焙烧温度对TS/TiO2结构及光催化反应性能的影响

TS/TiO2是一种热稳定的光催化材料。将该样品分别在300、400、500、540、600和700℃下空气中焙烧,并用UV-Raman、XRD、BET及TPD等手段进行了表征。同时,以苯乙烯光催化氧化反应为探针,考察了其光催化氧化反应性能。结果表明,焙烧温度对催化剂的结构与表面性质有较大程度的影响,除TS／TiO2的晶型及比表面积外,其酸量也发生了较大程度的变化;并与催化剂性能进行了关联。     

以偏钛酸为原料制备高效负载型纳米TiO2/活性炭光催化剂

以颗粒活性炭(AC)为载体, 偏钛酸为钛源, 采用浸渍-水热法制备负载型TiO2光催化剂, 在300～800 ℃下热解处理. 利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、拉曼光谱和氮气吸附对催化剂样品进行了表征. 以甲基橙(MO)降解为模型反应, 对负载型TiO2光催化性能进行评价. 结果表明, 经600 ℃焙烧的样品具有最佳光催化性能, 为锐钛矿晶型, 负载于活性炭上的TiO2是由30～50 nm的球型颗粒组成. 负载型TiO2/AC光催化剂的光催化活性高于相同方法制备TiO2和AC混合物及商业化产品Degussa P25与活性炭混合物, 光降解反应符合一级反应动力学方程. 催化剂重复使用5次其光催化活性基本保持不变.     

SO_4~(2_)表面修饰对TiO_2结构及其光催化性能的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了 TiO2和 /TiO2催化剂 .运用 XRD、 BET比表面测定、 IR和 DRS光谱等技术对催化剂进行了表征 ,并以光催化氧化分解溴代甲烷作为模型反应,考察了上述催化剂的光催化反应性能及其反应条件对光催化活性的影响 .结果表明 ,表面修饰使得催化剂的结构和光催化性能显著改善 ,催化剂表面形成具有超强酸性质的 L酸和 B酸协同中心 .与 TiO2相比 ,/TiO2光催化剂的锐钛矿含量高、晶粒小、 BET比表面积大、孔径分布集中、光谱吸收边蓝移 ,具有优异的光催化氧化活性、稳定性及抗湿性能 .     

SO2－4 表面修饰对TiO2结构及其光催化性能的影响

采用溶胶 凝胶法制备了TiO2和/TiO2催化剂.运用XRD、BET比表面测定、IR和DRS光谱等技术对催化剂进行了表征,并以光催化氧化分解溴代甲烷作为模型反应,考察了上述催化剂的光催化反应性能及其反应条件对光催化活性的影响.结果表明,表面修饰使得催化剂的结构和光催化性能显著改善,催化剂表面形成具有超强酸性质的L酸和B酸协同中心.与TiO2相比,/TiO2光催化剂的锐钛矿含量高、晶粒小、BET比表面积大、孔径分布集中、光谱吸收边蓝移,具有优异的光催化氧化活性、稳定性及抗湿性能.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备复合MxOy-TiO2光催化剂

以无机盐TiCl4为原料制备TiO2溶胶,并利用溶胶胶粒修饰法制备SiO2 TiO2、ZrO2 TiO2、WO3 TiO3、MoO3 TiO2及Pt/TiO2光催化剂,用于光催化氧化甲醛反应,考察添加物对 催化剂光催化性能的影响.其中,SiO2 TiO2催化剂的光催化氧化降解甲醛性能最好,而MoO3 TiO2的催化性能最差.SiO2 TiO2催化剂优良的光催化性能可归于SiO2 TiO2催化剂的高 比表面积,高空隙率,小晶粒粒径和强吸光性能等性质的综合影响.     

Pt/TiO_2催化剂的制备及其在氨催化氧化中的应用

二氧化钛具有优良的光催化性能,以其为载体通过光催化还原沉积可在其表面实现单质金属活性组分负载.选择二氧化钛颗粒为载体,通过紫外光照射在二氧化钛颗粒表面还原沉积铂单质,形成Pt/TiO2负载型催化剂,并将该新型催化剂用于氨催化氧化反应.所制备的Pt/TiO2催化剂铂负载量减为0.2 gPt/gTiO2,比表面积增达10 m2/g.以该催化剂催化氨氧化反应,氨转化率在600~700℃即可达100%,低于目前硝酸工业中氨氧化反应温度800~900℃,也低于PtO2升华温度850℃.该催化剂经400 h连续反应,其铂载量、及催化活性均无降低,具有工业应用前景.     

微波-光催化耦合效应及其机理研究

采用溶胶 凝胶法制备了TiO2和/TiO2催化剂，运用XRD、BET比表面积测定及微波吸收谱等技术对催化剂的结构进行了表征，并以C2H4为模型反应物考察了微波对催化剂的光催化氧化反应性能的影响.研究结果表明，在微波场中TiO2和/TiO2催化剂的光催化氧化性能得到明显改善.时间分辨紫外 可见吸收谱证实微波场的存在有效地提高了催化剂对紫外光的吸收率.因此，微波场与紫外光的耦合使光催化活性提高的可能原因是微波场对多缺陷催化剂的极化作用,提高了光致电子的跃迁几率，并在半导体表面形成陷阱中心,降低了电子 空穴对的复合率.     

TiB2/均相硼掺杂TiO2核/壳结构提升光催化氧化水产氧活性

光催化可实现污染物降解、分解水制氢和CO2还原等多种氧化还原反应, 因而受到了广泛关注. 光催化材料中光生电荷的数目与氧化还原能力直接影响光催化反应效率, 在许多光催化反应中, 光生空穴氧化反应被认为速控步骤. 以光催化分解水为例, 质子的还原是单电子过程, 水氧化产生氧气则涉及四个电子. 空穴的高能量不仅可赋予其高的氧化能力,还能提高其迁出表面的能力, 因此具有重要研究价值.我们组的前期工作表明, 以TiB2作为前驱体, 采用水热合成和焙烧两步法可制备出间隙硼掺杂的金红石相或锐钛矿相TiO2, 间隙硼掺杂可显著降低价带顶, 提升光催化氧化水产氧性能. 然而, 在已有的结果中, 间隙硼掺杂浓度在TiO2中均呈现从内向外逐渐增加的梯度分布, 这意味着硼掺杂浓度有限, 且表层更低的价带顶不利于体相光生空穴向表面迁移, 因此亟需实现TiO2中均相的间隙硼掺杂.本文以湿化的氩气为水解环境, 将水解过程限域在TiB2的表面以减少硼原子流失; 同时提高水解温度, 使残留的硼原子形成间隙掺杂, 避免其在二次焙烧时扩散, 从而在TiB2核的表面所形成的TiO2壳层中实现均相间隙硼掺杂, 显著提高了光催化氧化水产氧活性. 多种表征结果表明, 直径约为6-10 μm的TiB2核表面形成了厚约400 nm的TiO2壳层, 在TiO2/TiB2中TiO2壳层重量比约为30%, TiO2壳层中锐钛矿相TiO2占比为65 wt%, 金红石相TiO2占比为35 wt%. TiO2壳层中间隙硼为均相分布, 硼掺杂显著降低了价带顶位置, 提高了光生空穴的氧化能力, 从而使得TiB2/TiO2展现出比未掺杂的金红石、锐钛矿相及两者混合相的TiO2均具有更高的光催化氧化水产氧的能力.     

Au/TiO2薄膜的制备及其光催化氧化对硝基苯酚的性能

 采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了掺杂Au的TiO2薄膜,考察了其光催化氧化对硝基苯酚的活性,并采用原子力显微镜、 X射线光电子能谱、热重-差示量热扫描和X射线衍射技术对薄膜进行了表征. 结果表明, Au/TiO2薄膜主要含有Ti, O, Au和C元素,其中Au主要以0价形式存在. 经高温焙烧后薄膜中的Au向表面聚集,随着焙烧温度的升高,薄膜表面逐渐变得粗糙,颗粒逐渐变大,薄膜的光催化活性下降. 与纯TiO2薄膜相比,掺杂Au的TiO2薄膜的光催化活性有所提高, 在673 K下焙烧的Au/TiO2薄膜的光催化活性较好,反应1 h后对硝基苯酚的降解率可以达到51.4%.     

载体焙烧温度对RuO_2/TiO_2催化HCl氧化性能的影响

以不同温度焙烧TiO(OH)_2得到的TiO_2为载体,采用湿法浸渍法制备RuO_2/TiO_2-C(C=450、550、650及750℃)催化剂,利用XRD、N_2吸附-脱附、TEM和H_2-TPR等表征手段研究催化剂的物理化学性质,并对其在HCl氧化反应中的催化性能进行考察.结果表明:载体焙烧温度对催化剂的结构与活性有显著影响.随着载体焙烧温度(≤650℃)的升高,RuO_2与TiO_2之间的晶面匹配度逐渐变高,促进了RuO_2在TiO_2表面的分散,其中RuO_2/TiO_2-650催化剂表现出最优的催化性能.而当载体焙烧温度过高时,RuO_2/TiO_2-750催化剂的反应活性大大下降,可能是由于过高的焙烧温度导致载体出现严重的烧结团聚现象,以及RuO_2与TiO_2之间过强的相互作用,阻碍了HCl氧化反应的进行.此外,减小RuO_2的粒径可以促进HCl氧化活性的提升.动力学结果显示,催化剂表面的HCl氧化反应主要受O_2分压的影响,表明O_2从催化剂表面的解离吸附为决速步骤.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。