Theoretical Studies on Electronic Structures and Spectroscopy of Fluorescent Arylamino Fumaronitrile

A new series of fluorescent arylamino fumarinitrile derivatives was designed and optimized using density function theory at the B3LYP/6-31G* level. Based on the optimized geometries, the electronic, fluorescent and 13C NMR spectra are calculated with INDO/CIS, CIS-ZINDO TD, and B3LYP/6-31G* methods, respectively. Starting with the first of the series, the LUMO-HOMO energy gaps of the derivatives become wider and the fluorescent wavelengths and the main peaks in the electronic spectra are blue-shifted owing to the large steric effect of naphthyl rings. On the contrary, the energy gaps of the derivatives turn narrow, and the fluorescent wavelengths and the main peaks in the electronic spectra are red-shifted since hydroxyl groups improve the symmetry and extend the conjugation system. The chemical shifts of sp2-C on the phenyl rings are moved upfield, while chemical shifts of carbon atoms on the cyano groups and those connected with the cyano groups are changed downfield in the presence of hydroxyl groups.     

苯乙烯桥联的三苯烯的电子结构和荧光光谱

以苯乙烯桥联的三苯烯分子为模型化合物, 自行设计一系列分子, 用半经验AM1方法和密度泛函理论在B3LYP/3-21G水平上对其进行结构优化. 在B3LYP/3-21G优化构型基础上, 用INDO/CIS和B3LYP/3-21G方法计算其电子吸收光谱和碳原子化学位移. 结果表明, 母体化合物中取代基的数目、供电子能力和立体效应将影响其LUMO-HOMO(最低空轨道-最高占据轨道)能隙、空穴注入性能及热稳定性. —CN和—OH的存在将使化合物电子吸收光谱的第一吸收峰及主要吸收峰与母体相比发生红移. —CN上的C原子受N原子影响化学位移出现在低场, 与—CN相连的C原子由于具有较大的电子云密度化学位移向高场移动, 骨架上的C原子化学位移基本保持不变.     

Electronic Structures and Fluorescent Spectra of 1,4-divinyphenyl-bridged Triphenylenes

A series of derivatives were designed based on the model compound 1,4-divinyphenyl-bridged triphenylene, and the structures were studied using the AM1 method and density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/3-21G level. On the basis of the B3LYP/3-21G optimized geometries, the electronic spectra and ¹³C NMR spectra of the derivatives were calculated using the INDO/CIS and B3LYP/3-21G methods, respectively. The energy gaps, abilities of accepting holes, and thermal stabilities were affected by the number and electron-donating capability as well as steric effect of the substituents. The red shifts of the first and main absorptions in the electronic spectra of the derivatives relative to those of the parent compound were predicted in the presence of the groups -CN and -OH. The chemical shift of the carbon atom on -CN was transferred to the low field under the effect of the nitrogen atom. The chemical shifts of the carbon atoms associated with -CN were transformed into the high field owing to the high electron density. The chemical shifts of the carbon atoms on the conjugation skeleton were almost unchanged.     

水杨酸甲酯及其与硝酸铁硝化产物光谱性质的比较

通过硝酸铁和水杨酸甲酯的硝基化反应, 合成了3-硝基水杨酸甲酯和5-硝基水杨酸甲酯. 并用红外光谱、核磁共振光谱、紫外-可见吸收光谱和荧光光谱对产物进行了表征. 用量子化学计算结果对其红外光谱、核磁共振光谱、紫外-可见吸收光谱和荧光光谱的性质差异进行了解释. B3LYP/6-31G**和自然价键轨道方法计算结果表明, 由于3-硝基水杨酸甲酯具有更强的分子内氢键, 其羟基和羰基的红外吸收比5-硝基水杨酸甲酯的红移了, 酚羟基的氢谱移向了高位移, 紫外吸收产生了增色效应. 基于CIS/6-31G**方法, 计算了水杨酸甲酯和3-硝基水杨酸甲酯基态和激发态下的分子内质子转移的势能曲线, 由势能曲线进一步得到它们的Stokes位移分别为8.4×103和8.9×103 cm-1. 所有结果表明, 由于分子内氢键强弱不同, 导致水杨酸甲酯、3-硝基水杨酸甲酯和5-硝基水杨酸甲酯的光谱性质不一样.     

DFT Study on the Structural, Electronic, and Spectroscopic Properties of the Highest Epoxygenated Fullerene C36O18

Theoretical investigation on the highest epoxygenated fullerene C36O18 formed from the initial C36 fullerene with D6h symmetry has been performed at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level. Their equilibrium structures, thermal stabilities, electronic structures, vertical ionization potentials, vertical electron affinities, vibrational frequencies and 13C NMR chemical shifts have been studied. The calculation results showed that C36O18 isomers have higher LUMO-HOMO energy gaps than the fullerene C36 and should be more stable. Compared with C36 , it is less possible for C36O18 to accept or donate electrons from reduced VEAs and enhanced VIPs. It has been found that C36O18 isomers are not aromatic at all or antiaromatic on analyzing the NICS values. The present study will encourage further theoretical and experimental analyses of this system in future.     

The Effect of Substituents on the Fluorescent Properties of Para‐Phenylenevinylene

Semi‐empirical AM1 method and density function theory were used to study the electronic structures and spectroscopic characteristics of the luminescent material analogous to PPV (para‐phenylenevinylene) oligomers attached to different substituents. It was indicated that the LUMO‐HOMO energy gaps were changed distinctly by means of the electron‐donating effect, conjugated effect and steric effect. The fluorescent wavelength in the fluorescent spectrum, the main absorption peaks in the electronic spectra and the chief bands in the IR spectra for the complexes were red‐shifted, relative to those of the parent molecule, owing to the extension of the conjugated system, the shrink of the energy gap and the weakening of the C=C bonds, respectively. The ¹³C chemical shifts were also moved obviously when the substituents on the matrix were changed.     

Site-selective formation of N-arylmethylimidazoles and C-arylimines in the reaction of 4,5-diamino-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole with aromatic aldehydes

Regioselective formation of N-arylmethylimidazoles and C-arylimines was found in the reaction of 4,5-diamino-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole with selected aromatic aldehydes. The regiochemistry of the reaction products was confirmed by single crystal X-ray analysis. Gibbs free energy calculation using DFT method at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level supports the regio-selectivity observed. The 4-imine obtained in the reaction of 4,5-diamino-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole with pyrene-1-carboxaldehyde showed an unusually low magnetic field shift of the imine proton that was reproduced by molecular calculations.     

Studies on the Oxazaborolidine-catalyzed Enantioselective Reduction of 3-Morpholin-4-yl-1-phenyl-1-propanone with Density Functional Theory

Density functional theory (DFT) has been applied to study the enantioselective reduction of 3-morpholin-4-yl-l-phenyl-l-propanone with borane catalyzed by (S)-4-benzyl-5,5-diphenyl-l,3,2-oxazaborolidine at the B3LYP/6-31G* level. All molecular species involved in the four reaction steps have been fully optimized and the structural parameters are provided, and the micro process of reaction was also investigated. The catalyst-alkoxyborane adduct formed in step Ⅲ exhibits a B-O-B-N tetra-atomic ring. Reaction coordination calculations show that BH3 can react with 3-morpholin-4-yl-l-phenyl-l-propanone spontaneously, resulting in the need of 2 tool BH3 in the reaction.     

DFT Studies on Thermal Stabilities,Electronic Structures,and ~（13）C Chemical Shifts of C_（24）O_2 Based on Fullerene C_（24）（D_6）

Quantum chemical calculations on some possible equilibrium geometries of C24O2 isomers derived from C24 (D6) and C24O have been performed using density functional theory (DFT) method. The geometric and electronic structures as well as the relative energies and thermal stabilities of various C24O2 isomers at the ground state have been calculated at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory. And the 1,4,2,5-C24O2 isomer was found to be the most stable geometry where two oxygen atoms were added to the longest carbon-carbon bonds in the same pentagon from a thermodynamic point of view. Based on the optimized neutral geometries, the vertical ionization potential and vertical electron affinity have been obtained. Meanwhile, the vibrational frequencies, IR spectrum, and 13C chemical shifts of various C24O2 isomers have been calculated and analyzed.     

Semi-Empirical and DFT Studies on Structures and Spectra for C78（CH2）2

Eighteen possible isomers of C78（CH2）2 weTe investigated by the INDO method. It was indicated that the most stable isomer was 42,43,62,63-C78（CH2）2, where the -CH2 groups were added to the 6/6 bonds located at the same hexagon passed by the longest axis of C78 （C2v）, to form cyclopropane structures. Based on the most stable four geometries of C78（CH2）2 optimized at B3LYP/3-21G level, the first absorptions in the electronic spectra calculated with the INDO/CIS method and the IR frequencies of the C-C bonds on the carbon cage computed using the AM1 method were blue-shifted compared with those of C78 （C2v） because of the bigger LUMO-HOMO energy gap and the less conjugated carbon cage after the addition. The chemical shifts of ^13C NMR for the carbon atoms on the added bonds calculated at B3LYP/3-21G level were moved upfield thanks to the conversion from sp^2-C to sp^3-C.     

2,2-二氟-1-溴-1-锂乙烯的结构及重排反应的理论研究

用量子化学中的密度泛函DFT方法,在B3LYP／6-31G(d,p)水平上研究了2,2-二氟-1-溴-1-锂乙烯F2C—CLiBr的结构．结果表明,F2C=CLiBr有2种平衡结构,其中只有1种是稳定的．对稳定的平衡结构,找到了其可能的重排反应过渡态,根据计算得到的重排反应势垒,解释了氟原子只从溴原子对位发生迁移的原因．     

Experimental and DFT study of the aza-Diels-Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene and protonated benzylimine derivated from glyoxylates

The Diels-Alder reaction of protonated N-benzyl imine of methyl glyoxylate with cyclopentadiene in different solvents gave mixtures of exo/endo adducts. The exo/endo selectivity of the reaction was elucidated by NMR experiments. Theoretical calculations by means of density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level have also been performed to elucidate the molecular mechanism of this reaction. The DFT results suggest a highly asynchronous concerted mechanism, which in turn can explain the preferred exo stereoselectivity of the reaction. Inclusion of solvent effects enhances the exo selectivity, and this effect increases with the polarity of the solvent, in good agreement with the experimental findings.     

Na-呋喃荷移络合物弱相互作用的密度泛函理论研究

在B3LYP/6-311+C*水平上,对Na-呋喃体系可能存在的弱相互作用复合物进行了全自由度能量梯度优化,发现了Na-呋喃体系存在两个能量极小结构A、B,其中,结构A是Na原子的3s1电子直接和呋喃杂环体系中的所有重原子的共轭大π体系相互偶合,形成一个具有C8对称性的金属有机复合物;而结构B为Na原子的3s1电子主要通过杂原子O和杂环上原有的五中心六电子大π体系形成一个新的平面六中心七电子大π体系,具有C2v对称性.结构B较结构A稳定3.40kJ/mol.结构A中的Na-O键长为0.38 nm,∠COC为106.9°,由于金属Na对呋喃杂环的作用使整个分子平面变形,C1、C2、C3、C4在同一个平面内,而O5则稍微翘离平面且O5原子距离由Cl、C2、C3、C4组成的平面的垂直距离约为0.035 nm.结构B中Na-O键长为0.26 nm,∠COC为106.8°,金属Na原子和杂环中所有的原子在同一个平面内.并在MP2和B3LYP水平下,用6-311+G*基组精确计算了最稳定结构B的结合能为ΔE=4.5～5.1 kJ/mol.     

Raman spectroscopic verification of fac-Sc(PMBP)3 by solid and solute spectra and density functional method calculation

Two kinds of solids were obtained for Sc(PMBP)₃ by precipitation from different solvents. They were light-yellow crystal and yellowish-white powder, and their melting points were 209 and 217 °C, respectively. Raman spectra of six anhydrous samples prepared from these materials were measured and classified into two types of spectral patterns. Raman solute spectra of these two materials were measured in a dilute solution of dichloromethane, in which the solute is a free molecule in a solvent cage. Their spectra were considerably similar to each other, but they indicated clear differences in some pairs of bands. One of these two molecules was concluded to be a facial form of Sc(PMBP)₃, because the other constituent has been established to be a meridional form of Sc(PMBP)₃ by X-ray analysis of a single crystal. Structural optimization for mer- and fac-Sc(PMBP)₃ and their vibrational calculation of frequencies and intensities were carried out with the density functional method of B3LYP/6-31G**. Their computed Raman spectra were well coincident with their observed spectra. The existence of fac-Sc(PMBP)₃ has been established by thermal analysis, Raman spectroscopy and ab initio calculation.     

不饱和类碳烯H_2C=CLiCl的构型及异构化的理论研究

采用量子化学中的DFT理论方法, 在B3LYP/6-311G*水平上全优化得到了不饱和类碳烯H2C=CLiCl的平衡结构。 结果表明, 不饱和类碳烯H2C=CLiCl只有2种平衡结构。 对这2种平衡结构之间相互转化的过渡态进行计算, 同时, 采用统计热力学及过渡态理论, 研究了2种平衡结构之间相互转化的热力学及动力学性质, 进而讨论了2种平衡结构在不同温度下的稳定性问题, 结果表明在所研究的100～600K温度范围内, 只有一种平衡结构能够存在。 在计算得到振动频率及吸收强度的基础上, 模拟了稳定平衡结构的红外光谱图。     

1－甲氧基－1－锂乙烯的结构及其分解反应的DFT研究

用量子化学中的密度泛函DFT方法，在B3LYP／631G（d,p）水平上研究了－甲 氧基－1－锂乙烯的结构。结果表明，1－甲氧基－1－锂乙烯有4种平衡结构，其中 只有1种是稳定的。对稳定的平衡结构，找到了分解反应的过渡态。在得到分解反 应过渡态的基础上，根据Eyring过渡态理论，计算了不同温度下1-甲氧基－1-钾乙 烯分解反应的速率常数，并根据速率常数计算了其平均寿命τ，根据平均寿命τ讨 论这类物质的稳定性问题。     

不饱和类卡宾H_2C=CLiF的结构及氢迁移反应的DFT研究

用量子化学中的密度泛函DFT方法,在B3LYP/6-311G~*水平上研究了不饱和类 卡宾H_2C=CLiF的结构。结果表明,只有1种平衡结构是稳定的。对稳定的平衡结构 ,找到了分子内氢迁移反应的过渡态,并计算了不同温度下不饱和类卡宾 H_2C=CLiF的平均寿命τ,在200 K时,τ = 7.9 d,在300 K仅为τ = 2.4 s。     

Theoretical Studies on Stabilities and Spectroscopy of C78O5

The semi-empirical AM1 and INDO/CIS methods as well as density function theory were used to study equilibrium geometries and spectroscopic properties of the possible isomers of C78O5 based on C2v-C78. The most stable geometry of C78O5 is 28,29,30,31,52,53,70,71,73,78-C78O5(A) with one annulene-like structure and four epoxide structures. Compared with that of C2v-C78, the blue-shift in the electronic absorption spectra of C78O5 isomers is predicted. The reason for the blue-shift effect is discussed and the electronic transitions are assigned. The IR and NMR spectra of C78O5 are explored with the AM1 and B3LYP/6-31G methods based on the B3LYP/6-31G optimized geometries.     

Quantum-chemical investigation of the effect of solvent polarity on the direction of sulfonation of pyrrole

The relative stability of the isomeric σ-complexes formed in the sulfonation of pyrrole at the α-or β-position (the α-isomer is energetically more favorable) does not agree with the experimentally established positional selectivity of substitution (the formation of β-pyrrolesulfonic acid). However, quantum-chemical calculations of the energy parameters for the reaction of pyrrole and SO₃ with due regard to the solvation effect in the model solvent methylene chloride (ε = 8.93) lead to the conclusion that the calculated activation energy of the rearrangement to the more favorable β-pyrrolesulfonic acid for the less favorable β-isomer of the σ-complex is lower than on the path to the formation of the α-pyrrolesulfonic acid. It was shown that the significant increase in the polarity of the model medium in the transition to DMSO (ε = 46.7) does not lead to substantial change in the energy parameters of the reaction. The explanation for the positional selectivity during the sulfonation of pyrrole using Py·SO₃, according to previous data, involves the participation of the pyridine in the transformation of the σ-complexes into the products. The calculations were made by the B3LYP/6-31G(d) and HF/3-21+G methods using the model of overlapping spheres to take account of solvation. Dedicated to E. J. Lukevics on his 70th birthday __________ Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 1, pp. 34–40, January, 2007.     

DFT Study on the （S）-Proline-catalyzed Direct Aldol Reaction between Acetone and 4-Nitrobenzaldehyde

1 INTRODUCTION Aldol reaction, one of the most important C–C bond-formation reactions, is widely utilized in orga- nic synthesis[1]. Extensive efforts have been donated to the development of catalytic stereo-selective va- riants of this reaction[2]. However, the direct aldol reaction between unmodified carbonyles would be the most attractive synthetic alternative. Proline-catalyzed intermolecular direct aldol reac- tion between acetone and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde was first reported by List…