碱金属碳酸盐催化合成酚酞环氧树脂

在碱金属碳酸盐（Ｋ＿２ＣＯ＿３，Ｎａ＿２ＣＯ＿３）／Ｈ＿２Ｏ催化下制备了低分子量酚酞环氧树脂．用ＩＲ、￣１ＨＮＭＲ表征了其分子结构，测定了树脂产物的环氧值Ｅ和数均分子风及分子量分布，讨论了单体的摩尔比，催化剂含量及水含量对产物的影响，结果表明，在实验范围内，改变酚酞与环氧氯丙烷的摩尔比（１：１０～１：４）或酚酞与催化剂的摩尔比（１：２～１：１），均可以得到低分子量酚酞环氧树脂（５００～７００）．     

低压下碱金属碳酸盐催化一步法合成碳酸二甲酯（英文）

报道了低压下碱金属碳酸盐催化环氧化物、CO2和甲醇一步合成碳酸二甲酯(DMC)的方法,系统考察了反应条件对一步合成DMC的影响规律.在最优反应条件下(初始压力0.5 MPa,反应温度120°C,碳酸钠7.5 mol%),以环氧乙烷为起始剂的DMC收率达到63.5%.提出了碱金属碳酸盐催化一步法合成DMC的可能反应机理.     

甲烷在熔融碱金属碳酸盐中的还原行为研究

针对CH4在熔融碳酸盐中转化的新体系,研究了CH4在熔融碳酸盐介质中的还原行为.对CH4与熔融碳酸盐(Li2CO3、Na2CO,、K2CO3)的反应产物组分作了热力学分析,进行了实验研究,并对反应机制进行民探讨,研究结果表明,气体产物中CO、CO2的含量随反应温度的升高而增加;随反应时间的增加而降低;反应活性大小变化规律为:Li2CO3>Na2CO3>K2CO3,实验结果与理论分析相符.混合熔融盐具有更高的CO选择性,并且气体产物中CO、CO2浓度及CH4转化率随反应时间增加降低较快,较纯组分更适合作CH4转化反应介质.反应机制的推测表明H2、CO、CO2的产生分别来自于CH4裂解及裂解C与熔融碱金属碳酸盐的反应.     

钯催化气相氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯

通过催化剂反应性能和反应前后XPS谱图对比，分析了负载型钯催化剂在甲醇气相氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯过程中的失活原因，研究了HCl在维持催化剂活性及失活催化剂再生中的作用．结果表明，氯离子的流失是负载型钯碳催化剂失活的主要原因．由于氯离子的流失，对于PdCl2／AC催化剂，钯很容易从二价变为零价：对于PdCl2-CuCl2／AC催化剂，CuCl2发生变化，失去使钯保持二价氯化物状态的功能．在反应过程中补充HCl可以延长催化剂的寿命，也可以利用HCl对失活催化剂进行再生，但采用HCl不能从根本上解决催化剂失活的问题．     

甲醇气相氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯的研究 Ⅱ助剂对催化性能的影响

考察了碱金属助剂对ＰｄＣｌ２－ＣｕＣｌ２ＡＣ催化剂上甲醇气相氧化羰基化直接合成碳酸二甲酯反应性能的影响及助剂的作用。结果表明：采用不同碱金属助剂时的碳酸二甲酯收率顺序为Ｋ＞Ｎａ＞Ｌｉ；ＫＯＡｃ助剂的主要作用是与ＰｄＣｌ２、ＣｕＣｌ２发生化学反应，促进催化活性位的形成；ＫＯＡｃ为助剂母体的效果明显好于ＫＣｌ母体；Ｋ助剂的最佳含量为２～３ｗ％；在反应温度Ｔ＝１５２℃，进料气体空速和液体空速分别为１４８３ｈ－１和４ｈ－１，进料ＣＯＯ２比为２８３时，对于Ｐｄ＝０６１ｗ％，原子比为ＰｄＣｕＫ＝１１４１４的ＰｄＣｌ２－ＣｕＣｌ２－ＫＯＡｃＡＣ催化剂，在６ｈ的运转时间内碳酸二甲酯的时空收率可达到３１７～３６１ｇＬ－ｃａｔｈ，甲醇的单程转化率为１４８～１６９％     

［bmim］BF4/CH3ONa催化一步法合成碳酸二甲酯

 在1-正丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐(［bmim］BF4)和CH3ONa存在下,由环氧丙烷、甲醇和CO2合成碳酸二甲酯. 在 p=4 MPa, t=5 h和θ=150 ℃的条件下,环氧丙烷的转化率达到95%以上,碳酸异丙烯酯的选择性达到87.1%, 最重要的是,此时碳酸二甲酯的收率达到67.6%, 高于文献值.     

碳酸二甲酯胺解合成苯氨基甲酸甲酯催化研究

研究了Sn、Ti、Zn、Pb类型的催化剂对碳酸二甲酯与苯胺反应合成苯氨基甲酸甲酯(MPC)的催化性能，对活性较好的PbO催化剂作了比较详细的研究，发现在170℃，反应回流4h，PbO的用量为苯胺摩尔数的7．5％时，苯胺的转化率可以达到81％．对二元金属氧化物催化剂作了一定的考察，发现Pb2O4—ZnO复合催化剂的活性比单独使用Pb3O4或ZnO时高，显示出一定的增效作用．     

固体碱催化环戊酮和碳酸二甲酯合成己二酸二甲酯

以固体酸碱为催化剂,研究了碳酸二甲酯与环戊酮合成己二酸二甲酯的反应,并考察了反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量和原料摩尔配比等因素对反应结果的影响．结果表明,固体酸催化剂不利于己二酸二甲酯的生成,而具有中强碱位的MgO对反应具有较好的催化性能．当以MgO为催化剂,在反应温度为260℃,反应时间5h,催化剂用量为反应物质量的1．5％,原料摩尔配比为环戊酮／DMC=1／4的最佳条件下,环戊酮的转化率和己二酸二甲酯的选择性分别达到85．5％和50．9％．同时,反应的主要副产物为环戊酮自身缩合的产物（2．环戊烯基环戊酮）以及环戊酮的甲基化产物（2-甲基环戊酮、2-甲基己二酸二甲酯）等．另外,反应是通过固体碱活化环戊酮的α-H进行,而2-甲氧基羰基环戊酮是生成己二酸二甲酯的中间体．     

氧化钙室温催化碳酸丙烯酯和甲醇的酯交换合成碳酸二甲酯

 在室温条件下用氧化钙催化碳酸丙烯酯（PC）和甲醇的酯交换反应，高收率、高选择性地合成了碳酸二甲酯（DMC）．在假设羟丙基甲基碳酸酯（HPMC）是反应中间产物的基础上，计算了甲醇、PC和HPMC的电荷分布，并推论出可能的副反应PC的聚合．通过考察反应温度对DMC选择性和收率的影响，证明了关于中间体HPMC和副反应PC聚合的假设．考察了加料顺序、反应温度对DMC生成速率的影响，并在此基础上提出了氧化钙催化PC和甲醇酯交换合成DMC的可能机理．     

Heterogeneous synthesis of glycerol carbonate from glycerol and dimethyl carbonate catalyzed by LiCl/CaO

In this article, a CaO-based catalyst was prepared by impregnating chloride salts on CaO to develop a highly efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of glycerol carbonate (GC) from glycerol and dimethyl carbonate. LiCl/CaO exhibited a high catalytic activity under moderate reaction conditions. The effects of the LiCl loadings, the amount of catalyst and the calcination temperature on the catalytic activity were investigated. The highest yield of 94.19% glycerol carbonate was obtained at 65 °C on CaO loaded with 10% LiCl after 1 h, and the catalyst had high stability in reusing work. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET, CO₂-TPD, XPS and thermalgravity (TG) were used to characterize the prepared catalyst. It was found that the high catalytic activity of CaO after modification with LiCl is associated with the structural aspects and the amount of basicity of the catalyst. The Li₂O₂ species, which is a strong basic site that is formed by the substitution of the Ca²⁺ in CaO lattice by Li⁺, has great activity for transesterification.     

Dimethyl carbonate synthesis catalyzed by DABCO-derived basic ionic liquids via transesterification of ethylene carbonate with methanol

Easily prepared DABCO-derived (1,4-diazobicyclo[2.2.2]octane) basic ionic liquids were developed for an efficient synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) via the transesterification of ethylene carbonate (EC) with methanol. 1-Butyl-4-azo-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane hydroxide ([C₄DABCO]OH) exhibited high catalytic activity and 81% DMC yield together with 90% EC conversion was obtained under mild reaction conditions. Notably, the catalyst could be recycled for four times without loss of catalytic activity. Moreover, a possible mechanism was also discussed.     

Dimethyl carbonate synthesis via transesterification catalyzed by quaternary ammonium salt functionalized chitosan

A quaternary ammonium salt covalently linked to chitosan was first used as a catalyst for dimethyl carbonate （DMC） synthesis by the transesterification of propylene carbonate （PC） with methanol. The effects of various reaction variables like reaction time, temperature and pressure on the catalytic performance were also investigated. 54% DMC yield and 71% PC conversion were obtained under the optimal reaction conditions. Notably, the catalyst was able to be reused with retention of high catalytic activity and selectivity. Consequently, the process presented here has great potential for industrial application due to its advantages such as stability, easy preparation from renewable biopolymer, and simple separation from products.     

尿素醇解合成碳酸二甲酯过程中离子液体催化剂的含量分析

提出了尿素醇解合成碳酸二甲酯体系中1-甲基-3-丁基咪唑氯化锌离子液体催化剂的含量分析方法。采用紫外光谱法测定了离子液体催化剂的最大吸收波长,并建立了标准工作曲线,其线性相关系数为0.9986,方法的相对标准偏差RSD为2.5%,回收率为98.7%～102.4%。     

Protic ionic liquid-promoted synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from ethylene carbonate and methanol

In this work,the protic ionic liquid[DBUH][Im](1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-7-undeceniumimidazolide)was developed as an efficient catalyst for the transesterification of ethylene carbonate with methanol to produce dimethyl carbonate.At 70℃,up to 97%conversion of ethylene carbonate and 91%yield of dimethyl ca rbonate were obtained with 1 mol%[DBUH][Im](relative to ethylene carbonate)as catalyst in 2 h.Even at room temperature,the conversion of ethylene carbonate can reach 94%and the yield of dimethyl carbonate can approach 81%for 6 h.Catalytic mechanism investigation showed the high catalytic efficiency of this ionic liquid results from the synergistic activation effect,wherein the cation can activate ethylene carbonate and the anion can activate methanol through hydrogen bond formatio n.Although the reusability of the ionic liquid need to be further improved,high efficiency and comme rcial availability of[DBUH][Im]render it a promising catalyst for the preparation of dimethyl carbonate.     

Silica chloride catalyzed one-pot synthesis of fully substituted pyrazoles

Silica chloride catalysted one pot cyclocondensation of aldehydes,ethyl acetoacetate and phenyl hydrazine leading to substituted pyrazoles has been reported.     

Room temperature synthesis of glycerol carbonate catalyzed by N-heterocyclic carbenes

N-Heterocyclic carbenes were used as efficient organocatalysts for the synthesis of glycerol carbonate from glycerol and dimethyl carbonate. The reaction takes place in a liquid mixture of reactants without solvent at room temperature. It provides glycerol carbonate in high yield using 2.6–4 mol % of catalyst in a reaction period of 20–30 min.     

A one-pot synthesis of 3-methyl-5-aryl-4H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]-isoxazoles

Sharpless epoxidation of 4-amino-3-methyl-5-styrylisoxazoles 1 resulted in the formation of 3-methyl-5-aryl-4H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]-isoxazoles 4 in a one-step reaction. The reaction initially involves epoxide formation, followed by ring-opening and cyclization. Finally dehydration leads to the title compounds. The pyrrolo[2,3-d]-isoxazoles 4 were also synthesized via an alternative procedure.     

Ca-Al催化剂上甘油与碳酸二甲酯酯交换合成碳酸甘油酯

生物柴油是一种环保、可再生、使用安全、可替代石化柴油的新型液体燃料,其产量和使用范围正逐年扩大。然而生物柴油生产过程中的主要副产物甘油严重过剩,因此甘油资源化转化和利用已经成为近年研究热点。甘油可以作为一种平台化合物实现向多种高附加值化学品的转化,例如通过催化氢解合成1,2-丙二醇,通过发酵和催化氧化制备二羟基丙酮,通过脱水制备丙烯醛和羟基丙酮,通过酯交换反应生成甘油酯等。其中,以甘油为原料合成的碳酸甘油酯(GC)具有很好的工业应用前景。以碳酸二甲酯(DMC)为原料与甘油进行酯交换合成GC是近年内比较有工业发展潜力的合成路线。前期研究发现,固体碱对该反应具有很好的催化活性,而且随着催化剂碱性增强,甘油转化率明显增加,然而当催化剂(如NaOH, KOH和K2CO3等)碱性过强时,产物选择性明显降低。水滑石类化合物是一种常见的碱性温和的固体催化剂,而且其碱性与结构可以调节,因此我们选择了一种常见水滑石——水铝钙石作为本研究的重点。 本文通过共沉淀法制备了一系列不同Ca/Al比(1–6)的Ca-Al水滑石,并以此作为前驱体制备了新型的固体碱催化剂。 XRD结果表明,当Ca/Al比为1–6时,所有样品都出现了明显的水滑石特征衍射峰,但当铝含量过高时会出现氢氧化铝杂相。 SEM结果发现,当Ca/Al =2–4时,样品中水滑石的结晶度高,有较完整的水滑石晶片, Ca/Al =6的样品中水滑石晶片较小, Ca/Al =1的样品中有明显的无定形氧化铝杂相。 TG-DSC结果表明, Ca/Al =2的样品除了几个与水滑石相关的特征失重峰以外,在786oC还检测到明显的热吸收峰,说明此时钙铝石已经发生分解,生成了单独的Ca12Al14O33晶相和氧化钙,这与SEM结果一致。这些水滑石经焙烧后用于温和条件下催化甘油与DMC酯交换生成GC的反应,发现上述催化剂对该反应具有很高的催化活性和目的产物选择性。当DMC与甘油的摩尔比为3时,70oC反应3 h后,甘油转化率达到93%, GC选择性高于97%。表征结果显示,甘油转化率主要取决于焙烧后Ca-Al催化剂中强碱性中心数量。其中经800oC焙烧后Ca/Al =2的样品中强碱性中心数量最多,因而表现出最高的催化活性。焙烧后催化剂中形成的Ca12Al14O33晶相在多次重复使用后仍可以稳定存在,但是表面CaO易流失,可能会降低催化剂的重复使用活性。     

Synthesis of methyl N-phenyl carbamate from dimethyl carbonate and 1,3-diphenyl urea under mild conditions

Synthesis of methyl N-phenyl carbamate from dimethyl carbonate and 1,3-diphenyl urea was investigated under atmospheric pressure. The results showed that homogenous catalyst sodium methoxide had the excellent activity to efficiently catalyze the synthesis of methyl N-phenyl carbamate under atmospheric pressure.