高校实验室安全管理研究——评《高校实验室安全工作参考手册》

实验室是高校教学与科研的重要场所。近年来,高校实验室事故时有发生,为实验室安全管理敲响了警钟。为维护校园安全和稳定,有关部门高度重视,特别是2015年"8.12天津港特大爆炸事故"后,教育部科技司每年组织开展高校实验室安全检查,并建立实验室安全技术专家组。2020年10月,教育部科技司召开高校科研实验室安全现场检查启动暨培训会,就实验室安全管理、安全基础理论内容等开展报告交流,推进全国高校实验室安全建设、安全教育与管理各项工作。     

新时期高校实验队伍建设改革的探讨与研究*

阐述了新时期高校实验队伍工作的主要内容,剖析了当前高校实验队伍建设中普遍存在的问题,通过创新用人机制、完善激励机制、制定科学合理的考评机制、优化管理体制和政策的创新等策略与措施实施实验队伍建设改革。实践表明,通过改革优化了实验队伍的结构,规范了管理、评价、用人机制,激发了教师工作的积极性、主动性和创造性。     

中国知网高校实验室事故文献研究热点与趋势*

以“高校实验室事故”为主题,对中国知网载文进行关键词频次分析,展示我国高校实验室事故的研究脉络,从整体上把握其研究热点和发展趋势,为后续高校实验室安全管理的研究与实践提供参考。     

高校化学实验室实施安全教育的研究与实践

论述了高校化学实验室实施安全教育必要性和意义,介绍了化学实验室安全教育的课时分布、教学内容、教学模式和考核评价方法等,指出了化学实验室实施安全教育存在的问题和不足。实践表明, 化学实验室通过实施安全教育,能让学生掌握必要的安全知识和技能,提高事故的安全防范能力,增强安全意识和安全责任。     

"五位一体安全防范"机制在本科化学实验教学中的探索

实验安全是化学实验教学过程中的重要组成部分,也是每一个设置化学实验课程的各层次学校重点工作之一。北京化工大学化学实验教学中心经过多年教学探索,逐渐形成了“实验技术讲座”“实验安全与环保大课堂”“实验项目实施过程中的安全讲解及演示”“实验室突发事故紧急疏散演练”“实验室消防演练”五位一体的化学实验安全防范教学机制,极大地提升了学生实验过程中的安全防范意识,确保了实验安全平稳进行,有效地保证了良好的校园教学秩序。本论文将对上述“五位一体”化学实验安全教育教学模式进行剖析,希望与同行共同探究如何保证化学实验课程教学的安全开展。     

有机化学实验室安全与环境保护的思考与实践

针对实验室安全与环境保护2个方面存在的问题,结合教学经验,并查阅了一些国内外的相关文献资料,提出了一些解决问题的办法,如加强师生有机化学实验室安全环保教育和培训、完善实验室安全应急装置的配备、培养学生安全规范的实验操作技能、对实验室废弃物进行无害化处理、营造安全环保文化氛围、借鉴国外高校实验室安全环保工作经验等。     

佛罗里达国际大学探究性酸碱滴定实验的研究与启示

化学实验课对培养和提升大学生的科研素养和综合能力至关重要。以美国佛罗里达国际大学的酸碱滴定实验为例,探讨美国化学实验课程设计理念和教学模式等方面的特点。同时针对我国高校化学实验教学现状,批判性地借鉴美国化学实验课的经验,在学术规范、实验设计、教学模式、评价机制等方面提出了改革建议。     

基于多元共治视角下的高校实验室安全管理体系建设探索与构建

基于多元共治方法论,以我国高校实验室为研究对象,探讨了当前高校实验室安全管理现状,分析了其存在的问题和缺陷,在传统模式基础上从高校实验室安全组织架构体系、责任层级体系、安全制度体系、安全保障体系、安全培训与宣传体系、风险防控体系、应急处理流程体系、第三方介入服务体系8个方面,构建了新型8LS多元共治高校实验室安全管理体...     

《化学实验室安全与环保手册》

本书针对高校教学和科研实验室的具体情况,着重从化学实验室的规范化管理和安全意识建立角度,从实验室安全的一般知识入手,系统地介绍了可能危及人员安全的易燃、易爆、有毒或有污染的物质及相关设备的安全使用方法;给出废弃物的处理原则与方法;推荐紧急事故的应急处置措施;并探讨实验室的信息化管理与信息安全保护方法。     

二维码在实验教学和实验仪器管理以及学术报告中的灵活应用

二维码作为万物互联的重要载体,极大地方便了人们的生活。本文介绍了厦门大学化学国家级实验教学示范中心将二维码灵活应用于实验教学、实验仪器管理和学术报告中的一些具体做法和经验,以期为国内高校实验教学和实验仪器管理等提供可借鉴的经验。     

Ab initio studies of the conformations of ethynyl formate, cyano formate and related ethynyl and cyano compounds

The optimized geometries, relative free energies and related thermodynamic properties, harmonic frequencies, and dipole moments have been calculated at the HF and MP2 levels for ethynyl formate (1a), ethynyl acetate (1b), cyano formate, HCO₂CN (1c), cyano acetate (1d), S-ethynyl thioformate (2a), S-ethynyl thioacetate (2b), S-cyano thioformate (2c), S-cyano thioacetate (2d), N-ethynylformamide (3a), N-ethynylacetamide (3b), N-cyanoformamide (3c), and N-cyanoacetamide (3d) with the gaussian 98 program. For ethynyl formate, the calculation for 25 °C at the MP2/6-311++G(df,pd) level predicts that the Z isomer is more stable by 1.23 kcal/mol. For S-ethynyl thioformate, calculations at the MP2/6-311++G(2d,2p) level predict that the E isomer is favored by 0.71 kcal/mol at 25 °C. The E isomers of N-ethynylformamide and N-ethynylacetamide were found at all levels to be more stable than the Z isomers at 25 °C. For cyano formate and cyano acetate, calculations at the MP2/6-311++G(df,pd) level predict that the Z isomers are more stable at 25 °C by 1.50 and 2.72 kcal/mol, respectively. At this level and temperature, the Z isomers of 2c, 2d, 3c, and 3d are predicted to have free energies of 0.46, −0.07, 1.22, and 2.28 kcal/mol, respectively, relative to the E conformations. Z to E free-energy barriers at 25 °C of 8.63, 10.64, 17.63, 7.39, and 14.03 kcal/mol were calculated for 1a, 2a, 3a, 1c, and 3c at the HF/6-311G(d,p) level, and at the HF/6-311+G(d,p) level, the free-energy barrier for 2c was 7.08 kcal/mol.     

元素医学防治心脑血管病研究和应用

从心脑血管疾病的流行率、心脑血管疾病的元素病因、心脑血管疾病的元素诊断和心脑血管疾病的元素治疗等4个方面讨论了元素医学防治心脑血管疾病的临床意义。     

Elucidation of activity of copper and copper oxide nanomaterials for electrocatalytic and photoelectrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide

Copper- and copper oxide–based materials are, in principle, promising components (supports, reactive sites, and visible light–absorbing semiconductors) of electrocatalysts and photocathodes for reduction of carbon dioxide. Electrochemical and photoelectrochemical approaches are generally suitable for the low-temperature CO₂-conversion to carbon-based simple organic fuels or utility chemicals.Different concepts of utilization, including nanostructuring, doping, admixing, preconditioning, modification, or functionalization of various copper- and copper oxide–based systems for catalytic electroreduction and photoelectrochemical reduction of CO₂ are elucidated, as well as important strategies to enhance the systems' overall activity and stability are discussed.     

体用一源论—中国哲学元理

自然、社会、人生是由什么支撑的,千变万化的万象是如何归一的,天地万物的终极根源、根据是什么,人如何把握天地万物的资始资生,这就需要进入道体的体用一源的求索。体用思维在中国哲学概念、范畴逻辑结构中已度越一家一派的范围,而敞开胸怀,成为儒释道及诸子用来诠释自己哲学的概念、范畴。程颐提出“体用一源”命题,后人都加以发挥,并进入天人关系的探求,体现为天度越人,又寓于人;交感联通,尽心知天;相分制用,参赞化育;交而相胜,还而相用;天道人性,天人合一。中国哲学的和合生生道体是追寻天地万物存在本原的终极根与底,是对思想的思想终极解释的反思,是追求世界终极价值的形而上者。于是便展开对形而上与形而下的探讨,体现为无形有待,不生有名;有本无体,本末体用;相分不离,和合道体。形而上之道与形而下之器的思维形式,是天地然与所以然、迹与所以迹、共相与殊相、道体与现象、本源与属性、精义入神与礼仪实践的关系。在近代中西文化哲学会通的人文语境下,有中本西末、中体西用、中内西外等主张。     

Synthesis and Structure of 1- and 2-Isomers of (Trimethoxysilylmethyl) and (Silatranylmethyl)benzotriazole

We have synthesized 1- and 2-(trimethylsilylmethyl)- and 1- and 2-(trimethoxysilylmethyl)benzotriazoles by reaction of 1,2,3-benzotriazolylsodium with trimethyl- or trimethoxy(chloromethyl)silane. We obtained 1- and 2-(silatranylmethyl)benzotriazoles by transesterification of the latter with triethanolamine.     

Studies of some monocyclic and bicyclic arylacetonitriles

The high-resolution (1)H, (13)C, (1)H-(1)H COSY and (1)H-(13)C COSY NMR spectra have been recorded in CDCl(3) for arylacetonitriles 1-12 and analyzed. The arylacetonitriles 3-7 exist in two isomeric forms E (methyl group is anti to cyano group) and Z (the methyl group is syn to cyano group) in solution. Normal chair conformation with equatorial orientations of phenyl rings at C-2 and C-6 for monocyclic nitriles 1 and 2, epimeric chair structure EC (axial configuration of methyl group at C-3) for both the E and Z isomers of arylacetonitrile derivatives (3-7) and a distorted boat form, B(3), for the N-acylacetonitrile derivatives (8-10) have been proposed based on NMR data. The bicyclic nitriles 11 and 12 exist in twin chair conformations in solution. DFT calculations and chemical shifts also support these conformations. Geometry optimizations for 1-12 were carried out according to density functional theory using B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) basis set and for 1 and 8 the theoretical geometrical parameters have been compared with those of single crystal measurements.     

Coupled calculation of vibrational frequencies and intensities

The combination of normal coordinate analysis with intensity calculations gives quantitative information about molecular force fields and the assignments of vibrational frequencies. Calculations of vibrational intensities by means of a standard CNDO/2 version give rise to satisfactory results for the IR intensities. However, the calculated Raman intensities often differ strongly from the experimental data. Inclusion of 2p-polarization functions on hydrogen in the usually used valence basis set is quite successful to obtain improved molecular polarizabilities as well as Raman intensities.     

Dynamic mechanical and gas transport properties of blends and random copolymers of bisphenol-A polycarbonate and tetramethyl bisphenol-A polycarbonate

Dynamic mechanical and gas transport properties for homogeneous homopolymer blends and random copolymers of bisphenol-A and tetramethyl bisphenol-A polycarbonates (PC-TMPC) were determined. The gas transport measurements were performed at 35°C for the gases He, H₂, O₂, Ar, N₂, CH₄, and CO₂. The results show that the copolymers have lower permeability, apparent diffusion, and solubility coefficients than the blends. Permeability coefficients for blends follow a semilogarithmic ideal mixing rule while copolymers exhibit negative deviations from this. Specific volume measurements show that the free volume available for gas transport is slightly larger in copolymers than in blends of the same composition. These apparently contradictory results may relate to the differences in local mode chain motions observed for the copolymer and blend series. The γ relaxation processes in PC and TMPC seem to operate independently in the blends (no intermolecular coupling) while there is clear evidence for intramolecular coupling in the copolymers. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Sizes of atoms and ions and covalency of bonding in molecules and crystals

A new system of atomic radii for the elements up to barium inclusive is constructed. Values of the radii are chosen so as the dependence between the dissociation energy of diatomic homonuclear molecules and a depth of atom overlapping is monotonous, and the scatter of data is minimal. The depth of overlapping is calculated as a difference between the sum of atomic radii and an experimental interatomic distance. Conclusions are made that: the radii of free atoms and ions are determined by the value of the electron density equal to 0.01 au; they considerably change in molecules and crystals only as a result of the charge transfer from cation to anion; covalent bonding is well described by the overlapping of free atoms (ions), confined by the surface of the given radius, and its energy depends upon the depth of overlapping of valence electron densities of atoms. A method of overlapping atoms is proposed for the approximate estimation of ionic sizes and charges in bound systems.     

Alpha and gamma spectrometry for determination of natural and artificial radionuclides in tea, herbal tea and camomile marketed in Italy

Several kinds of tea, camomile and herbal tea were analysed to determine natural and artificial radioactivity. The radionuclides were determined by alpha (²¹⁰Po) and gamma (²²⁸Ac, ²¹⁴Pb, ²¹⁴Bi, ²¹⁰Pb, ⁴⁰K and ¹³⁷Cs) spectrometry. ²²⁸Ac ranged between 0.6 and 9.0 Bq kg⁻¹_dry; ²¹⁰Po between 1.90 and 36.1 Bq kg⁻¹_dry; ²¹⁴Pb and ²¹⁴Bi between 0.7 and 4.9 Bq kg⁻¹_dry; ²¹⁰Pb between < 10.0 and 58.9 Bq kg⁻¹_dry; ⁴⁰K between 463 and 936 Bq kg⁻¹_dry; ¹³⁷Cs between < 0.3 and 2.6 Bq kg⁻¹_dry. The percentage of ²¹⁰Po extraction in infusion was also determined; the arithmetical mean value of percentage of ²¹⁰Po extraction resulted 20.7 ± 7.50.