Electron-stimulated desorption of rare-earth metal atoms

The yield of europium and samarium atoms in electron-stimulated desorption from layers of rare-earth metals (REMs) adsorbed on the surface of oxidized tungsten has been measured as a function of the incident electron energy, surface coverage by REMs, degree of tungsten oxidation, and substrate temperature. The measurements were performed using the time-of-flight method with a surface-ionization-based detector within the substrate temperature interval 140–600 K. The yield studied as a function of electron energy has a resonance character. Overlapping resonance peaks of Sm atoms are observed at electron energies of 34 and 46 eV, and those of Eu atoms, at 36 and 41 eV. These energies correlate well with the REM 5p and 5s core-level excitation energies. The REM yield is a complex function of the REM coverage and substrate temperature. The peaks due to REM atoms are seen at low REM coverages only, and their intensity usually passes through a maximum with increasing coverage and substrate temperature. The concentration dependence of the REM atom yield is affected by the deposition of slow Ba⁺ ions, but only if they are deposited after the REM adsorption. At higher REM coverages, additional peaks are observed at electron energies of 42, 54, and 84 eV, which originate from excitation of the 5p and 5s tungsten levels and result from desorption of SmO and EuO molecules. The temperature dependence of the intensity of these peaks is explained to be due to the order-disorder phase transition. The desorption of REM atoms is the result of their reversed motion through the adsorbed REM layer, and the SmO and EuO molecules desorb due to the formation of an antibonding state between the REM oxide molecules and the tungsten ions.     

Low temperature resistivity of rare-earth hexaborides

Low temperature resistivity measurements of rare-earth hexaborides have been done down to 2 K. We observe a T⁴ or T³ temperature dependence of resistivity below the Néel temperature, which is associated with electron-spin wave scattering. At the lowest temperatures the resistivity varies as T². This T² dependence is thought to be due to Baber type electron-electron scattering.     

Momentum transfer in crystal lattices with vibrating atoms

A momentum transfer equation previously used to describe non-elastic deformation in crystalline solids represented by point masses at fixed lattice positions is extended to take into account the existence of intrinsic (e.g. thermal) small amplitude vibrations of the masses about their mean positions in a lattice. Use of the time-dependent Schroedinger equation to describe momentum transfer and deformation is also discussed in terms of this vibrating point-mass lattice model. The result is that a modified and identical differential equation for momentum transfer is obtained from each approach; some solutions to this equation are presented. The previous particle momentum wave frequency dependence on wave vector and resulting applications to non-elastic deformation are unchanged, but these particle momentum waves can now be considered as modulating the usual high-frequency waves associated with the elastic modes of a crystalline solid.     

Phonon spectra and thermodynamic properties of rare-earth hexaborides

The phonon spectra g(ν) of rare-earth hexaborides MeB₃ are calculated both in the approximation MeB* + B (B* = B₆) without regard for bonding between metal and boron atoms and in the approximation making allowance for this bonding. The temperature dependences of the heat capacity are calculated from the dependences g(ν), and the results obtained are compared with the experimental data in the range 5–300 K. It is found that stretching vibrations in the metal and boron sublattices and between these sublattices variously affect the thermodynamic functions of hexaborides at low and high temperatures.     

Thermal expansion and mean-square displacements of metal and boron atoms in dysprosium diboride DyB<Subscript>2</Subscript>

Dysprosium diboride is investigated by x-ray diffraction in the temperature range 4.2–300 K. The data obtained are used to determine the (301) and (104) interplanar distances and the corresponding intensities of the x-ray reflections. The calculated linear and bulk thermal expansion coefficients of the DyB₂ compound are characterized by a pronounced anomaly in the temperature range corresponding to the magnetic transformation. The estimates of the mean-square displacements for the Dy and B atoms (calculated from the reflection intensities) are satisfactorily described by the Debye dependences with the characteristic temperatures θ_Dy = 210 K and θ_B = 800 K.     

Components of the low-temperature heat capacity of rare-earth hexaborides

The temperature dependence of heat capacity C _p(T) was studied for nine rare-earth hexaborides MB₆(M=La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, and Dy) at temperatures of 5–300 K. Using the correspondence principle for lattice heat capacities of isostructural compounds, the lattice contribution C ₁(T) and the excess contribution ΔC(T) to the heat capacity of the hexaborides were determined. The lattice heat capacity C ₁(T) is represented as the sum of the Debye contributions of the metal and boron sublattices: C ₁(T)=C _M (T)+6C _B(T). The Debye temperatures π_M and π_B of the metal and boron sublattices were determined. The anomalies in the excess heat capacity ΔC(T)=C _p (T)?C ₁(T) are related to the magnetic ordering effects, the Schottky contribution, and the Jahn-Teller effect.     

Neutron diffraction study of multipole order in light rare-earth hexaborides

Multipole interactions are known to play a central role in the unconventional properties of light rare-earth hexaborides and especially of CeB₆. Substituting Pr at the Ce sites has the effect of enhancing exchange interactions and changing the symmetry of the local 4f charge distribution, while suppressing the octupole moment. The (T, H) magnetic phase diagrams of the Ce _x Pr_{1 − x} B₆ compounds display a large variety of ordered phases involving magnetic and/or charge degrees of freedom. Here we focus on the compound Ce_0.7Pr_0.3B₆, which is located slightly beyond the Pr concentration where the antiferroquadrupolar phase of pure CeB₆ is suppressed in zero field. The different magnetic structures have been characterized by neutron diffraction and their origin is discussed in connection with recent non-resonant X-ray results by Tanaka et al.      

Mean-square atomic displacements in f.c.c. crystals

The mean-square displacements of volume atoms, surface atoms and atoms near a vacancy are calculated for f.c.c. metals and rare gas solids, using a simple series expansion of the Wallis formula. We employ a model with rotationally invariant bond bending forces, unlike the de Launay model used by Masri and Dobrzynski. For atoms near a vacancy and for rare gas solids this method has been applied for the first time. The calculations are done to the R⁴ term in the expansion. The inclusion of the R⁴ term together with temperature-dependent elastic constants give results which are in better agreement with experiment. For rare gas solids Lindemann ratios calculated by this method agree closely with the values obtained from elaborate computations as well as those deduced from entropy data. The present calculation also supports the view that the melting of solids is initiated at the crystal surfaces and in the neighbourhood of vacancies.     

纳米一维双原子晶体颗粒的原子均方位移和均方速度

应用作者与合作者已导出的纳米一维双原子晶体颗粒的位移-位移格林函数,推导了纳米一维双原子晶体颗粒的速度-速度格林函数,并在此基础上,应用涨落-耗散定理,推导了纳米一维双原子晶体颗粒的原子均方位移公式和原子均方速度公式.数值计算表明,纳米晶体颗粒表面原子的均方位移大于内部的原子均方位移,而表面原子的均方速度小于内部原子的均方速度;当纳米颗粒尺寸减小时,表面原子的均方位移和内部原子的均方位移都减小,而表面原子的均方速度和内部原子的均方速度几乎不发生变化;温度增大时,纳米晶体颗粒中各原子的均方位移和均方速度都增大,在高温极限,各原子的均方位移和均方速度与温度成正比.     

Transition metal and rare-earth metal atoms on single-layer graphene: Estimations of the charge transfer and adsorption energy

A Hamiltonian accounting for s- and d(f)-states of adatoms has been proposed to describe adsorption of atoms of d- and f-metals on single-sheet graphene. It has been shown that s-electrons mainly contribute to the charge transfer Δn _a between the adatom and graphene substrate. Analytical formulas proposed previously within the M-model of the graphene density of states are used for Δn _a calculations. To estimate the adsorption energy, a simple analytical expression is proposed. Calculations are performed for 3d-, 4d-, 5d-, and 4f-adatoms. The results of calculations are compared with the data obtained by other authors.     

Delocalized entanglement of atoms in optical lattices

We show how to detect and quantify entanglement of atoms in optical lattices in terms of correlation functions of the momentum distribution. These distributions can be measured directly in the experiments. We introduce two kinds of entanglement measures related to the position and the spin of the atoms.     

Transport of cold atoms in optical lattices

The work discusses transport of cold atoms in optical lattices. Two related but different problems are considered: interacting Bose atoms subject to a static field (i.e., the atoms in a tilted lattice); and non-interacting atoms in a tilted lattice in the presence of a buffer gas. For these two systems we found, respectively: periodic, quasiperiodic, or decaying Bloch oscillations, as it depends on the strength of atom-atom interactions and the magnitude of the static field; diffusive directed current of atoms, similar to the electron current in ordinary conductors.     

Cold atoms and molecules in self-assembled dipolar lattices

We study the realization of lattice models, where cold atoms and molecules move as extra particles in a dipolar crystal of trapped polar molecules. The crystal is a self-assembled floating mesoscopic lattice structure with quantum dynamics given by phonons. We show that within an experimentally accessible parameter regime extended Hubbard models with tunable long-range phonon-mediated interactions describe the effective dynamics of dressed particles.     

High-temperature superfluidity of fermionic atoms in optical lattices

Fermionic atoms confined in a potential created by standing wave light can undergo a phase transition to a superfluid state at a dramatically increased transition temperature. Depending upon carefully controlled parameters, a transition to a superfluid state of Cooper pairs, antiferromagnetic states or d-wave pairing states can be induced and probed under realistic experimental conditions. We describe an atomic physics experiment that can provide critical insight into the origin of high-temperature superconductivity in cuprates.     

Correlation effects among thermal displacements of atoms in KBr

Neutron diffraction measurements have been performed on powder KBr at 7 and 298 K. An oscillatory diffuse scattering intensity is observed at 298 K. The oscillatory scheme of the diffuse scattering intensity is explained by the values of correlation effects which are almost the same as those in other ionic crystals. The value of the correlation effects as suggested by earlier studies using EXAFS measurement cannot explain the observed diffuse scattering intensity. Force constants among first, second and third nearest neighboring atoms are obtained from the correlation effects and used to estimate the phonon dispersion curves by computer simulation.     

Experiments on trapping ytterbium atoms in optical lattices

Experiments on trapping ytterbium atoms in various optical lattices are presented. After the two-stage cooling, first in a blue magneto-optical trap and then in a green magneto-optical trap, the ultracold 171 Yb atoms are successfully loaded into one-, two-, and three-dimensional optical lattices operating at the Stark-free wavelength, respectively. The temperature, number, and lifetime of cold 171 Yb atoms in one-dimensional lattice are measured. After optimization, the one-dimensional lattice with cold 171Yb atoms is used for developing an ytterbium optical clock.     

Dispersion dynamics of crystal lattices

A new formalism is presented, which has not the difficulties of the conventionalGreen's function methods for disturbed lattice dynamics. The new method introduces aGreen's function and an eigenvector-function, which are defined in the wholeω-plane. A simple device allows to extract the conventional eigenvectors and eigenfrequencies from the eigenvector-function. AGreen's function formalism and a random-phase assumption make it possible to calculate the disturbed eigenvector-function from the undisturbed one in such a way that both are normalized to the respective density of frequencies. The formalism thus is well-fit to describe changes of the density of frequencies, shifts of the bands and discrete (localized) solutions outside the bands. Applicability to the elastic continuum and quantum mechanics seem also possible.     

稀土原子与离子的自然辐射寿命测量

概述了当前自由原子和离子的激发态自然辐射寿命测量技术的进展。以LaⅠ和PrⅡ为例,系统介绍了几种稀土元素自由原子和离子激发态寿命测量技术并分析了它们的优缺点;以SmⅡ为例,详细介绍了激光烧蚀产生自由原子(离子)技术及结合激光诱导荧光时间分辨光谱技术进行激发态寿命测量的优缺点。最后,探讨了改进上述技术局限性的解决思路,以期进一步提高辐射寿命测量的精确度。