区大气特点,研究了(0.2～1.2)μm波段大气传输性能。通过实际测量数据分析可知,大气对（0.2～1.2)μm光辐射起主要作用的成分有水蒸气、二氧化碳和臭氧的分子吸收和散射以及气溶胶大粒子的散射。综合考虑这些因素,改进了水平路径传输上（0.2～1.2）μm光辐射大气传输经验方程。计算机仿真结果表明：该方程能体现我国中纬度地区光辐射的传输情况,对（0.4～0.8）μm可见光波段能很好地吻合。将（0.4～0.8）μm波段光辐射大气传输定量计算结果直接应用到基于可见光辐射探测的核爆炸探测子系统中,模拟核爆炸探测,实验结果表明：与传统大气传输计算软件的定性结果相比,该方法的测量精度有明显的提高。     

靶丸壳层厚度及其分布的白光反射光谱测量技术

为了精密检测靶丸壳层厚度及其分布数据,开展了靶丸壳层厚度及其分布的白光反射光谱测量技术研究。介绍了靶丸壳层的白光反射光谱及其光谱数据处理方法（极值法、峰值拟合法、干涉级次校正法等）的基本原理,搭建了基于白光反射光谱的精密回转轴系测量装置;开展了GDP靶丸壳层厚度及其分布的白光反射光谱测量、数据处理和可靠性验证实验,获得了靶丸壳层厚度圆周分布曲线。结果表明,基于峰值拟合法和干涉级次校正的白光反射光谱技术可实现靶丸壳层厚度及其分布的准确测量,其测量误差小于0.1 μm。