Extraction of sulphuric acid from technological solution of hydroxylamine sulphate

The extraction of sulphuric acid from solutions containing hydroxylamine sulphate and ammonium sulphate with Cyanex 923 and the acid stripping from loaded Cyanex 923 are studied at 20 and 50°C. The effect of the numbers of extraction and stripping stages and the volume phase ratios in extraction and stripping upon sulphuric acid recovery is discussed. The process can be design to obtain a high or low recovery of sulphuric acid but with its low or high concentration, respectively.     

Effect of autoclaving on zinc oxide in the presence of sulphate ions

The effect of autoclaving a zinc oxide preparation containing SO^2?₄ under 5 and 10 atmospheres is studied by combining X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, thermogravimetry and IR spectroscopy. Textural measurements are also carried out on the parent samples and those produced in the temperature range 200–1000°C.A new phase of a basic carbonates?ulphate, including ammonia in its coordination shell, is observed in the original preparation and having its d distances at 11.060, 8.954 and 2.714 Å. This is transformed to another phase at ～180°C which is also the main phase characterizing the autoclaved samples, and belongs to a basic zinc oxide—sulphate possessing d distances at 7.055, 2.468 and 2.805 Å. Autoclaving the oxide preparation under 10 atm gives hexagonal zinc oxide of high purity and crystallinity at 1000°C. An empirical formula is given for the oxide preparation which describes the different decomposition stages observed. At ～390°C, a reversible reduction process comprising oxygen evolution is observed.Autoclaving increases the area of the parent oxide and at temperatures below 600°C is a function of the structural changes. The autoclaving pressure is insignificant ?600°C.Pore structure analysis showed all the samples to be predominantly mesoporous, coexisting with some micropores except that autoclaved under 5 atm and heated at 250°C which is predominantly microporous. Autoclaving under 5 atm causes narrowing of the pores for products below 600°C. Autoclaving has little effect on the average pore radius ?600°C.Evaluation of the average pore radius from the constructed t-curves for parallel-plate pore idealization is discussed.     

Direct titration of potassium ferricyanide with hydrazine sulphate in presence of zinc sulphate determination of hydrazine

Operative conditions for direct titration of potassium ferricyanide solution with a solution of hydrazine sulphate which contains zinc sulphate are described. The results are comparable with those obtained by the standard iodate procedure. The chief advantages of the present method of estimating hydrazine are (1) titration in slightly acidic medium and (2) no indicator is required. Determination of substituted hydrazines, hydroxylamine and other reducing substances on similar lines is suggested.     

Titrimetric determination of uranium in the presence of plutonium in sulphuric acid medium

Present work summairzes a method for the estimation of uranium in the presence of plutonium involving the reduction of uranium to U/IV/ and plutonium to Pu/III/ by Zn/Hg/ followed by the selective oxidation of Pu/III/to Pu/IV/with HNO₃ catalyzed by molybdate in the presence of large sulphate concenration [5M H₂SO₄+1.5M /NH₄/₂SO₄]. The oxidation of U/IV/ by K₂Cr₂O₇ is then carried out in the presence of excess of Fe/III/ and Al/NO₃/₃ to a sharp potentiometric end point. R.S.D. obtained for 20 determinations of uranium /3–6 mg/ was 0.3% in the presence of 0.35 mg of plutonium. Larger quantity for plutonium was found to interfere.     

Oxidation ofL-tyrosine by vanadium (V) in presence of sulphuric acid

Oxidation ofL-tyrosine with vanadium (V) in sulphuric acid medium at constant ionic strength is first order in oxidant and H⁺. The order in tyrosine varies from 1 to 0. A mechanism consistent with the kinetic results is proposed in which the rate determining step is the decomposition of the complex formed in the prior equilibrium.

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Oxidation vonL-Tyrosin mit Vanadium (V) in Gegenwart von Schwefelsäure

Zusammenfassung Die Oxidation vonL-Tyrosin mit V(V) in schwefelsaurem Medium bei konstanter Ionenstärke ist erster Ordnung bezüglich Oxidationsmittel und H⁺. Die Ordnung bezüglich Tyrosin variiert zwischen 1 und 0. Es wird ein Mechanismus vorgeschlagen, der mit den kinetischen Ergebnissen konsistent ist. Der geschwindigkeitsbestimmende Schritt ist dabei die Zersetzung eines Komplexes, der in einem vorgelagerten Gleichgewicht gebildet wird.

     

Thin-layer chromatography of inorganic ions on sulphoethyl cellulose in sulphuric acid and ammonium sulphate media

Summary Thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) behaviour of 51 inorganic ions on a strongly acidic cation-exchanger, sulphoethyl (SE) cellulose, has been studied systematically in sulphuric acid and ammonium sulphate media (0.01–0.2 mol dm⁻³). Some aspects of the adsorption behaviour of the inorganic ions on the SE-cellulose are compared with those on other cation-exchangers in the same eluent systems. The possibilities for TLC separations of analytical interest are also proposed on SE-cellulose in sulphuric acid and acid ammonium sulphate media.     

Amperometric determination of trivalent arsenic in sulphuric acid solution in the presence of fluoride ions

The polarographic reduction of 1 mM KMnO₄ at a dropping mercury electrode was studied in H₂SO₄ solutions containing varying amounts of sodium fluoride. The amperometric titration of sodium arsenite with potassium permanganate was carried out at – 0.9 volt (SCE) in acid medium containing fluoride ions that are capable of forming stable fluoride complexes. It was revealed that the titration was successful at 0.028% NaF and 0.54 N H₂SO₄. The effect of [AsO ₂ ^– ] revealed suitability of the method for the quantitative determination of very small amounts of trivalent arsenic ranging from 1.5 mg/ml to 1.5 µg/ml.

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Amperometrische Bestimmung von trivalentem Arsen in schwefelsaurer Lösung in Gegenwart von Fluorid-Ionen

Zusammenfassung Die polarographische Reduktion von 1 mM KMnO₄ wurde an der tropfenden Quecksilberelektrode in H₂SO₄-Lösungen mit verschiedenem Gehalt an Natriumfluorid untersucht. Die amperometrische Titration von Natriumarsenit mit Kaliumpermanganat wurde bei – 0.9 V (SCE) in saurem Medium in Gegenwart von Fluorid-Ionen, die zur Ausbildung stabiler Fluoridkomplexe befähigt sind, ausgeführt. Die Titration bei 0.028% NaF und 0.54N H₂SO₄ erwies sich als vorteilhaft. Eine quantitative Bestimmung von geringen Mengen von dreiwertigem Arsen als [AsO ₂ ^– ] im 1.5-mg- bis 1.5-µ/ml-Bereich ist möglich.

     

Reduction of thiophenes in the presence of sulfuric acid and zinc

Alkyl-substituted thiophenes are hydrogenated by the Zn–H₂SO₄ system to the corresponding 2,5-di- hydrothiophenes and thiophanes. In the case of 2-formyl- and 2-acetylthiophene it was established that in substituted thiophenes simultaneous reduction of the substituent to an alkyl group occurs in addition to hydrogenation of the aromatic ring. The optimum conditions for hydrogenation were selected experimentally.     

Direct heterometric micro-determination of zinc with quinaldic acid in the presence of other metals

0.001–0.005M solutions of zinc salts (1–5 mg Zn in io ml) which contain more than 95% of foreign metal as Mg, Ca, Ba, Mn.(II), Fc(III), Al or Cr(III), may be titrated hctcrometrically with an error of ? 1%. The titrated zinc solution may contain an excess of Cd (85%). The analysis with Ni or Co is very limited.     

Anodically generated manganese(III) sulphate for the oxidation of dipeptides in aqueous sulphuric acid medium: A kinetic study

The kinetic of oxidation of dipeptides (DP) namely valyl-glycine (Val-Gly), alanyl-glycine (Ala-Gly) and glycyl-glycine (Gly-Gly), by Mn(III) have been studied in the presence of sulphate ions in acid medium at 26°C. The reaction was followed spectrophotometrically at λ_max = 500 nm. A first-order dependence of the rate on both [Mn(III)]_o and [DP]_o was observed. The rate is independent of the concentration of reduction product, Mn(II) and hydrogen ions. The effects of varying the dielectric constant of the medium and addition of anions such as sulphate, chloride and perchlorate were studied. The activation parameters have been evaluated using Arrhenius and Eyring plots. The oxidation products were isolated and characterized. A mechanism involving the reaction of DP with Mn(III) in the rate-limiting step is suggested. An apparent correlation was noted between the rate of oxidation and the hydrophobicity of these dimers, where increased hyphobicity results in increased rate of oxidation     

Diffusion of zinc sulphate in agar gel medium

The activation energy for the diffusion of ZnSO₄ as a function of electrolyte concentration is computed by least squares fitting of the diffusion coefficient data obtained at various temperatures in the Arrhenius equation. It is observed that the activation energy decreases with increasing concentration of the electrolyte. This observation is accounted for on the basis of Wang's model. Further, the obstruction effect caused by the agar macromolecules in the diffusion path of ZnSO₄ uis also determined at these concentrations by varying the gel concentration at 25°C., The obstruction effect expressed in terms of a found to decrease with ZnSO₄ concentration and explained on the basis of competitive hydration of diffusing ions and agar molecules.     

Barium sulphate reduction by carbon in the presence of additives

The results of a study of barium sulphate reduction by carbon in the presence of additives such as sodium carbonate, sodium chloride and calcium chloride are presented.

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Zusammenfassung Die Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung der Reduktion von Bariumsulfat mit Kohlenstoff in Gegenwart von Additiven wie z. B. Karbonat, Natriumchlorid und Kalziumchlorid werden dargelegt.

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Direct zinc determination in commercial sulphuric acid by dpasv. Comparison of rotating disc and stationary graphite electrodes

A striking gas technique employed made a direct Zn determination possible at extremely low pH in commercial acid solutions when a stationary impregnated graphite-based mercury film electrode was used. The original Zn(II) concentrations were determined quantitatively by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry on 0.5M and 1M sulphuric acid solutions by standard addition and were found to be 2 x 10(-8)M and 4.1 x 10(-8)M, respectively. The influence of mercury ion concentration, pulse amplitude, potential step and pulse repetition time on analytical data was studied and optimized. A rotating disc graphite electrode was also used as a working electrode and was found unreliable for this purpose as hydrogen bubbles were not removed effectively and blocked the working electrode surface.     

Ethyleneglycol-bis(aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid in the amperometric titration of cadmium in the presence of zinc

Cadmium can be titrated amperometrically with EGTA in the presence of zinc; three modifications of the titration are described. The diffusion current of cadmium may be used to follow the titration at —0.90 or —0.70 V vs, the S.C.E, in ammoniacal or acetate-buffered medium respectively The titration may also be performed in ammoniacal solution at —0.30 V vs. the S.C.E., using copper as the amperometric indicator. The influence of iron, aluminium, magnesium, alkaline earths and lead was studied. Ascorbic acid could be used to mask iron and as an effective remover of oxygen. Under appropriate conditions cadmium could be titrated in the presence of 500-fold amounts of zinc. The titration error is approximately 0.002–0.003 ml of a 0.1 M titrant solution.